The Tragedy of the Templars

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The Tragedy of the Templars Page 40

by Michael Haag


  Gerard of Villiers, master of France 346 Gesta Francorum 103, 116

  Gibbon, Edward 86–7

  Gnosticism 63, 64, 245

  Godfrey of Bouillon 104, 107, 113, 121–2, 278

  Godfrey of Saint-Omer, Templar knight 125, 126, 136, 142

  Gog and Magog 85

  Golan Heights 128

  Golgotha, chapel of 130, 197

  Gondemar, Templar knight 142

  Goscelin, Templar knight 178

  Grail legend 183–5

  Greek Fire 29, 37

  Greek learning 51

  Gregory I (the Great), pope 15, 82, 125, 240–41

  Gregory VII, pope 82–4, 90, 94, 114

  Gregory IX, pope 305–6

  Guibert de Nogent 98, 100, 105, 141

  Guinevere, queen 184, 185

  Gunther, bishop of Bamberg 77

  Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem

  Acre siege 292

  campaign against Saladin 267–9

  captured by Saladin 271–2, 276

  coronation 265

  Cyprus rule 329

  Hattin defeat 269–71

  relationship with Raymond of Tripoli 265, 267

  H

  Haghia Sophia, church of 75, 81

  Haifa

  fall to Baybars (1265) 316, 322

  port 223

  al-Hakim, Fatimid caliph 66–9, 85, 105, 125, 197, 237–8

  Hama

  captured by Zengi 164, 219

  fall to Saladin 236, 237

  al-Harawi, military writer 273

  Harim, siege and fall (1164) 210

  Harun al-Rashid, Abbasid caliph 47–8, 49, 50, 52–3

  Hattin, battle (1187) 222, 223, 270–74, 275–6, 291, 293

  Hebron

  skirmish (1139) 150, 178–9

  truce arrangements (1229) 306, 309

  Helena, mother of Constantine 11–12, 16

  Henry, count of Champagne 249

  Henry IV, Holy Roman emperor 83, 90

  Henry II, king of Cyprus, king of Jerusalem 325

  Henry I, king of England 136

  Henry II, king of England 183, 291

  Henry Ffykeis 364

  Heraclius, Byzantine emperor 15–18, 23, 24, 36, 76

  Heraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem 264, 265, 277, 284–5

  Herod the Great, 9, 204

  Hillenbrand, Carole 157, 165, 281

  Hisham, Umayyad caliph 37

  Hodierna, countess of Tripoli 147

  Holy Roman Empire 37, 52, 56

  Homs

  fall to Saladin 236–7

  gap 163, 164, 221, 261

  recovery by Muin 169

  siege (745) 43–6

  siege (1137) 162–3

  Turks in 219

  uprising (855) 50

  Zengi’s control of 164

  Honorius II, pope 136, 139

  Honorius III, pope 347

  Horns of Hattin see Hattin

  Hospitallers of St John

  Acre presence 289–90, 300

  allegiance to pope 306

  alms giving 199–200

  archives 150

  Arsuf battle (1191) 297–8

  castles 153, 248, 329

  discipline 220

  dispute with patriarch 199

  dress 197

  Egyptian expedition 215

  estates 150, 151–2

  Fifth Crusade 303

  fleet 320

  Hattin battle 271, 273

  hospital in Jerusalem 1, 125–6, 199, 200, 283

  Jerusalem refugees 285

  Krak surrender 316–17, 318

  La Forbie battle (1244) 312

  land held by 223

  loss of Margat castle 324

  numbers 153

  proposed merger with Templars 340–42, 344

  raids (1300) 336

  religious order 150

  Rhodes position 295, 341, 342

  rivalry with Templars 215

  role 200, 331

  rural development in

  Outremer 155

  Sephoria position (1187) 268

  Sixth Crusade 306

  slave trade 229

  wealth 153

  Hugh, count of Champagne 136, 137

  Hugh of Pairaud, visitor of France 349, 350–51, 357, 359, 367

  Hugh of Payns, Templar knight

  Bernard of Clairvaux’s involvement 135–7, 139

  Council of Troyes 137

  death 139

  formation of Templars 125, 126, 142

  letter of Hugh Peccator 133–4

  mission to the West 132–3, 134, 135, 136–7, 147, 178

  recruitment drive 133, 134, 135, 173

  vassal to count of Champagne

  Hulagu, Mongol leader 314

  Hussein, son of Ali 44

  I

  Ibn Abd al-Zahir, poet 315

  Ibn al-Arabi, scholar 87–8, 116–17

  Ibn al-Athir, chronicler 165, 168, 278–9, 292–3

  Ibn al-Azimi, chronicler 87

  Ibn al-Haytham, polymath 66

  Ibn Hisham, Abdul-Malik, editor 34

  Ibn Ishaq, Mohammed, biographer 34

  Ibn al-Jawzi, chronicler 127

  ibn al-Jawzi, Sibt, historian 74

  Ibn Jubayr, pilgrim 243, 251

  Ibn Khaldun, chronicler 112, 311

  Ibn Munir, poet 194–5

  Ibn al-Qalanisi, chronicler 170, 187–8

  Ibn al-Qaysarani, poet 281

  Ibn Said, Yahya, chronicler 67–8, 69

  Ibn Shaddad, chronicler 2, 278, 280, 293, 297

  Ibn Tulun, governor of Egypt 58

  Ibn Zafir, chronicler 128

  Ibn Zaki, qadi of Aleppo 282–3

  Ibn al-Zubayr, caliph 30, 32

  Ikhshidid dynasty 61, 64

  Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, secretary to Saladin

  on Arsuf battle 298

  on capture of Jerusalem 2, 280

  on departure of Franks 284–5

  on execution of prisoners 273–4

  on Hattin battlefield 272

  on purification of Jerusalem 1, 282

  on Saladin’s illness 163

  on siege of Jerusalem 278

  on Zengi 165

  Saladin’s will 262

  Inab, siege (1149) 193, 194

  India 36, 45, 65

  Innocent II, pope 139

  Innocent III, pope 247

  Inquisition 247–8, 347–8, 349, 355, 357

  Investiture Controversy 83–4, 90, 94, 114, 305

  Ioveta, abbess of St Lazarus convent 147, 240

  Iranians 310

  Isaac Ducas Comnenus, ruler of Cyprus 294–5

  Islam

  advent of 13, 19

  Alawite 244–5, 316

  conversion from 39, 62

  conversion to 31, 38–9, 47, 62, 67, 169, 334, 340

  divisions 237

  dualism 63–4, 244–5

  early days 19–22

  holy cities 36

  Ismaili see Ismaili Islam

  jihad see jihad

  political divisions 119–20

  Qarmatians 62, 64–5

  Saladin’s capture of Jerusalem 2–3

  Shia see Shia Islam

  Sufi 237, 267

  Sunni see Sunni Islam

  warfare 22–4

  Ismail, ruler of Damascus 310

  Ismaili Islam

  Assassins 64, 195, 248

  beliefs 63–4, 244–6, 251

  Fatimid dynasty 63–4, 66–7, 195, 211, 250

  numbers in Egypt 244

  proscribed by Saladin 237, 248, 250

  Italian bankers 323, 346, 352

  Itinerarium Regis Ricardi 267, 293, 296

  Iwannis (John), Edessan leader 167

  J

  Jabar, siege 169

  Jacobite Church 41, 42, 239, 241 Jacob’s Ford (Chastellet), castle 222, 258–60

  Jacques de Molay, Grand

  Master

  absolved by pope 358, 36
1, 367

  arrest and imprisonment 343, 358, 367

  career 333

  confession 349–50, 359–60

  death 368

  defence of Templars 362–3

  denial of confession 355

  on Hospitallers and Templars 200, 341–2

  on Mongols 337

  on Templar rituals 344

  relationship with Philip IV 342

  sentence at Paris 367–8

  strategy to recover Holy Land 333, 335, 341–2

  testimony at Chinon 359–60, 367

  Jaffa

  arrival of crusaders 111

  fall to Baybars (1265) 316

  fall to Saladin (1187) 276

  port 112, 113, 123, 223

  James II, king of Aragon 337

  James the Apostle 94

  James of Vitry, bishop of Acre 301

  Jebel al-Sariya 248, 250, 318, 324, 330

  Jerusalem

  Anti-Christian riots (966) 60–61

  Christian holy sites 130–32

  church worship 309

  crusaders’ first sight of 111–12

  decay 307–8

  defences 277–8, 306–7

  departure of Franks 280, 284–6

  description (1093) 87–8

  expulsion of Muslims from Temple Mount 309–10

  fall to Arabs (638) 24–6

  fall to crusaders (1099) 113–17

  fall to Fatimids (1098) 112

  fall to Persians (614) 16–17

  fall to Saladin (1187) 1–3, 5, 200–1, 277–80

  fall to Turks (1073) 79, 112

  fall to Turks (1077) 80

  Fatimid policies 67–9, 77, 78

  forbidden to Jews 9–10

  Frankish buildings 122–3

  Hospital 1, 125–6, 199, 200, 283

  keys of Holy Sepulchre 52–3

  massacre (1077) 80

  mosques 26–7, 32, 61, 68–9

  pagan city 9

  pilgrims 56, 68, 77–9, 87, 91, 123, 196–7, 198, 283–4, 299, 334

  population 80, 86, 196–7

  raids on (1124, 1152) 128

  recovery after Saladin’s death 288

  Richard’s position (1191) 299

  Saladin’s advance on 277–8

  Saladin’s purification of 281–4

  surrender to Frederick (1229) 306–7

  Templar headquarters 1, 131, 147–8, 160, 197, 201, 203–5, 282, 307

  Temple see Temple

  Via Dolorosa 131–2

  Jerusalem, kingdom of Acre capital 287

  armistice agreement with Damascus atabeg 128

  defences 258

  established 119, 125–6

  factional disputes 264–5

  forces 204

  frontiers 220, 258

  territory 219

  Jesus

  baptism 124, 223

  Bethany associations 239

  Cathar belief 247

  crucifixion 197, 201, 240

  followers 109

  footprints 33, 130

  Holy Sepulchre stories 69

  human and divine natures 40–41

  Koranic view 35

  Mary Magdalene 240–41, 247

  nature of 12–13, 21, 40–41, 246

  pilgrimage sites 11–12, 129–32, 139, 317

  role in Gnostic belief 245

  Templar denial ritual 350–51

  Temple prophecy 9

  tomb 60, 68, 197

  Jews

  Acre population 300

  Anti-Semitism 69–70, 105, 176

  conversion to Islam 67

  crusading violence against 105–6, 114, 176

  dress 49

  Egyptian population 237–8

  employment by Fatimids 65, 80, 238

  expulsion from France 346, 352

  Jerusalem survivors 116

  Languedoc population 246

  Mohammed’s relationship with 20–21, 282

  Palestine population 14, 23, 65, 80

  persecutions by al-Hakim 66–7, 237–8

  prophets 25, 39, 46

  refugees from Jerusalem 80, 86

  restrictions on 49, 50, 334

  revolt against Romans 9

  status in Muslim society 39, 40, 49, 156

  Temple see Temple Western Wall prayers 9–10, 148

  jihad

  against Byzantine Empire 36, 59–60

  against Muslim rivals 164–5, 195, 208, 211, 236–7, 248, 262, 334

  Alp Arslan’s position 75

  concept 4, 22

  conquest of Edessa 169, 172

  Mameluke 230, 334, 335

  Nur al-Din’s 164, 192, 194–5, 208, 211, 237, 248, 280–81

  origins 3–4

  propaganda 3, 187, 195, 208, 236, 276, 278–9

  Saladin’s 2–3, 164, 192, 236, 237, 248, 262–3, 276, 278–80, 334

  Saladin’s forces 267

  Zengi’s 164–5, 169, 194, 237, 248

  jizya (poll tax) 25, 31, 39, 49, 55, 280

  John, king of England 227, 231

  John VII, patriarch of Jerusalem 61

  John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem 303, 305

  John of Salisbury, author and diplomat 189

  John Tzimisces, Byzantine emperor 62

  John of Würzburg, pilgrim 148, 196, 199, 241

  Jordan, River

  baptism of Jesus 124

  Kurds crossing 293

  pilgrims to 124–5, 131, 223

  Saladin’s crossing 267–8

  Templar castles 222, 223, 258–9, 317

  Joscelin II, count of Edessa 165–7, 169–70, 209, 209

  K

  Kaaba 19–20, 21, 26, 33–4, 62

  al-Kamil, sultan of Egypt 304, 306–7, 309

  Kara Arslan, Artuqid ruler 165 165

  Karbala, battle (680) 44

  Kemal al-Din, Syrian chronicler 251

  Kerak, castle 261

  Kerbogha, Turkish governor of Mosul 109

  kharaj (land tax) 31

  Khaybar, battle 282

  Khorezmian Turks 311–13

  Kilij Arslan, sultan of Rum 107

  Kipchak Turks 311

  Koran

  commentators 35–6

  Jewish prophets claimed by 25–6

  on dhimmis 39, 46

  on direction of prayer 26

  on early Islam 20–21 on jihad 3–4

  on Night Journey 68–9, 280

  Krak des Chevaliers design 219

  Hospitaller fortress 221, 261

  improvements forbidden 307

  Saladin’s campaigns 292

  site 221–2, 248, 261

  surrender to Baybars 316–17, 318

  Kurds 210–11, 233–4, 293

  L

  La Forbie, battle (1244) 313

  Landolfo Brancacci, cardinal 358–60

  Lane-Poole, Stanley 292

  languages

  Arabic 31, 47–8, 51, 120, 146, 234, 242

  Armenian 146, 242

  Coptic 30–31

  First Crusade 108

  Frankish 156

  Greek 13, 15, 30, 51, 81, 85, 146, 242

  Latin, 15, 52, 81, 85

  learned by Franks 120, 146, 157, 242

  Persian 48, 74, 80

  Saladin’s 234

  Syriac 30, 85, 146, 242

  translations 85, 51–2

  Turkish 80, 146, 234

  Languedoc

  annexed to French crown 248

  Arab occupation 46

  Cathars 246, 248

  Jews 246

  Templars 246

  Latakia

  Byzantine capture (970) 61

  fall to Qalaun (1287) 324

  fall to Saladin (1188) 292

  Muslim control 287

  pilgrims at 78

  Lazarus 239, 241

  Lebanon

  Bekaa valley 128

  Byzantine rule 15

  Mameluke campaigns 316

  Maronites 335

  reli
gious restrictions 334–5

  Templar castle 317

  el Leithy, Tamer, historian 211

  Leo III, Byzantine emperor 37

  Leo I (the Great), pope 41

  Leo III, pope 52

  Leontius of Byzantium, writer 14

  Leopold, duke of Austria 303

  Lisbon, siege and fall (1147) 177–8, 185

  London

  first Templar house 136

  Temple (New Temple) 226, 227, 231, 232

  Temple Church 231, 264

  Louis VII, king of France 231

  army 179–82, 297

  borrowing from Templars 182, 227

  character 173

  marriage 173, 182–3

  Paris Temple visit 178

  return from crusade 189, 191

  Second Crusade 173–5, 178–83, 186–9

  Templar letters to 210, 214

  Louis IX (St Louis), king of France 300, 313–14, 320, 338, 353

  Louis XVI, king of France Ludolph of Suchem 323–4, 326, 328

  Lyon, Church Council (1274) 319–20, 336

  M

  Ma’arra, siege 111

  Magna Mahomeria, settlement 154–5

  Mamelukes

  Abbasid army 46, 59

  Acre capture (1291) 326–8

  Baybars’ conquests 316–17

  Baybars’ sultanate 315–16, 326

  capture of Louis IX 314

  coastal destruction policy 298, 329–30

  conquest of Templar fortresses 329

  engagements with Mongols 315, 324, 335

  forces 315–16

  insurrections against 333

  Italian trade with 320, 331

  jihad 334, 335

  La Forbie battle 313

  origins 230, 310–11, 315, 320

  Qalaun’s agreements with Franks 324

  Qalaun’s sultanate 321

  Ruad assault 337–8

  Saladin’s army 267

  Saladin’s bodyguard 234

  al-Salih’s army 312–13

  seize power in Egypt 230, 288, 314

  Springs of Cresson battle 266–7

  Templar strategy against 320

  Mamun, Abbasid caliph 49–50, 51

  Manichaeanism 63, 244–5, 246

  Mannassas, general 186

  Mansoura, battle (1250) 313–14

  Mansur, Abbasid caliph 45, 49

  al-Mansur Ibrahim, prince of Homs 310, 312–13

  Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor 179, 180, 212, 213, 256, 257

  Manzikert, battle (1071) 71, 76, 81, 256, 303

  al-Maqrizi, Egyptian historian 42–3

  Mar Saba Greek Orthodox monastery 48, 52

  Maraclea, Templar raids (1300) 336

  Margat (Marqab), castle 219, 248, 292, 307, 324, 330

  Maria Comnena, wife of Amalric 212

  Maria Paleologina, daughter of Byzantine emperor 336

  Marie, countess of Champagne 183–4

  Marino Sanudo 249

  Marj Rahit, battle (684) 30

  Marseille

  Acre trading community 289, 323

  Templar fleet 229

  Martin IV, pope 320–21

  Martina, wife of Heraclius 17–18

  Marwan II, Umayyad caliph 43–4

  Mary Magdalene 239–42, 247

  Masyaf, Assassin castle 159, 248, 250

 

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