The Rape of Europa

  49. SD, RG 59/10, Haberstock to Hall, July 1, 1956.

  50. SD, RG 59/10, Yugoslavia File.

  51. See R. Siviero, Arte e Nazismo (Florence, 1984).

  52. NGA, Library, Hartt Papers, Keller to Hartt, undated.

  53. NA, RG 260/260, note to MFAA, OMGUS, June 14, 1948.

  54. Leonard Papers, Leonard to unknown, August 3, 1948.

  55. NA, RG 260/260, AG 007PD, Garde to Director, OMGUS, Bavaria, June 19, 1948.

  56. Ibid., A-736, 2743, Lovett to USPOLAD, Berlin, December 24, 1948.

  57. Standen Papers, Heinrich to Standen, January 4, 1949.

  58. S. Münsing, interview with author, Washington, D.C.

  59. NA, RG 260/260, Draper to Hawkins, July 5, 1949.

  60. Ibid., HICOG memo to Schott, November 23, 1949.

  61. Ibid., article from Die Tat, Zurich, March 12, 1950.

  62. Louvre Museum, Archives, Dossier Valland, Chatelain to Valland, April 1, 1965.

  63. Getty Center, Arntz Archive, Reutti, “Post-War Activities,” translated by author.

  64. SD, RG 59/10, “St. Patroclus” File.

  65. Based on author’s interview with T. Kline. Also conversations with William Honan, and New York Times coverage 1990–1992.

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  BOOKS

  Abetz, Otto. Histoire d’un politique franco-allemand. Paris: Stock, 1953.

  Adam, Peter. The Art of the Third Reich. New York: Abrams, 1992.

  Alsop, Susan Mary. To Marietta from Paris, 1945–1960. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

  American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas. Report of the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946.

  Aron, Robert. Histoire de Vichy. Paris: Fayard, 1954.

  Assouline, Pierre. An Artful Life. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.

  Audiat, P. Paris pendant la guerre. Paris: Hachette, 1946.

  Barr, Alfred H. Matisse. New York: MoMA, 1951.

  Barron, Stephanie, ed. Degenerate Art. Exhibition catalogue, LACMA. New York: Abrams, 1991.

  Berenson, Bernard. Rumor and Reflection. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1952.

  Bernhard, M., and K. Martin. Verlorne Werke der Malerei, 1939–1945. Munich: Acker-mans, 1946.

  Bird, Kai. The Chairman. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

  Bizardel, Yvon. Sous l’occupation. Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1964.

  Boothe, Clare. Europe in the Spring. New York: Knopf, 1940.

  Botting, Douglas, and Ian Sayer. America’s Secret Army. New York: Watts, 1989.

  Botting, Douglas, and Ian Sayer. Nazi Gold. New York: Congdon and Weed, 1984.

  Brassai. Picasso & Co. New York: Doubleday, 1966.

  Breitman, R. Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution. New York: Knopf, 1991.

  Bureau Central des Restitutions. Répertoire des biens spoliés en France durant la guerre 1939–1945. Berlin, 1947.

  Burkhard, Arthur. The Cracow Altar of Veit Stoss. Munich: Bruckmann, 1972.

  Butcher, H. C. My Three Years with Eisenhower. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1946.

  Cassou, J. Le Pillage par les Allemands des oeuvres d’art appartenant à des Juifs en France. Paris: Centre, 1947.

  Chamberlain, E. R. Loot. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1983.

  Churchill, Winston. The Second World War. 6 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951.

  Clark, K. The Other Half. London: John Murray, 1977.

  Clark, Mark W. Calculated Risk. New York: Harper, 1950.

  Clay, Lucius D. Decision in Germany. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1950.

  Clemen, Paul, ed. Protection of Art During War: Reports. Leipzig: Seeman, 1919.

  Coles, H. L., and A. K. Weinberg. Civil Affairs: Soldiers Become Governors. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army in World War II, Special Studies, 1964.

  Collins, Larry, and Dominique LaPierre. Is Paris Burning? New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965.

  Comnène, N. P. Firenze città aperta. Florence: Vallecci, 1945.

  Comune di Firenze. L’Opera retrovata: Omaggio a Rodolfo Sivierio. Florence, Palazzo Vecchio: Cantini, 1984.

  Contemporary German Art. Exhibition Catalogue. Boston: The Institute of Modern Art, 1939.

  Corémans, P. La Protection scientifique des oeuvres d’art en temps de guerre. Brussels, 1946.

  Davidowicz, L. The War Against the Jews: 1933–1945. 1975. Reprint. New York: Bantam, 1976.

  Davidson, Eugene. The Trial of the Germans. New York: Macmillan, 1966.

  Davies, Martin, and I. Rawlins. War Time Storage in Wales of Pictures from the National Gallery. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1940.

  de Jaeger, Charles. The Linz File. Toronto: Wiley, 1981.

  de Launay, Jacques. La Belgique à l’heure allemande. Brussels: Legrain, undated.

  Dittrich, Christian. Vermisste Zeichnungen des Kupferstichkabinetts Dresden. Dresden: Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, 1987.

  Dorléac, L. B. Histoire de l’art: Paris 1940–44. Paris: Sorbonne, 1986.

  Dulles, Allen. The Secret Surrender. New York: Harper & Row, 1966.

  Duparc, F. Een eeuw wedstrijd voor Nederland’s cultureel erfgoed. The Hague: Staatsuitgeverij, 1975.

  Eisenhower, David. Eisenhower at War 1943–1945. New York: Vintage, 1987.

  Elen, Albert. J. Missing Old Master Drawings from the Koenigs Collection. The Hague: Netherlands Office for Fine Arts, 1989.

  Entartete Kunst. Munich: Austeilungführer, 1937.

  Estreicher, Charles. Cultural Losses of Poland: Index of Polish Cultural Losses during the German Occupation. London, 1944.

  Fabiani, Martin. Quand j’étais marchand de tableaux. Paris: Julliard, 1976.

  Fasola, Cesare. The Florentine Galleries and the War. Florence: Monsalvato, 1945.

  Finley, David E. A Standard of Excellence. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian, 1973.

  Flanner, Janet. Men and Monuments. New York: Harper, 1957.

  Foreign Relations of the United States. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office. Various.

  Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945. Vols. 1 and 2, The Conference of Berlin. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960.

  Frank, Niklas. In the Shadow of the Reich. New York: Knopf, 1991.

  Frans Hals Museum. Frans Hals Tentoonstelling. Exhibition catalogue. Haarlem, 1937.

  Friemuth, Cay. Die Geraubte Kunst. Westermann: Brunswick, 1989.

  Fry, Varian. Surrender on Demand. New York: Random House, 1945.

  Galerie, Fischer. Gemälde und Plastiken Moderner Meister aus Deutschen Museen. Auction catalogue. Lucerne, 1939.

  Galerie, Nierendorf. Fünfzig Jahre, 1920–1970. Exhibition catalogue. Berlin: Ruckblick Dokumentation Jubileumsausstellung, 1970.

  Gimpel, René. Diary of an Art Dealer. London: H. Hamilton, 1986.

  Goebbels, Joseph. The Goebbels Diaries 1942–1943. Edited by Louis P. Lochner. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1948.

  Golden Gate International Exposition. Art exhibition catalogue. San Francisco, 1940.

  Guggenheim, Peggy. Out of This Century. New York: Universe, 1987.

  Hapgood, David, and David Richardson. Monte Cassino. New York: Congdon and Weed, 1984.

  Hartt, Frederick. Florentine Art under Fire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1949.

  Heller, Gerhard. Un Allemand à Paris. Paris: Seuil, 1981.

  Henderson, Sir Nevile. Failure of a Mission. New York: Putnam, 1940.

  Hentzen, Alfred. Die Berliner National-Galerie im Bildersturm. Berlin: Grote, 1971.

  Hinz, Berthold. Art in the Third Reich. New York: Pantheon, 1979.

  Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. London: Hutchinson, 1974.

  Hitler, Adolf. Monologe im Führer Hauptquartier, 1941–1944. Edited by W. Jochman and H. Heim. Hamburg: Knaus, 1980. Monologues were recorded by Heim and edited by Jochman later.

  Hommage à Herman Voss. St
rasbourg, 1966.

  Horne, Alastair. To Lose a Battle. London: Penguin, 1979.

  Hours, Magdeleine. Une Vie au Louvre. Paris: Laffont, 1987.

  Howe, Thomas C. Salt Mines and Castles. New York: Bobbs Merrill, 1946.

  Hull, Cordell. Memoirs. New York: Macmillan, 1948.

  Institute of Contemporary Art. Dissent: The Issue of Modern Art in Boston. Exhibition catalogue. Boston, 1985.

  International Military Tribunal. The Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal. Nuremberg, 1947–1949. 42 volumes.

  Irving, David. Goering. New York: Morrow, 1989.

  Irving, David. Hitler’s War. New York: Avon, 1990.

  Jackman, J. C, and C. M. Borden. The Muses Flee Hitler. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian, 1983.

  Jünger, Ernst. Journal: 1941–1943. Paris: Julliard, 1951.

  Kater, M. Das Ahnenerbe der SS. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1974.

  Kearns, M. K. Kollwitz: Woman and Artist. Old Westbury, N.Y: Feminist Press, 1976.

  Keegan, John, ed. The Times Atlas of the Second World War. New York: Harper and Row, 1951.

  Kesselring, Field Marshal Albert. Memoirs. London: Kimber, 1953.

  Kilbracken, Lord. Van Meegeren, Master Forger. New York: Scribner’s, 1967.

  Kollwitz, Kaethe. The Diary and Letters of Kaethe Kollwitz. Edited by Hans Kollwitz. Chicago: Regency, 1955.

  Kopper, Philip. America’s National Gallery of Art. New York: Abrams, 1991.

  Kubin, E. Sonderauftrag Linz. Vienna: ORAC, 1988.

  Kühnel-Kunze, Irene. Bergung, Evakuierung, Rückführung: Die Berliner Museen in den Jahre 1939–1959: Ein Bericht mit 43 Anlagen. (Jahrbuch Preussischer Kulturbesitz.) Berlin: Mann, 1984.

  Kunsthaus Zurich. Sammlung Emil G. Bührle. Exhibition catalogue. Zurich, 1958.

  Kurtz, Michael. Nazi Contraband: American Policy on European Cultural Treasures 1945–1955. New York: Garland, 1985.

  LaFarge, Bancel. Lost Treasures of Europe. New York: Pantheon, 1946.

  Lane, Barbara Miller. Architecture and Politics in Germany 1918–1945. Cambridge: Harvard, 1968, 1985.

  Larsson, Lars Olaf. Albert Speer: Le Plan de Berlin, 1937–1943. Brussels: AAM, 1983.

  Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut. Art under a Dictatorship. New York: Oxford, 1954.

  Lorentz, Stanislaw. Museums and Collections in Poland, 1945–1955. Warsaw: Polonia, 1956.

  Lowry, Glenn. A Jeweler’s Eye. Exhibition catalogue. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian, 1988.

  Lukas, R. C. The Forgotten Holocaust. Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1986.

  Luza, Radomir. Austro-German Relations in the Anschluss Era. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975.

  Maass, Walter B. Country Without a Name: Austria under Nazi Rule 1938–1945. New York: Ungar, 1979.

  Maison, K. E. Honoré Daumier. New York: New York Graphic Society, 1968.

  Marlboro Fine Arts. Nolde: Forbidden Pictures. Exhibition catalogue. London, 1970.

  Massie, Susan. Pavlovsk: The Life of a Russian Palace. Boston: Little, Brown, 1990.

  Mazauric, Lucie. Le Louvre en voyage, 1939–1945. Paris: Plon, 1978.

  Meisnner, Hans Otto. Magda Goebbels. New York: 1980.

  Mellow, James R. Charmed Circle. New York: Praeger, 1974.

  Merrill, Keith A. Keith Merrill, American. Privately printed, 1968.

  Methuen, Lord. Normandy Diary. London: Robert Hale, 1952.

  Mihan, George. Looted Treasure: Germany’s Raid on Art. London: Alliance, 1944.

  Ministerio della Pubblica Instruzione, Direzione General delle Antichita e Belle Arti. La Ricostruzione del patrimonio artístico italiano. Rome: La Librería dello Stado, 1950.

  Molajoli, Bruno. Musei ed opere d’arte di Napoli attraverso la guerra. Naples: Soprintendenza Alle Gallerie, 1948.

  Morgenthau, Henry. Morgenthau Diary—Germany. Washington, D.C.: United States Senate Judiciary Committee, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967. 2 volumes.

  Moulin, Raymonde. Le Marché de la peinture en France. Paris: Minuit, 1967.

  Murphy, Robert. A Diplomat among Warriors. New York: Doubleday, 1964.

  Musée de G Orangerie. Les Chefs d’oeuvre des collections privées françaises retrouvées en Allemagne. Exhibition catalogue. Paris, 1946.

  Museum Boymans. Kunstschatten uit Nederlandse Verzamelingen. Exhibition catalogue. Rotterdam, 1955.

  National Gallery of Art. The Passionate Eye: Impressionist and Other Master Paintings from the E. G. Bührle Collection. Exhibition catalogue. Zurich, 1990.

  National Gallery of Art. Twenty-fifth Anniversary Report. Washington, D.C., 1966.

  The National Museums and Galleries: The War Years and After. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1948.

  Nicolson, Harold. Diaries and Letters. New York: Atheneum, 1967. Origo, Iris. War in Val d’Orcia. London: John Murray, 1984.

  Oskar Schlemmer. Exhibition catalogue. Baltimore: Baltimore Museum of Art, 1986. Palais des Beaux-Arts. Chefs d’oeuvre récupérés en Allemagne. Exhibition catalogue. Brussels, 1948.

  Polish Ministry of Information. Nazi Kultur in Poland. London, 1945.

  Potocki, A. Master of Lancut. London: W. Allen, 1959.

  Prelinger, Elizabeth. Käthe Kollwitz. Exhibition catalogue. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.

  Pretzell, Lothar. Das Kunstgutlager Schloss Celle 1945–1958. Celle: 1958.

  The Protection of Cultural Resources Against the Hazards of War. Washington, D.C.: Committee on the Conservation of Cultural Resources, National Resources Planning Board, February 1942.

  Pyle, Ernie. Brave Men. New York: Dutton, 1944.

  Raczynski, Edward. In Allied London. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962.

  Rave, P. O. Kunstdiktatur im Dritten Reich. Hamburg: Mann, 1949.

  Roh, Franz. Entartete Kunst. Hannover: Fackeltrager Verlag, 1962.

  Rorimer, James J. Survival. New York: Abelard, 1950.

  Rosenberg, Alfred. Memoirs of Alfred Rosenberg. Edited by Serge Lang and Ernst von Schenck. New York: Ziff-Davis, 1949.

  Roters, Eberhard. Galerie Ferdinand Möller, 1917–1956. Berlin: Mann, 1984.

  Rothenstein, J. Brave Day, Hideous Night. London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1967.

  Roxan, David, and Ken Wanstall. The Rape of Art: The Story of Hitler’s Plunder of the Great Masterpieces of Europe. New York: Coward-McCann, 1965.

  Salisbury, Harrison. The 900 Days. 1969. Reprint. New York: Da Capo, 1985.

  Samuels, Ernest. B.B.: The Making of a Legend. Cambridge: Harvard, 1987.

  Schellenberg, Walter. Memoirs. London: Deutsch, 1956.

  Schirach, Henriette von. Der Preis der Herrlichheit. Munich: Herbig, 1975.

  Schuster, Peter Klaus, ed. Nazionalsocialismus und Entartete Kunst: Die Kunststadt Munchen 1937. Munich: Prestel, 1987.

  Shirer, William. Berlin Diary. New York: Knopf, 1941.

  Shirer, William. The Collapse of the Third Republic. New York: Pocket, 1969, 1971.

  Shirer, William. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960.

  Simon, Matila. The Battle of the Louvre: The Struggle to Save French Art in World War II. New York: Hawthorne, 1971.

  Siviero, Rodolfo. Arte e Nazismo: Esodo e ritorno delle opere d’arte italiano 1938–1963. Florence: Cantini, 1984.

  Skilton, John. Défense de l’art européen. Paris: Editions Internationales, 1948.

  Smith, Jean Edward. Lucius D. Clay. New York: Holt, 1990.

  Smyth, Craig H. Repatriation of Art from the Collection Point in Munich after World War II. The Hague: Gerson Lecture, Schwartz/SDU, 1988.

  Speer, Albert. Inside the Third Reich. New York: Macmillan, 1970.

  Staatsgalerie Moderner Kunst. Dokumentation zum Nationalsocialismus im Bildersturm. Munich, 1987.

  Stein, Gertrude. Wars I Have Seen. New York: Random House, 1945.

  Taylor, Francis Henry. The Taste of Angels. Boston: Little, Brown, 1948.

  Taylor, Telford. The Anatomy of the Nur
emberg Trials. New York: Knopf, 1992.

  Time-Life Books. World War II Series.

  Tomkins, Calvin. Merchants and Masterpieces. New York: Dutton, 1973.

  Trevor-Roper, H. R. The Last Days of Hitler. New York: Macmillan, 1947.

  Tusa, Ann and John. The Nuremberg Trial. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985.

  Tutaev, David. The Consul of Florence. London: Secker & Warburg, 1966.

  U.S. Congress. Senate Committee on Armed Services. Hearings on S2439: A Bill to Provide for the Temporary Retention in the US of Certain German Paintings, March 4 and April 10, 1948. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

  Valland, Rose. Le Front de l’art. Paris: Plon, 1961.

  Varshavskii, S. P. Saved for Humanity. Leningrad: Aurora, 1985.

  Venema, A. Kunsthandel in Nederland, 1940–1945. Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers. 1986.

  Walker, John. Self-Portrait with Donors. Boston: Little, Brown, 1974.

  Warsaw Accuses. Exhibition catalogue. Warsaw: Ministry of Culture & Art and Ministry of Reconstruction of the Country, 1945.

  Warsaw Accuses. Papers of General Lucius Clay: Germany, 1945–1949. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974.

  Weld, Jacqueline B. Peggy, The Wayward Guggenheim. New York: Dutton, 1986.

  Welles, Sumner. The Time for Decision. New York: Harper, 1944.

  Werth, Alexander. Russia at War. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1964.

  Wilson, Derek. Rothschild. New York: Scribner’s, 1988.

  Woolley, Sir Charles Leonard. A Record of the Work Done by the Military Authorities for the Protection of the Treasures of Art and History in War Areas. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1947.

  Works of Art in Italy: Losses and Survivals in the War. Vols. 1 and 2. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1945.

  Zachwatowicz, Jan. Protection of Historical Monuments in People’s Poland. Warsaw: Polonia, 1956.

  ARTICLES

  Adams, E. E. “Looted Art Treasures Go Back to France.” The Quartermaster Review, September-October 1946.

  Barr, Alfred. “Art in the Third Reich—Preview 1933.” Magazine of Art, October 1945.

  Breitenbach, Edgar. “Historical Survey of the Intelligence Department, MFAA Section, in OMGB, 1946–1949.” College Art Journal 2 (Winter 1949–50).

  Brubach, Holly. “Survivors.” The New Yorker, August 27, 1990.