7. I. Maisky, Journey into the Past, p. 37. Maiski saw him at the Communist Club at 107 Charlotte Street, London WC1 in 1913.
8. H. Strachan, The First World War, p. 316.
9. J. P. Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg, vol. 2, p. 710.
10. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, p. 139.
11. Ibid., p. 140.
12. M. J. Larsons, ‘Au service des Soviets’, p. 29: typescript, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA), box 1.
13. A. E. Senn, Diplomacy and Revolution: The Soviet Mission to Switzerland, 1918, p. 161.
14. Kh. Rakovskii, ‘Avtobiografiya’ (HIA), p. 9; M. J. Larsons, ‘Au service des Soviets’, p. 29: typescript, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA), box 1.
15. Ibid., p. 30.
16. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, p. 141.
17. Ibid., p. 142.
18. Ibid., pp. 142–3.
19. M. J. Larsons, ‘Au service des Soviets’, p. 33: typescript, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA), box 1.
20. Ibid., pp. 33–5.
21. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, p. 143.
22. M. J. Larsons, ‘Dans le labyrinthe des Soviets’, p. 40: typescript, M. J. Larsons Papers (HIA).
23. Ibid.
24. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, p. 143.
25. V. I. Lenin to A. A. Ioffe, 2 June 1918, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 50, p. 88.
26. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, pp. 143–4.
27. Ibid., p. 144.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., p. 145.
30. Kh. Rakovski, ‘Avtobiografiya’ (HIA), p. 9.
31. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, p. 146.
32. Ibid., pp. 148–9.
33. Ibid., p. 149.
34. Ibid., p. 150.
35. P. Levi, ‘Gedächtnisrede des Genossen Paul Levi’ (typescript: HIA).
17. Revolving the Russian Question
1. R. Cecil, memorandum of 20 October circulated to King and War Cabinet, fols 149–53: Milner Papers, dep. 136.
2. Sovnarkom meetings, 7, 21 and 30 December 1918: GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 1.
3. Azbuka report, 4 November 1918: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 28, folder 30.
4. Meeting of Russian delegation in Iasi with Allied emissaries, 17 November 1918: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 36, folders 16 and 18.
5. A. Ransome, The Truth about Russia (Workers’ Socialist Federation: London, 1918), pp. 3–4.
6. D. Marquand, Ramsay MacDonald, pp. 225–6.
7. A. Milner to C. Nabokoff, 22 December 1918: Milner Papers, c. 696, fol. 168.
8. R. H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917–1921, vol. 2: Britain and the Russian Civil War, November 1918–February 1920, pp. 59–64.
9. House of Commons Debates, 14 November 1918, cols 3015–17.
10. R. H. B. Lockhart, Memorandum on the Internal Situation in Russia, in British Documents on Foreign Policy, Part 2: The Soviet Union, 1917–1939, vol. 1: Soviet Russia and her Neighbours, Jan. 1917–Dec. 1919, pp. 34–44.
11. R. H. Bruce Lockhart to A. J. Balfour, 7 November 1918: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 12.
12. The Diaries of Robert Bruce Lockhart, 1915–1938, p. 47.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 4: The World in Torment, 1917–1922, p. 227.
16. R. Quinault, ‘Churchill and Russia’, War and Society, no. 1 (1991), pp. 102–7.
17. D. R. Francis, Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916–November 1918, p. viii.
18. New York Times, 15 December 1919: reported testimony of S. Nuorteva to the Lusk Committee.
19. Ibid.
20. Washington Post, 6 August 1917.
21. The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, of William C. Bullitt, pp. 1–2.
22. Harold Kellock (Finnish Information Bureau, New York) to Lincoln Steffens, 22 April 1918, p. 2: Russian Subject Collection (HIA).
23. Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Sixty-Fifth Congress, Third Session and Thereafter Pursuant to Senate Resolutions 439 and 469 — February 11, 1919 to March 10, 1919, pp. 5–6.
24. Ibid., p. 82.
25. Ibid., pp. 19–20, 80–1 and 84.
26. Ibid., pp. 109 and 115.
27. Ibid., pp. 112, 114 and 156.
28. Ibid., pp. 379–82.
29. Ibid., pp. 383–4.
30. Ibid., pp. 468 and 472.
31. Ibid., p. 590.
32. Ibid., pp. 641–2 and 669.
33. Ibid., p. 837.
34. New York Times, 22 February 1919.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid., 23 February 1919; V. V. Aldoshin, Yu. V. Ivanov, V. M. Semënov and V. A. Tarasov (eds), Sovetsko-amerikanskie otnosheniya: gody nepriznaniya, 1918–1926, p. 19 (Rhys Williams testimonial letter of appointment).
37. See S. White, Britain and the Bolshevik Revolution, pp. 175–7, for the general trend.
18. The Paris Peace Conference
1. R. Lansing, The Big Four and Others of the Peace Conference, pp. 38–9.
2. Ibid., p. 41.
3. Ibid., pp. 57–8.
4. J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, p. 16.
5. New York Times, 22 January 1919.
6. Bullitt’s notes in The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, of William C. Bullitt, p. 7.
7. Ibid., pp. 7–9 and 10–11.
8. H. Hoover, The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, pp. 116–17.
9. New York Times, 21 January 1919.
10. Ibid., 22 January 1919; Manchester Guardian, 23 December 1918.
11. The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations, pp. 1–2.
12. R. Lansing, diary entry, 22 January 1919: Robert Lansing Papers (HIA).
13. The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations, pp. 21–3.
14. A. Ransome, Russia in 1919, pp. 1 and 3; The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations, pp. 5–6.
15. The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 1856–1924, vol. 53, pp. 492–4. See D. S. Foglesong, America’s Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920, p. 279.
16. The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations, pp. 5–6.
17. (H. Nicolson), The Harold Nicolson Diaries: 1907–1963, 24 January 1919.
18. W. S. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. 4: The Aftermath, p. 173.
19. Ibid., p. 174.
20. H. Wilson to A. Milner, 12 January 1919: Milner Papers, dep. 46/1, fol. 107.
21. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. 4: The Aftermath, p. 173.
22. Ibid., p. 174.
23. Ibid., p. 176.
24. The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations, pp. 3–5.
25. Ibid., pp. 34–6.
26. Ibid., p. 37; P. H. Kerr (Paris) to Sir R. Graham: minute, 11 July 1919, Documents on British Policy Overseas, no. 105169/43654/38.
27. The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations, p. 39.
28. Ibid., p. 44.
29. A. Ransome, Russia in 1919, p. 231.
30. George Hill’s answers to Robin Bruce Lockhart’s questionnaire, p. 5: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder 1.
31. G. A. Hill, Dreaded Hour, pp. 98 and 102–3.
32. ‘Peace with Honour’: Daily Mail, 28 March 1919.
33. The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations, p. 66.
34. Board meeting, n.d. (early 1919?), p. 8: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 28, folder 33.
35. D. S. Foglesong, America’s S
ecret War against Bolshevism, pp. 69–71.
36. D. R. Francis, Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916–November 1918, pp. 310–11.
37. Ibid., pp. 309–10.
38. H. Hoover, The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, pp. 118–19.
39. Ibid., pp. 121–3.
40. ‘Diary of P. V. Vologodsky as Prime Minister of Admiral Kolchak’s Cabinet’, 17 May 1919: Pëtr Vasil’evich Vologodskii Papers (HIA).
41. W. S. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. 4: The Aftermath, pp. 179–80.
42. T. T. C. Gregory, ‘Stemming the Red Tide’ (typescript, 1919), p. 70: T. T. C. Gregory Papers (HIA), box 1.
43. Ibid.
44. W. C. Bullitt to President Wilson, 17 May 1919: Robert Lansing Papers (HIA).
45. R. Lansing, diary entry for 19 May 1919: Robert Lansing Papers (HIA); W. C. Bullitt to R. Lansing, 17 May 1919: ibid.
46. H. Hoover, The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, pp. 245–52.
19. European Revolution
1. A. Ransome, Russia in 1919, p. 225. The comment was made in March 1919.
2. Ibid., pp. 35–6.
3. A. J. Fardon to Mrs E. Garratt, 5 March 1919: National Archives, KV/2/1903.
4. A. Ransome, Russia in 1919, p. 226.
5. Ibid., p. 227.
6. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919, p. 450: letter to J. Longuet, 17 January 1918.
7. A. Dunois, unpublished typescript introduction (May 1941) to an edition of Sadoul’s letters, pp. 3–4: Jacques Sadoul Papers (HIA); L. Naudeau, En prison sous la terreur russe, pp. 231.
8. J. Cornwell, Hitler’s Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII, p. 75.
9. R. Leviné-Meyer, Leviné the Spartacist: The Life and Times of the Socialist Revolutionary Leader of the German Spartacists and Head of the Ill-Starred Munich Republic of 1919, p. 153.
10. T. T. C. Gregory Papers (HIA), box 2: Hungarian Political Dossier, vol. 1: Alonzo Taylor to Herbert Hoover, 26 March 1919.
11. Memorandum by Ferenc Julier, former Commander of the General Staff of the Red Army; it was prepared for the Hoover Library in 1933 and translated into English: Hungarian Subject Collection (HIA), pp. 3–4 and 14.
12. Memorandum by Ferenc Julier, p. 3.
13. H. James (Inter-Allied Danube River Commission), ‘Report on Trip to German-Austria and Czecho-Slovakia’ (n.d.), pp. 1 and 4: Henry James Papers (HIA), folder 1.
14. G. A. Hill, Dreaded Hour, p. 89.
15. H. James, ‘A Solution of the Hungarian Question’ (no date given but some time in 1919 before August): Henry James Papers (HIA), folder 2.
16. Telegrams of 2 February and 19 April 1919: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 109, d. 46, pp. 1–2.
17. T. T. C. Gregory, ‘Beating Back Bolshevism’ (typescript, possibly 1920), p. 6: T. T. C. Gregory Papers (HIA), box 1; A. Taylor to H. C. Hoover, 26 March 1919.
18. Ibid.: Philip Marshall Brown to Archibald Cary Coolidge, 17 April 1919.
19. T. T. C. Gregory to H. C. Hoover, 22 June 1918: T. T. C. Gregory Papers (HIA), box 1.
20. T. T. C. Gregory, ‘Beating Back Bolshevism’ [n.p., n.d.]: ibid.
21. Trotsky’s message to Kh. G. Rakovski, N. I. Podvoiski and V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, 18 April 1919: RGASPI, f. 325, op. 1, d. 404, p. 86; Lenin’s telegram to S. I. Aralov and J. Vacietis, 21 April 1919, ibid., p. 92; telegram of J. Vacietis and S. I. Aralov to V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, 23 April 1919, ibid., op. 109, 46, pp. 3–5.
22. Lt Col. W. B. Causey to H. Hoover, 8 August 1919: Gibbes Lykes Papers (HIA), box 1.
23. [James A.?] Logan to the ARA in Paris, 13 August 1919: ibid.
24. Inter-Allied Military Mission (Budapest) to the Supreme Council of the Peace Conference, 19 August 1919: Gibbes Lykes Papers (HIA), box 1.
25. H. Hoover, The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, p. 118.
26. See his comments in H. Hoover, Address of Secretary Hoover before the Chamber of Commerce of the United States. Eleventh Annual Meeting. New York, N.Y., May 8 1923, p. 7.
27. H. Hoover, The World Economic Situation: Address of Herbert Hoover before the San Francisco Commercial Club, October 9, 1919, p. 19.
28. T. T. C. Gregory, ‘Stemming the Red Tide’ (n.p., 1919), pp. 66–7.
29. H. Hoover, The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, pp. 164–5; J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, p. 274.
30. K. Radek, ‘Noyabr’. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)’, Krasnaya nov’, no. 10 (1926), pp. 163–4.
31. Ibid., pp. 164–5 and 168.
32. Ibid., pp. 166–8.
33. Ibid., p. 168.
34. A. Venturi, Rivoluzionari russi in Italia, 1917–1921, pp. 205–7.
20. The Allies and the Whites
1. Telegram to A. V. Kolchak, 26 May 1919: Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak Papers (HIA).
2. Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak Papers (HIA).
3. A. Marty, La Révolte de la Mer Noire, vol. 2, pp. 114 and 118.
4. Ibid., pp. 140–1.
5. W. Kendall, The Revolutionary Movement in Britain, 1900–1921: The Origins of British Communism, pp. 241–2.
6. C. Kinvig, Churchill’s Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia, 1918–1920, p. xii.
7. Ibid., pp. xviii–xix.
8. Daily Express, 6 September 1919.
9. C. Kinvig, Churchill’s Crusade, p. 192.
10. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Omsk) to Chargé d’Affaires, 18 March 1919: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 57, folder 1; S. Uget to B. A. Bakhmetev, 24 March 1919: ibid. See also Russian Military Mission in Berlin to Yudenich, 9 September 1919: Nikolai Yudenich Papers (HIA), box 3, folder 25.
11. Savinkov’s testimony in ‘Sudebnoe razbiratel’stvo’, Pravda, 30 August 1924, p. 5.
12. Gulkevich to Ambassador[?], 7 June 1919; American note on finance (Hoover’s copy), 15 June 1919: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 60, folder 1; V. A. Maklakov to B. A. Bakhmetev, 6 September 1920: ‘Sovershenno lichno i doveritel’no!’: B. A. Bakhmetev–V. A. Maklakov: perepiska, vol. 1, p. 227.
13. ‘Sostoyanie schëtov na 1-oe dekabrya 1918 g.’: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 57, folder 1.
14. ‘Spisok predmetov i materialov, prinadlezhashchikh russkoi kazne’: ibid.
15. Telegram from B. Bakhmetev, 14 November 1919: Nikolai Yudenich Papers, box 3.
16. Gulkevich to unknown Ambassador, 7 June 1919; American note on finance (Hoover’s copy), 15 June 1919: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 60, folder 1.
17. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land, p. 77.
18. P. V. Vologodskii, ‘Otchët po poezdke v Tomsk na Pervyi Obshchesibirskii s”ezd’, p. 30: Pëtr Vasil’evich Vologodskii Papers (HIA).
19. Vladimir N. Bashkirov Papers (HIA), box 3.
20. Financial agent S. Uget to B. A. Bakhmetev, 2/15 February 1919: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 57, folder 1.
21. Financial consultative committee meeting, 23 September 1919: Nikolai Yudenich Papers (HIA), box 21, folder 20.
22. Savinkov’s testimony in ‘Sudebnoe razbiratel’stvo’, Pravda, 30 August 1924, p. 5.
23. GHQ British Salonika Force (Constantinople) to Directorate of Military Intelligence, 29 December 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 143, fol. 212.
24. Telegram to General Kondyrëv, n.d.: Nikolai Yudenich Papers (HIA), box 3, folder 25.
25. E. O. Scafe to General N. Yermolov, 14 May 1919; unnamed military agent in the United Kingdom, 19 May 1919: General A. A. von Lampe Papers (HIA); General Staff Colonel Brandt to General K. I. Globachëv, 16 August 1919: ibid. Brandt was Yudenich’s ‘military agent in Germany’.
26. J. Alley to Robin Bruce Lockhart, 13 May 1966: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 2; E. L. Spears to Robin Bruce Lockhart, 2 January 1967: ibid.
27. Savinkov’s testimony in ‘Sudebnoe razbiratel’stvo’, Pravda, 30 August 1924, p. 5.
28. Russian Military Mission in Berlin to Yudenich, 9 September 1919: Nikolai Yudenich Papers (HIA), box 3, folder 25.
29. Ibid.
30. V
. Madeira, ‘ “Because I Don’t Trust Him, We are Friends”: Signals Intelligence and the Reluctant Anglo-Soviet Embrace, 1917–24’, Intelligence and National Security, no. 1 (2004), p. 29.
31. P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 39, folder 8.
32. French Mission in Estonia to Col. Kruzenshtern, 25 November 1919: Nikolai Yudenich Papers (HIA), box 3, folder 27; ‘Communiqué du Ministère de la Guerre de Paris’, 29 August 1919: box 4, folder 28.
33. ‘Modifications survenues dans l’ordre de battaille bolchévique’, September 1918: Nikolai Yudenich Papers (HIA), box 3, folder 26.
34. Nikolai Yudenich Papers (HIA), box 4, folder 11.
35. See for example, Kolchak’s communiqué on strategy and appointments, 7 November 1919, as received by Yudenich: ibid., box 3, folder 2; Yudenich’s telegram to Sazonov, Kolchak, Denikin and Miller, 3 January 1920: ibid., box 4, folder 6.
36. P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 30, folders 3–19.
37. Ibid., box 28, folders 1, 30 and 33; box 39, folder 1.
38. Ibid., box 35, folder 10 (Chicherin and Radek; Radek and Rakovski).
39. Ibid., box 33, folder 5.
40. Nikolai Yudenich Papers, box 4, folder 29.
41. R. Service, Trotsky: A Biography, pp. 287–8.
42. N. Andreyev, A Moth on a Fence: Memoirs of Russia, Estonia, Czechoslovakia and Western Europe, p. 43.
21. Western Agents
1. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land, pp. 19 and 84.
2. Ibid., pp. 88–9.
3. Ibid., p. 101.
4. Ibid., pp. 115–17.
5. Ibid., pp. 119–27.
6. Ibid., pp. 127–34.
7. Ibid., pp. 145–8; G. A. Hill, Dreaded Hour, p. 88.
8. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land, p. 193.
9. Ibid., p. 196.
10. Ibid., pp. 203, 230 and 251–2.
11. Ibid., pp. 197–8.
12. Ibid., pp. 204–5.
13. Ibid., pp. 228 and 231.
14. Ibid., p. 213.
15. Ibid., p. 223.
16. Ibid., p. 217.
17. Ibid., pp. 220–6.
18. G. A. Hill, ‘Reminiscences of Four Years with the N.K.V.D.’, p. 120: draft typescript, George A. Hill Papers (HIA).
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