Spies and Commissars

by Robert Service

  19. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land, p. 231.

  20. Ibid., p. 217.

  21. Ibid., p. 231.

  22. Ibid., p. 232.

  23. Ibid., p. 213.

  24. Ibid., pp. 234–5.

  25. Ibid., p. 58.

  26. G. A. Hill, Dreaded Hour, pp. 62–4.

  27. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land, p. 63.

  28. G. A. Hill, Dreaded Hour, p. 71.

  29. A. Cook, On His Majesty’s Secret Service: Sidney Reilly — Codename ST1, pp. 160–1.

  30. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land, p. 78.

  31. G. A. Hill, Dreaded Hour, p. 93.

  32. Ibid., p. 105.

  33. S. G. Reilly to J. Picton Bagge, 10 October 1919 in A. Cook, On His Majesty’s Secret Service: Sidney Reilly — Codename ST1, p. 169.

  34. See the excerpts in A. Cook, On His Majesty’s Secret Service: Sidney Reilly — Codename ST1, pp. 170–1.

  35. P. Dukes, handwritten untitled memoir (1966?), pp. 7–8: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1.

  36. C. E. Dukes, ‘Family Dukes: Yesterday’, pp. 21–5: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1. Cuthbert Dukes was Paul Dukes’s brother.

  37. P. Dukes, typed untitled memoir (n.d.), p. 4: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1.

  38. P. Dukes, handwritten untitled memoir (1966?), pp. 4–6: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1.

  39. P. Dukes, Come Hammer, Come Sickle!, pp. 25–6.

  40. Robin Bruce Lockhart, Notes on Meeting with Sir Paul Dukes, 25 June 1966, p. 1: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder: Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘Reilly: Russian Revolution, Etc.: Sources: Paul Dukes, 1922–1990’.

  41. Ibid.

  42. William S. Barrett, ‘America in Russia. Or the Diary of a Russian Wolf-hound’ (typescript: HIA), p. 17.

  43. Robin Bruce Lockhart, Notes on Meeting with Sir Paul Dukes, 25 June 1966, p. 1: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder: Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘Reilly: Russian Revolution, Etc.: Sources: Paul Dukes, 1922–1990’.

  44. P. Dukes, Red Dusk and the Morrow (Doubleday, Page: New York, 1922), pp. 3–6. See also K. Jeffery, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service, 1909–1949, p. 137.

  45. P. Dukes, Red Dusk and the Morrow, pp. 9–11.

  46. Jean MacLean’s answers to Robin Bruce Lockhart’s questionnaire (question 25): Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder: Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘Reilly: Russian Revolution, Etc.: Sources: Jean MacLean’. Jean MacLean was Robert Bruce Lockhart’s first wife and Robin’s mother.

  47. Lady Dukes to Robin Bruce Lockhart, 14 September 1967: Paul Dukes Papers, box 1.

  48. P. Dukes, Red Dusk and the Morrow, pp. 9–11.

  49. Ibid., p. 7.

  50. P. Dukes, ‘1918 Kalendar’-Otmetchik’: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1.

  51. Ibid.

  52. Krasnaya kniga VChK, vol. 2, pp. 43–5.

  53. P. Dukes, ‘The Onoto Diary for 1919’: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1; P. Dukes, Red Dusk and the Morrow, p. 223.

  54. Ibid., p. 220.

  55. Ibid., pp. 222–3.

  56. Affidavit, 30 August 1919: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1.

  57. Lady Dukes, handwritten memoir (n.d.): Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1.

  58. Peter Constantinoff to Lady Dukes, 27 June 1968, stating that he was one of the two: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1.

  59. P. Dukes, Red Dusk and the Morrow, p. 267.

  60. L. D. Trotskii to M. M. Litvinov, 5 June 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 365, fol. 79.

  61. M. Occleshaw, Dances in Deep Shadows: The Clandestine War in Russia, 1917–20, pp. 93–4; C. Andrew, Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community, pp. 261–2.

  62. American Legation, Copenhagen, dispatch no. 3250, 15 May 1919: US Department of State: Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations between Russia (and the Soviet Union) and Other States, 1910–29 (HIA).

  63. American Legation, Copenhagen, dispatch no. 3338, 16 June 1919: ibid.

  64. Passport-Control Bureau Chief (Copenhagen), basing himself on British counter-intelligence information: 10 March 1919: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 57, folder 1.

  65. A. Ransome, Russia in 1919, p. 1.

  66. K. Jeffery, MI6, p. 174.

  67. A. Ransome, Russia in 1919, pp. 17–18.

  22. Communism in America

  1. Central Executive Committee of the CPA, 15 November 1919: Theodore Draper Papers (HIA), box 32.

  2. New York Times, 22 March and 2 April 1919.

  3. M. M. Litvinov to L. K. Martens, 27 May 1918: G. N. Sevast’yanov, J. Haslam and others (eds), Sovetsko-amerikanskie otnosheniya: gody nepriznaniya, 1918–1926, pp. 101–2.

  4. L. Martens and S. Nuorteva to B. Bakhmetev, 10 April 1919: L. K. Martens Papers (HIA).

  5. Washington Post, 5 April 1919.

  6. New York Times, 20 June 1919.

  7. Ibid., 14 June 1919.

  8. Ibid., 20 June 1919.

  9. Ibid., 21 June 1919.

  10. Ibid., 18 June 1919.

  11. Ibid., 27 June 1919.

  12. Memorandum of L. K. Martens and S. Nuorteva (n.d.; March or April 1919?): George Halonen Papers (HIA).

  13. Both contracts drafted for 16 September 1919: George Halonen Papers (HIA)

  14. New York Times, 9 November 1919.

  15. Ibid., 17 November 1919.

  16. Ibid., 27 November 1919.

  17. Ibid., 2 December 1919.

  18. Ibid., 9 November 1919.

  19. Ibid., 19 November 1919.

  20. Ibid.

  21. Ibid., 13 December 1919.

  22. Ibid., 19 November 1919.

  23. Ibid., 22 December 1919.

  24. L. A. E. Gale to C. Ruthenberg, 23 February 1920, p. 2: Jay Lovestone Papers (HIA), box 195, folder CP-USA General Correspondence, February 1920.

  25. CEC CPA to NEC CLP, 19 March 1920: Jay Lovestone Papers (HIA), box 195.

  26. Conferences and Conventions, 1920: Jay Lovestone Papers (HIA), box 215.

  27. CEC CPA collective protest, 24 March 1920: Jay Lovestone Papers (HIA), box 195.

  28. Leaflet about March 1920: RGASPI, f. 515, op. 1, d. 34, p. 22.

  29. Bukharin, Radek and Kuusinen, ‘Concerning the Next Tasks of the Communist Party of America (n.d., but seized on 22 August 1922): Communist International Instructions (HIA).

  30. M. Eastman, ‘A Statement of the Problem in America and the First Step to its Solution’, 1923: Theodore Draper Papers (HIA), box 31.

  31. [Ed Fisher] to C. E. Ruthenberg, 11 April 1920: Jay Lovestone Papers (HIA), box 195, folder 10.

  23. Soviet Agents

  1. See above, p. 159.

  2. Paraphrase of telegram from Sir Mansfeldt Findlay, 30 September 1918: National Archives, FO Registry No. 165188. My thanks to Andrew Cook for sharing this document with me.

  3. See below, note 10.

  4. S. Reilly to R. H. Bruce Lockhart, 25 November 1918: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), folder: Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘Reilly: Russian Revolution, Etc.: Sources: Robert Bruce Lockhart — Reilly’.

  5. Ibid.

  6. S. Reilly to R. H. Bruce Lockhart, 24 November 1918: ibid.

  7. R. N. Bruce Lockhart, ‘Notes on Sidney Reilly. Information Provided by George Hill’: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers, box 11, folder 1, p. 3.

  8. Notes taken by Robin Bruce Lockhart from George Hill’s account, p. 4: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder 1.

  9. Jean MacLean’s answers to Robin Bruce Lockhart’s questionnaire (question 42): Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder: Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘Reilly: Russian Revolution, Etc.: Sources: Jean MacLean’; Notes taken by Robin Bruce Lockhart from George Hill’s account, p. 10: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder 1.

  10. Jean MacLean’s answers to Robin Bruce Lockhart’s questionnaire (question 25): Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder: Robin Bruce Lockhar
t, ‘Reilly: Russian Revolution, Etc.: Sources: Jean MacLean’.

  11. See here.

  12. G. A. Hill, draft letter to the London Evening Standard (n.d.): Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11, folder 1.

  13. C. Andrew and V. Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West, p. 37.

  14. Sovnarkom meeting, 11 November 1918 (NS): GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 2(4).

  15. L. B. Krasin, Vneshtorg i vneshnyaya ekonomicheskaya politika Sovetskogo pravitel’stva, pp. 3–4.

  16. L. Bryant, Six Months in Red Russia, pp. 292–3.

  17. RGASPI, f. 89, op. 52, d. 4.

  18. C. Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5, p. 144.

  19. K. Jeffery, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service, 1909–1949, p. 184.

  20. RGASPI, f. 89, op. 52, d. 6, pp. 1–2.

  21. W. Kendall, The Revolutionary Movement in Britain, 1900–1921: The Origins of British Communism, p. 242.

  22. RGASPI, f. 89, op. 52, d. 6, pp. 1–2.

  23. K. Linder and S. Churkin (eds), Krasnaya pautina: taina razvedki Kominterna, 1919–1943, p. 31.

  24. A. E. Senn, Diplomacy and Revolution: The Soviet Mission to Switzerland, 1918, pp. 116–19.

  25. The Times, 17 February 1920.

  26. Manchester Guardian, 19 August 1920.

  27. Ibid.

  28. M. E. Harrison, Marooned in Moscow: The Story of an American Woman Imprisoned in Russia, p. 60.

  29. ‘Nauenskaya radio-stantsiya… pod Berlinom’, Ogonëk, no. 16 (1922).

  30. Byulleten’ Narodnogo Komissariata Inostrannykh Del, no. 28, 15 August 1920.

  31. Yan Berzin to Moscow, 24 May 1918: K. Linder and S. Churkin (eds), Krasnaya pautina: taina razvedki Kominterna, 1919–1943, p. 30.

  32. Jan Berzin to Moscow, 16 August 1918: ibid., p. 34.

  33. Report of Special Department of the Cheka, n.d. (late March or April 1921?): S. Tsvigun, Lenin i VChK, p. 441.

  34. Report of Special Department of the Cheka, n.d. (late March or April 1921?): S. Tsvigun, Lenin i VChK, p. 441. The report says that Dukes also mentioned a Harry Jelly Brand: I have been unable to work out who this person might have been.

  35. Ibid.

  36. Ibid.

  37. S. Liberman, Building Lenin’s Russia, pp. 5, 29, 39–42 and 194–7.

  38. E. Blackwell to W. Thwaites, 26 August 1918: National Archives, KV/2/1903.

  39. Unsigned report to London from Stockholm, 12 September 1918: CX 050167. My thanks to Andrew Cook for sharing this document with me as well as the documents cited in the next three endnotes.

  40. See intercepted letter of Elizabeth Freeman to Mary Freeman, 22 April 1919: Directorate of Military Intelligence, I.P. 1210.

  41. Log of reports on Arthur Ransome, ending on 11 October 1919: ‘MI5 Ransome’.

  42. ‘Arthur Ransome, ref. B/02277’, 25 September 1918.

  43. Memorandum from S.8, 17 March 1919: National Archives, KV/2/1903.

  24. The Allied Military Withdrawal

  1. Army: The Evacuation of North Russia, pp. 17–18; Gen. Poole to War Office, 18 September 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 366, box D, enclosure 3, fol. 434.

  2. G. A. Lensen, Japanese Recognition of the USSR: Soviet–Japanese Relations, 1921–1930, pp. 19–21.

  3. London telegram to N. N. Yudenich, 30 December 1919: Nikolai Yudenich Papers (HIA), box 4, folder 6.

  4. N. Yudenich to S. D. Sazonov (Paris), A. V. Kolchak (Omsk) and Denikin (Yekaterinodar), 13 November 1919: Nikolai Yudenich Papers, box 3, folder 26.

  5. Manchester Guardian, 4 June 1920.

  6. A. A. Ioffe, ‘N. Lenin i nasha vneshnyaya politika’ (dated 20 October 1927), APRF, f. 31, op. 1, d. 4, p. 212.

  7. A. A. Ioffe (V. Krymskii), Mirnoe nastuplenie, p. 16.

  8. L. B. Krasin, Vneshtorg i vneshnyaya ekonomicheskaya politika Sovetskogo pravitel’stva, p. 4.

  9. City Commandant of Reval (Tallinn), 28 November 1919: Nikolai Yudenich Papers (HIA), box 4, folder 2.

  10. List of clothes and equipment made on 6 January 1920: ibid., folder 6.

  11. Yudenich to S. D. Sazonov, A. V. Kolchak, A. I. Denikin and Ye. K. Miller, 3 January 1920: ibid.

  12. N. N. Yudenich to Allied governments, 4 January 1920: ibid., box 21, folder 1.

  13. ‘Estonskaya tranzitnaya torgovlya s Rossiei v 1920 g. cherez Narvu’ (typescript: Statistical Department of the Estonian Ministry of Trade and Industry): Revel’skaya gavan’ i bol’sheviki, 21 April 1921, Nicolai Koestner Papers (HIA).

  14. Ibid.

  15. Ibid.

  16. TsA FSB RF, f. 1 os., op. 4, d. 2 in Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov, pp. 372–4.

  17. Manchester Guardian, 10 March 1920.

  18. L. B. Krasin, Vneshtorg i vneshnyaya ekonomicheskaya politika Sovetskogo pravitel’stva, p. 6.

  19. Washington Post, 3 May 1920; New York Times, 5 May 1920.

  20. L. B. Krasin, Vneshtorg i vneshnyaya ekonomicheskaya politika Sovetskogo pravitel’stva, p. 11; Manchester Guardian, 12 April 1920.

  21. Manchester Guardian, 12 April 1920.

  22. Ibid., 15 April 1920.

  23. V. Madeira, ‘ “Because I Don’t Trust Him, We are Friends”: Signals Intelligence and the Reluctant Anglo-Soviet Embrace, 1917–24’, Intelligence and National Security, no. 1 (2004), p. 37.

  24. Manchester Guardian, 4 December 1920; B. Thomson, Queer People, p. 290.

  25. Unsigned, undated military intelligence report on Anglo-Soviet relations in London (May or June 1921?): P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 110, folder 22, pp. 20–1.

  26. ‘K voprosu o plane kontsessii’ (Komitet po vneshnei torgovli pri prezidiume VSNKh): typescript in Russian Subject Collection (HIA), box 13, folder 17.

  27. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 42, pp. 107 and 112.

  28. L. Eyre, Russia Analysed (New York World: New York, 1920), p. 14: interview with L. D. Trotsky, 25 February 1920.

  29. Manchester Guardian, 15 April 1920.

  30. Winston S. Churchill: Companion, vol. 4, p. 1053.

  31. Manchester Guardian, 28 May 1920.

  32. New York Times, 18 January 1920.

  33. Le Figaro, 3 and 8 June 1920.

  34. Manchester Guardian, 16 April 1920.

  35. The Times, 11 June 1920.

  36. Ibid., 22 December 1920.

  37. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919, vol. 2, pp. 163–4.

  25. Bolshevism: For and Against

  1. Menu copies, 19 November and 3 December 1919: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 11.

  2. The Times, 15 and 16 October 1919.

  3. Ibid., 17, 21, 30 and 31 October 1919.

  4. Ibid., 3, 4 and 11 November 1919.

  5. Ibid., 12 November 1919.

  6. ‘Bolshevism at Close Quarters. An Englishman’s Experiences. Why I Went to Russia’, The Times, 14 October 1919.

  7. The Times, 12 November 1919.

  8. Ibid., 14, 15 and 19 January 1920 and 4 January 1921.

  9. Ibid., 14 February 1920.

  10. Ibid.

  11. Izvestiya, 6 April 1920; The Times, 30 April 1920.

  12. P. Dukes, diary for 1920, and Robin Bruce Lockhart’s notes on a conversation with Dukes’s brother Cuthbert: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1; The Times, 20 December 1920.

  13. The Times, 22 December 1919.

  14. Manchester Guardian, 12 November 1919.

  15. The Times, 23 February 1921.

  16. Princess Cantacuzène, Revolutionary Days: Recollections of Romanoffs and Bolsheviki, pp. 339–59.

  17. Princess Catherine Radziwill, The Firebrand of Bolshevism: The True Story of the Bolsheviki and the Forces that Directed Them: for examples see pp. 30, 179–90, 236 and 262–3.

  18. P. Miliukov, Bolshevism: An International Danger, its Doctrine and its Practice through War and Revolution, pp. 115–17 and 147.

  19. Ibid., p. 299.

  20. Ibid., pp. 189 and 197–
200.

  21. Ibid., pp. 273–81.

  22. The Times, 19 November 1919.

  23. Russia. Posol’stvo (HIA), box 9, folder 2.

  24. See here.

  25. A. Ransome, Russia in 1919 (B. W. Huebsch: New York, 1919).

  26. M. Philips Price, The Soviet, the Terror and Intervention (The Socialist Publication Society: Brooklyn, NY, 1918), pp. 1–13.

  27. M. Litvinoff (with a supplementary chapter by I. Litvinoff), The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Rise and Meaning (British Socialist Party: London, 1919), especially p. 50.

  28. J. Reed, Ten Days that Shook the World (Boni & Liveright: New York, 1919), p. xii.

  29. J. Reed, Ten Days that Shook the World (1960), p. lxviii.

  30. Ibid., p. lii.

  31. J. Reed, ‘Memorandum. Russia. The Soviet Government’ (n.d.), pp. 1–14: George Halonen Papers (HIA).

  32. Ibid., pp. 15–16.

  33. Nicolai Lenin, Tchicherin, John Reed and Max Eastman, Russia, pp. 28 and 53–63.

  34. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919, Preface by H. Barbusse (Sirène: Paris, 1920), p. 11.

  35. J. Spargo, Russia as an American Problem, p. viii.

  36. J. Spargo, Bolshevism: The Enemy of Political and Industrial Democracy, p. 215.

  37. J. Spargo, Russia as an American Problem, pp. 40–1.

  38. Ibid., pp. 259–99.

  39. J. Spargo, Bolshevism: The Enemy of Political and Industrial Democracy, p. 215.

  40. J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, pp. 35–6, 44–5, 51.

  41. Ibid., chs 4 and 5.

  42. Ibid., pp. 288–9.

  43. Ibid., p. 274.

  44. Ibid., pp. 291–5.

  45. The Times, 5 January 1920.

  46. New York Times, 29 February 1920 (reviewer Charles D. Hazen).

  47. A. Tardieu, La Paix (Payot: London, 1921).

  48. Manchester Guardian, 24 December 1919.

  49. M. E. Harrison, Marooned in Moscow: The Story of an American Woman Imprisoned in Russia, p. 189.

  50. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 42, pp. 67 and 69; vol. 44, pp. 294–5; J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, pp. 236–7.

  26. Left Entrance

  1. M. E. Harrison, Marooned in Moscow: The Story of an American Woman Imprisoned in Russia, p. 61.