Western Allies: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10; Allied Supreme War Council, ref 1, ref 2; and the Americans, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and the Americans: aid for Russia, ref 1; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11; espionage and subversion, ref 1, ref 2; information gathering, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Lenin, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and Poland, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Romanians, ref 1; Russian policy, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; see also United Kingdom
What Next? (Trotsky), ref 1
White forces: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and the Allies, ref 1; and Britain, ref 1, ref 2; in Finland, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and information gathering, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Kolchak, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; Romanian, ref 1; strategic aim of, ref 1, ref 2; Volunteer Army, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Wilhelm II, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Wilhelmshaven, Germany, ref 1
Williams, Harold, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Williams, Robert, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Wilson, President Woodrow: and action against Russia, ref 1; affect of his illness on policy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and assistance to Germany, ref 1; background and description, ref 1; and Congress support to join Allies, ref 1; establishing League of Nations, ref 1, ref 2; and expansionism in Europe, ref 1; and ‘Fourteen Points’ speech, ref 1; and information gathering, ref 1, ref 2; and Lenin and Trotsky, ref 1; at the Paris Peace Conference, ref 1; and propaganda in Russia, ref 1; and Sovnarkom, ref 1; and US aviators in Poland, ref 1
Wilson, Sir Henry, ref 1, ref 2
Winship, North, ref 1
Wintin, Mr, ref 1
Wiseman, Sir William, ref 1
Wolf, Felix, ref 1
Workers’ Party of America, ref 1
World’s Wealth (magazine), ref 1
Wrangel, Pëtr, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Yaroslavl uprising, ref 1, ref 2
Yekaterinburg, ref 1
Yekaterinodar, Russia, ref 1, ref 2
YMCA, ref 1
Young, Douglas, ref 1
Yudenich, Nikolai: and Estonia, ref 1, ref 2; failure of Petrograd offensive, ref 1, ref 2; finance from oil companies, ref 1; and Herbert Hoover, ref 1; information from Allies, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1; recruitment problem, ref 1; supplies from America, ref 1; postscript, ref 1
Zagryazhski, Alexander, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Zalkind, Ivan: background and description, ref 1; and Bureau of International Revolutionary Propaganda, ref 1; and detention of Romanian ambassador, ref 1; and Kamenev, ref 1, ref 2; and Louise Bryant, ref 1; and Mirbach, ref 1; on revolution, ref 1; Soviet plenipotentiary to Switzerland, ref 1
Zangwill, Israel, ref 1
Zeligowski, Lucjan, ref 1
Zinoviev, Grigori: and Bolshevik uprising, ref 1, ref 2; and the Comintern Executive Committee, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Congress of the Peoples of the East, ref 1; and the March Action, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Petrograd offensive, ref 1; return to Russia, ref 1; sculpted by Clare Sheridan, ref 1; support for Lenin at Brest-Litovsk, ref 1, ref 2; and use of couriers, ref 1; postscript, ref 1
Zygadlowicz, Gustaw, ref 1
ILLUSTRATIONS
1. Lenin in deep thought. (© Getty Images)
2. Trotsky in his Red Army uniform. (© Getty Images)
3. An encounter between German and Russian troops in the neutral zone. (Hoover Institution Archives)
4. Living quarters of the peace talks delegations at Brest-Litovsk. (Hoover Institution Archives)
5. The peace talks at Brest-Litovsk before Trotsky joined them. The Russian delegation, led by Adolf Ioffe (seated second on the right) and Kamenev (to his left). Karakhan stands second on the right. (Topfoto)
6. Sir George Buchanan, elegant and weary. (National Portrait Gallery)
7. David Francis, impatient and determined. (St Louis Public Library)
8. Joseph Noulens, gloomy and fearing the worst. (Roger-Viollet)
9. Cheka leaders Felix Dzerzhinski (on the right) and Yakov Peters. (© Getty Images)
10. Leaders of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs abroad in Berlin in 1922: Chicherin in top hat and carrying an umbrella, Radek in uncharacteristic homburg, and Litvinov in the lightest headwear. (Roger-Viollet/Rex)
11. Bukharin. (By kind permission of Harry Shukman)
12. John Reed. Note the collarless tunic fashionable among wartime communists. (© Getty Images)
13. Louise Bryant poses in Russian fur hat and American cowboy boots. (© Getty Images)
14. Sylvia Pankhurst. (By kind permission of Harry Shukman)
15. A 1919 anti-Spartacist and anti-Bolshevik German poster depicting a Spartacist murdering a family. (© Getty Images)
16. A poster offering 10,000 marks for the arrest of Karl Radek who went into hiding in Berlin in January 1919. (By kind permission of Harry Shukman)
17. The Spartacists get themselves organized in January 1919. (Hoover Institution Archives)
18. André Marty, communist and organizer of the French naval mutiny in Odessa in 1919. (By kind permission of Harry Shukman)
19. Kamenev. (By kind permission of Harry Shukman)
20. Béla Kun. (© Getty Images)
21. Robert Bruce Lockhart. (Corbis)
22. Moura Budberg. (© The Estate of Tania Alexander)
23. Sidney Reilly. (Alamy)
24. Clare Sheridan and son. (© Getty Images)
25. A Ukrainian recruitment poster for the Red Cavalry. (© Getty Images)
26. A White Army regiment operating in Siberia in early 1920. (© Getty Images)
27. An anti-Bolshevik Cossack unit during the Civil War. (© Getty Images)
28. General Anton Denikin. (© Getty Images)
29. Sir Paul Dukes, painted after his intelligence operations in Russia. (Hoover Institution Archives)
30. Agent ST25, also known as Paul Dukes, in one of his operational disguises. (Hoover Institution Archives)
31. Food pails being carried for distribution during the Civil War in 1919. (© Getty Images)
32. Turin workers rise against capitalism in 1920. (By kind permission of Harry Shukman)
33. Leaders and militants of the Communist Party of Great Britain in the early 1920s. (By kind permission of Harry Shukman)
34. The Italian delegation to the Second Comintern Congress in July 1920. Their tourist guide on this occasion was the curly-haired, tie-wearing Zinoviev who stands in the middle of the line. (By kind permission of Harry Shukman)
35. Arthur Ransome. (Brotherton Collection)
36. Yevgenia Shelepina. (Brotherton Collection)
37. Willie Gallacher. (By kind permission of Harry Shukman)
38. Tanks on the streets of Glasgow during the strikes of early 1919. (By kind permission of Harry Shukman)
39. Red Army POWs in Finnish captivity. (By kind permission of Harry Shukman)
40. Session of the Congress of the Peoples of the East in Baku in September 1920. Zinoviev, seated in front of the bell, presided. (By kind permission of Harry Shukman)
41. Leading delegates to the Third Comintern Congress (June–July 1921) gather under the joint statue of Marx and Engels. (By kind permission of Harry Shukman)
42. The Soviet delegation to the talks at Genoa and Rapallo in April 1922. Chicherin stands smiling, third from the left. Litvinov, his deputy, stands second from the right. Krasin is next to him on the left. (© Getty Images)
43. Joseph Stalin speaking in mourning for Lenin, January 1924. (© Getty Images)
Also by Robert Service
The Bolshevik Party in Revolution: A Study in Organisational Change
Lenin: A Political Life
Volume One: The Strengths of Contradiction
Volume Two: Worlds in Collision
Volume Three: The Iron Ring
The Russian Revolution, 1900–1927
A History of Modern Russia: From Ts
arism to the Twenty-First Century
Lenin: A Biography
Russia: Experiment with a People
Stalin: A Biography
Comrades: Communism: A World History
Trotsky: A Biography
Copyright
First published 2011 by Macmillan
This electronic edition published 2011 by Macmillan
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Pan Macmillan, 20 New Wharf Road, London N1 9RR
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www.panmacmillan.com
ISBN 978-0-230-76095-0 EPUB
Copyright Robert Service, 2011
Map copyright Robert Service, redrawn by ML Design
The right of Robert Service to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
The list of illustrations constitutes an extension of this copyright page.
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Spies and Commissars Page 56