5Rufina, 424.
6Borovik, 370–1; see also Knightley’s introduction, vii–xvii.
7GG to Josef Škvorecký, 15 March 1987, BC.
8Letters, 392.
9Rufina, 173.
10Borovik, 371.
11Rufina, 174.
12Borovik, 371–2.
13GS, ‘Visit to GG 7 March 1987’, Sutro Collection, Bod.
14KP to GG, 24 September 1986, GU.
15ED to JR, 12 December 1982, Reid Collection, Balliol.
16Lewis, 486.
17Information from Sarah Greene.
18GS, ‘Visit to GG 7 March 1987’, Sutro Collection, Bod.
19Rufina, 177.
20Borovik, 372
21GS, ‘Visit to GG 7 March 1987’, Sutro Collection, Bod.
22Guardian (15 February 1987).
23Letters, 379–80.
24GG to Josef Škvorecký, 15 March 1987, BC.
25Information from Professor Sam Solecki.
26Cloetta, 143.
27Durán, 24.
28GG to BD, 27 June 1985, BC.
29GG to Josef Škvorecký, 15 March 1987, BC.
30The Times (17 February 1987).
31‘The Meeting in the Kremlin’, Reflections, 405–7.
32New York Times (16 March 1990).
33Interview with Sarah Greene, 21 June 2019; see Lewis, 486.
34Interview with Sarah Greene, 21 June 2019.
35Letters, 393–4.
36Interview with Sarah Greene, 21 June 2019; see Lewis, 486.
37GS, ‘21 October 1987 Visit to Antibes’, Sutro Collection, Bod.
38Nicholas Elliott to ED, 1 September 1987, BC.
39ED to Nicholas Elliott, 21 September 1987, BC.
40Daily Telegraph (19 February 1988).
41The Times (19 February 1988).
42Rufina, 179.
43New York Times (4 June 2000).
44Borovik, 374.
45GS, transcript of telephone conversation with GG, 13 October 1988, Sutro Collection, Bod.
46Rufina, 179.
77: The Late Rounds
1Letters, 401–2.
2Information from Andrew Biswell.
3GG to William Igoe, 26 March 1984, BC.
4Pierre Joannon, ‘Graham Greene and the Honorary Consul’, lecture, Graham Greene International Festival, Berkhamsted, 23 September 2017.
5My account of the mergers is based almost entirely on Adamson (2009), 140–71, and on further information kindly provided by Professor Adamson.
6The Times (24 March 1987).
7The Times (28 March 1987).
8MR to GG, 11 March 1988, Reinhardt Collection, BL.
9GS, manuscript notes, 29 January 1990, Sutro Collection, Bod.
10London Review of Books (7 July 1994).
11London Review of Books (22 September 1994).
12Seán Donlon, ‘Graham Greene and the GPA Book Award’, in Jane Conroy, ed., Franco-Irish Connections: Essays, Memoirs and Poems in Honour of Pierre Joannon (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2009), 78–81
13Independent (10 May 1989); GG to Gloria Emerson, 28 July 1989, BC.
14GS, transcript of telephone conversation with YC, 3 February 1990, Sutro Collection, Bod.
15Irish Times (4 April 1991).
78: A Sense of Movement
1Christopher Burstall, ‘Graham Greene: “The Hunted Man”’, post-production script (1968), private collection of Sue Burstall.
2National Review (14 October 1988).
3Letters, 404; I confess to shamelessly recycling a joke here.
4Letters, 367.
5Durán, 100.
6Letters, 409.
7Letters, 409.
8Letters, 349–50.
9Mark Abley, interview with GG, Woman’s Journal (March 1981), 116–18.
10GS, transcript of telephone conversation with YC, 3 February 1990, Sutro Collection, Bod.
11I am grateful for information from Dr Ramon Rami Porta. This corrects the assertion in Letters, xxxii, that he was suffering from leukaemia.
12GS, transcript of telephone conversation with YC, 15 February 1990, Sutro Collection, Bod.
13New York Times (18 November 1989).
14ABC News (4 January 1990).
15GS, transcript of telephone conversation with YC, 29 January 1990, Sutro Collection, Bod.
16GS, transcript of telephone conversation with YC, 3 February 1990, Sutro Collection, Bod.
17Boston Globe (14 February 1990); quoted in Diederich, 296.
18Washington Post (30 January 1991). See Diederich, 299.
19New York Times (27 February 1990).
20GG to FG, 12 February 1990, Reinhardt Collection, BL.
21GG to LD, 5 August 1990, GU.
22Durán, 330.
23Information from Louise Dennys.
24Pierre Smolik, Graham Greene: The Swiss Chapter (Vevey: Call Me Edouard, 2013), 149.
25GS, transcript of telephone conversation with YC, 14 June 1990, Sutro Collection, Bod.
26GG to LD, 7 September 1990, BC.
27GS, transcript of telephone conversation with YC, 27 September 1990, Sutro Collection, Bod.
28Cloetta, 185.
29Cloetta, 190–1.
30Cloetta, 188.
31Cloetta, 185.
32Cloetta, 189; Durán, 341–5.
33TCE, 180.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My first and greatest obligation is to the children of Graham Greene, Caroline Bourget and Francis Greene, who have treated me with the greatest kindness over many years and steadily encouraged my research, while leaving me at liberty to form my own views of the evidence. I am also indebted to other members of Graham Greene’s family: Andrew Bourget, Jonathan Bourget, the late Amanda Dennys, Louise Dennys, Nick Dennys, the late Graham C. Greene, James Greene, Oliver Greene, Sarah Greene, and Peter Walker.
I am very grateful to Graham Greene’s literary estate and to Verdant SA for permission to quote from his works and to reproduce images on which they hold the copyright.
I would like to record my debt to friends of Graham Greene, who have helped with my research. Bernard Diederich, who died as this book went to press, was generous to an extraordinary degree, answering a steady stream of enquiries related to Graham Greene’s visits to Haiti and Central America – any errors I have made about these matters are entirely my own fault; he also kindly gave permission for his works to be freely quoted and his photographs to illustrate these pages.
Oliver Walston has welcomed me to his home at Thriplow on several occasions, discussed his mother’s relationship with Graham Greene, and allowed me, most generously, to quote from his unpublished family memoir.
I am also deeply indebted to friends of Graham Greene, including Judith Adamson, Marie Françoise Allain, David Cornwell, Euan Cameron, Ginette Diederich, Julian Evans, Judy Taylor Hough, the late Alberto Huerta, SJ, Pierre Joannon, Michael Korda, the late Michel Lechat, Luis Poirot, the late Lászlo Róbért, the late Josef Škvorecký, and Ralph Wright, OSB.
It is no longer possible to study Graham Greene without incurring a very great debt to other scholars and writers. I am extremely for the assistance of: Mark Abley, David Anderson, Stephen Andes, Andrew Biswell, Margaret Bluett, Tim Butcher, the late Justin Cartwright, Greg Chamberlain, Kent Davis, Robert Murray Davis, Quentin Falk, Danielle Floode, Carlos Villar Flor, Patrice Fox, the late John Geary, CSSp, Dermot Gilvary, Massimo De Giuseppe, François Gallix, Johanne Elster Hanson, Selena Hastings, Christopher Hawtree, the late Lucy Hill, Michael Hill, Christopher Hull, Kay Redfield Jamison, Charles Keith, the late Jeremy Lewis, J. Patrice McSherry, Fabio Mangone, Carlos Guevara Mann, Michael Meeuwis, Anthony Mockler, Tamas F. Molnar, Gilles Mongeau, SJ, Thomas P. O’ Connor, Peter O’ Mahony, Karl Orend, the late David Pearce, Ramon Rami Porta, Kevin Ruane, Michelangelo Sabatino, Martyn Sampson, Nicholas Shakespeare, Edward Short, Adam Sisman, Sam Solecki, James Stone, William Sullivan, Nicholas Swarbrick, Margaret Swarbrick, Ian Thomson, Brigitte Timmermann, Claire Tran
, Richard Watson, Nigel West, Jon Wise, Alexander Waugh, and Julia G. Young.
I have benefited enormously from the loyalty and shrewd advice of Richard Beswick and Zoe Gullen of Little, Brown UK, and Jill Bialosky of W.W. Norton. My literary agent Andrew Gordon of David Higham Associates has stood behind this book, unfailingly, and encouraged me to write it as I believed the evidence dictated. His retired colleague Bruce Hunter supported my work for over thirty years, and has remained a dear and constant friend.
For permission to quote from the works of Evelyn Waugh, I am grateful to his literary estate and to Alexander Waugh. For permission to quote from the Sutro papers, I am grateful to the President and Fellows of Trinity College, Oxford. For permission to quote from an interview conducted by Christopher Burstall and the BBC, I am grateful to Sue Burstall. I also thank Giles Clark, Rufina Philby, Helen Womack, Nick Holdsworth and Patrick von Richthofen. For many kinds of assistance, I am grateful to librarians at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, the British Library, the Burns Library, Boston College, the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, the McFarlin Library, University of Tulsa, the Lauinger Library, Georgetown University, The National Archives at Kew, and the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. The research for this book has been handsomely assisted by a research grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.
I am finally most grateful for the love and support of Tanya Berezuk, Samuel Greene, and Sarah Greene, which have lifted my heart in times of difficulty and allowed me to see this work to its end.
INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Abwehr 149, 150, 292
Achebe, Chinua 86
Achill Island (County Mayo) 170–1, 211, 228
Action Française (French royalists) 77
Acton, Harold 24, 33, 34, 252
Adamson, Judith 414, 498
Adzhubei, Alexei 352
‘A.E.’ (George William Russell) 349
Afghanistan 426, 427
Aguado, Macario Fernández 119–20
Albania 350
Albery, Donald 228, 361
Aldermaston 323
Algeria 341–2
All-African People’s Conference (Accra, 1958) 311
Allain, Marie-Françoise 325
Alleg, Henri 341, 342
Allen, Larry 217–18
Allende, Salvador 409, 411–12, 439
Ambler, Eric 339
American Academy of Arts and Letters 393
Amnesty International 363, 391
Anacapri, Villa Rosaio in 197, 227, 230, 252, 263, 289, 330, 369, 371, 394; Korda gives to GG 182–3; productive writing at 183, 231, 407, 422; GG sells (1990) 505–6
Anaconda (American firm) 409
Anderson, George 52, 55
Andropov, Yuri 427
Anglicanism 94, 176, 503
Anglo-Texan Society 273–4
Angola 420, 428
Annakin, Ken 251
Antibes 368–9, 371, 414, 505–6
Anti-Slavery and Aborigines’ Protection Society 81–2, 92
Aramburu, Pedro Eugenio 400–1
Ardizzone, Edward 413
Argentina 399, 400–1, 406–7, 410–11, 446, 448
Arias, Arnulfo 437, 441, 444, 450, 486
armadillo, nine-banded 308
Astor, David 180, 412
Asturias, Miguel Angel 410
Attenborough, Richard 165–6
Attlee, Clement 164
Auden, W. H. 75, 316, 329, 367
Auschwitz 264
Ayer, A. J. (Freddie) 210, 232, 273, 502
Baddeley, Hermione 148, 165–6
Bagnold, Enid 27
Bajeux, Jean-Claude 363, 364
Balaguer, Joaquín 365
Ball, Beatrice (‘Twinkle’) 191, 192
Ballestrino, Esther 401
Baltic States 78–9
Bangkok 247
Bank of London and Montreal 463
Banville, John, Book of Evidence 499
Bao Dai (Annamite emperor) 204, 205, 208, 221, 256–7, 259
Baptiste, Fred 363, 378, 379
Baptiste, Renel 363
Barbot, Clément 354, 355–6, 357, 359
Barclay, Edwin 87
Barrington-Ward, Robert 66
Basque territory 429, 432
Bastos, Augusto Roa 402
Batista, Fulgencio 278–9, 291–2, 293, 294, 295, 299, 300
Baudouin, King of Belgium 312
Baytelman, David 411
BBC 33, 201, 294–5, 323, 385, 396–8, 501
Beaton, Cecil 139
Beauclerk, Charles 180
Beaumont, Binkie 362
Begin, Menachem 390
Beirut 346–7, 494
Belfast 138–9
Belgium: missionaries in Vietnam xi–xii, 215, 245, 308, 314; and the Congo 82, 308–18
Belize 453–5
Bell, Kenneth 4, 22, 60
Bellamy, Ralph 185
Belloc, Hilaire 265
Ben Greet players 42
Ben Tre (Mekong Delta) 207, 221
Benedict XV, Pope 215
Beneš, Edvard 181
Bennett, Arnold 56
Benoit, François 356–7
Benoit, Rigaud 278
Benson, Theodora 75
Bergman, Ingrid 233, 326
Berkhamsted 2–3, 4, 6, 10, 13–17, 50, 76, 82
Berkhamsted School 3–4, 6, 9–12, 13–17, 21–2, 50, 202, 301, 349
Berkhamstedian (school magazine) 23, 24
Berlin 78; Berlin Wall 347–9
Berlin, Isaiah 306
Bernanos, George, The Diary of a Country Priest 289–90
Bernstorff, Albrecht Graf von 27, 28, 78
Berval, René de 217
Betjeman, John 102, 139
Bevan, Nye 298
Biche, Marie (née Schebeko) 188, 220, 296, 330, 343, 344, 369, 370, 459; archive of GG’s letters to xiv; GG hands Paris flat to 289, 506; GG buys a car for 423–4
Bilsborrow, Henry 61
Björk, Anita 229, 266–8, 277, 284–5, 295–6, 303, 374, 458
Blackwell, Basil 34, 37, 40
Blanco, Luis Carrero 429
Bletchley Park 150, 152
Blixen, Karen, Out of Africa 235
Blond, Anthony 162
Bloy, Léon 122, 130, 198
Blum, Robert 221
Blundell, Michael 236
Blunden, Edmund 66–7
Blunt, Anthony 152
Bodleian Library (Oxford) 276
The Bodley Head 53, 60, 162, 331, 413, 474–5, 498–9; GG as director at 225, 289–90, 338–9; Max Reinhardt acquires 289; GG moves from Heinemann to 338–9
Bolívar, Natalia 293
Bolivia 399, 411
Book Society 57, 66–7
book trade, second-hand 135–6, 323
Borge, Tomás 453, 469, 479, 485
Borges, Jorge Luis 410–11
Borovik, Genrikh 488–9, 490, 491, 492, 495
Bosch, Juan 357, 365
Bossom, Sir Alfred 273
Bost, Pierre 270
Boston College 197, 505
Boucarut, Hô, 217, 319, 320, 321
Boucarut, Paul 217, 319–20, 321
Boulting brothers 165–6
Bourget, Caroline (daughter) xiv, 91, 145, 163, 188, 212; birth of (1933) 75–6; on GG 76, 369; as rancher in western Canada 163, 264, 270, 279–80, 295, 326, 327, 330; marries Jean Bourget 322–3, 344; death of son Richard (1962) 344–5; lives in Switzerland 416, 457, 504, 506
Bourget, Jean 322–3, 344
Bourget, Jonathan 416
Bowen, Elizabeth 102, 139, 180–1, 189
Bowen, Marjorie, The Viper of Milan 8–9
Bowlby, Cuthbert 137
Box, Sydney 166
Brain, Russell 195–6
Brandt, R. Van den 315
Brandt, Willy 348
Brazil 77, 399, 411
Brezhnev, Leonid 383, 427
Brighton 106–9, 174, 300
Brighton Rock (1938) xiii, 7, 64, 67, 95, 104, 419, 475–6; Catholic themes in 59, 105, 109–10, 147, 148, 165; and The Green Cockatoo 100; gramophone recording in 102, 109; GG on 104–5; mercy of God theme 105, 110; depiction of Brighton in 106, 108–9; plot 107, 108–10; as commercial success 124; GG horrified by stage version 148, 165; collection edition (1970) 339; Yvonne Cloetta on 414
Britain in Pictures series (Collins) 139
British American Tobacco Company 36, 39
British European Airways 328
British Film Institute 97
British Union of Fascists 76, 158
Brodie, Patrick Tait 144
Brompton Oratory 44, 50
Brook, Natasha (née Parry) 252, 253
Brook, Peter 252, 253, 270
Brown, William (Bishop of Southwark) 178
Browne, Sir Thomas, Religio Medici 54
Browning, Robert, ‘Bishop Blougram’s Apology’ 397
Brownlow, Earl 2, 9
Bruce, William Speirs 9–10
Brussels 306, 311
Buchan, John 8, 25
Budberg, Moura 78, 79, 329
Bunker, Ellsworth 442
Burgess, Anthony 249, 424, 497–8
Burgess, Guy 152, 153, 328–9, 345, 346, 382
Burns, Tom 112, 434
A Burnt-Out Case (1961) 20, 89, 330, 365, 366, 370; Querry in 281, 313, 314, 315, 317–18, 325, 335–8; Father Damien as influence on 307; GG’s research in the Congo 312–18; psychological theme of 313, 317, 318, 335–6; distress of writing of 325, 326, 327, 359; critical reception 335; and Catholicism 336, 337–8
Burstall, Christopher 396–8, 501
Burton, Richard 373–4, 378
Busch, Frederick 435
Bush, George W. xii–xiii
Butcher, Tim 85, 86, 88–9, 151
Buthelezi, Mangosuthu 420
Butler, Christopher 178
Cable Street, Battle of (4 October 1936) 76, 389
Cadco Developments 332–3
Caetano, Marcelo 428
Caine, Michael 405
Cairncross, John 152–3
Calder-Marshall, Arthur 94
Calles, Plutarco Elías 113, 116
Camacho, María de la Luz 123
Câmara, Dom Hélder 402
Cambodia 246
Cameron, A. C. 97
Cameron, Euan 475
Cameroon 319–21
Camp David Accords (1978) 390
The Unquiet Englishman Page 68