Nazi Hunter
Page 66
The Challenge of Peace by ref 1, ref 2
military service on Russian front ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
law studies at Vienna University ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
military service in Yugoslavia ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
military service in Greece ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
incriminating photo with SS General at Podgorica ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
White Book ofref 1, ref 2n, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9
marriage to Elisabeth (1944) ref 1
return to post-war Vienna ref 1, ref 2
diplomat with Austrian Foreign Service ref 1, ref 2
denazification of ref 1
Yugoslav indictment of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
appointed First Secretary in Paris ref 1
Ambassador to UN ref 1
1971 Presidential election lost by ref 1, ref 2
Tito’s friendship with ref 1
Foreign Minister (1968) ref 1, ref 2
Secretary-General of UN (1971–82) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
President of Austria (1986–92) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
visit to Israel (1973) ref 1
WJC campaign against ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10
Kirschläger evaluates evidence for and against ref 1
placed on Watch List (1987) ref 1
1988 report of the historians’ commission ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Wiesenthal and Kreisky call for resignation of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
letter to Wiesenthal from (February 1989) ref 1
Waldheim, Liselotte ref 1
Walesa, Lech ref 1
Wallenberg Action Committee ref 1, ref 2n
Wallenberg, Marcus ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Wallenberg, Raoul Gustav Jnr ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
birth and youth in Sweden ref 1
studies architecture at Ann Arbor (USA) ref 1
works in South Africa ref 1
works in Palestine ref 1, ref 2
Budapest Jewish rescue operation ref 1
Eichmann’s meetings with ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Soviet arrest (1945) and imprisonment of ref 1
nominated for Nobel Peace Prize ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
made honorary citizen of USA ref 1
Stockholm hearing (1981) ref 1
Wallenstein, Ernst ref 1, ref 2
Waltke, Master Sergeant Oskar ref 1, ref 2
Wannsee, Final Solution Conference at (1942) ref 1, ref 2
War Refugee Board (WRB), US ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Warnstorff, Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Warsaw ref 1
Cyla’s flat at 5 Topiel Street ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Warsaw Ghetto ref 1
1943 uprising ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
non-Jewish uprising (1944) ref 1
Warsaw Ghetto Resistance Organization ref 1
Warzok, Friedrich ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Wehrmacht Archive (WASt) ref 1
Werbell, Frederick and Clarke, Thurston, Lost Hero ref 1, ref 2
West Bosnian Combat Group ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
West Germany ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Stangl’s extradition from Brazil to (1967) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Nuremberg trials ref 1n, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5n, ref 6, ref 7n, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11
reparations to Jews ref 1, ref 2n
and Mengele case ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8
Düsseldorf trials ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4n, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9
Hermine Braunsteiner’s extradition from USA to (1973) ref 1, ref 2
Western Ukrainian Republic ref 1
‘The White Book’ (Kurt Waldheim’s Wartime Years: A Documentation) ref 1, ref 2n, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9
Wiernik, Yankel, One Year in Treblinka ref 1, ref 2
Wiesel, Elie ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8
Wiesenthal, Asher ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Wiesenthal, Cyla (née Müller, Simon’s wife) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Simon’s marriage to (1936) ref 1
imprisoned in Janowskă camp ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
escapes from Janowskă to Warsaw ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
post-war return to Lwów ref 1, ref 2
and reunion with Simon ref 1
Wiesenthal, Pauline Rosa (daughter) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Wiesenthal, Rosa (Simon’s mother) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
death of husband ref 1
remarries and moves to Dolina ref 1
moved to ghetto in Lemberg ref 1
deported from Lemberg and perishes in Belzec (1942) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Wiesenthal, Simon xi–xii, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4n, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8
nominated for Nobel Peace Prize ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
threats and plots against ref 1, ref 2
his research on Columbus ref 1, ref 2
birth (1908) and childhood in Buczacz ref 1, ref 2
attends Humanistic Gymnasium ref 1, ref 2
meets Cyla Müller ref 1
at Prague Technical University ref 1, ref 2
apprenticed as building engineer in Russia (1934–5) ref 1
studies at Lwów Technical University ref 1
marriage to Cyla (1936) ref 1
Honorary Doctorate of Architecture from Vienna University (1990) ref 1
licensed as architectural engineer (1940) ref 1
in Lemberg during Nazi occupation ref 1
imprisoned in Janowskă ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
dying SS soldier denied absolution by ref 1
escapes from Janowskă ref 1, ref 2
caught and taken to Gestapo prison ref 1
attempted suicides of ref 1
and SS Construction Staff Venus ref 1, ref 2
at Plaszow concentration camp ref 1
and Gross Rosen ref 1, ref 2
and Buchenwald ref 1
and Mauthausen ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
post-war work for US War Crimes Office, Linz ref 1
Vice-Chairman of Jewish Committee ref 1
Cyla’s reunion with ref 1
works for OSS ref 1
birth of daughter, Pauline Rosa ref 1
opens Jewish Documentation Centre, Linz ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
and Eichmann ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
closes Documentation Centre ref 1, ref 2
refugee work and freelance journalism ref 1
and Wallenberg case ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
and Mengele ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9n, ref 10 passim, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
and Bormann ref 1, ref 2n
and Stangl ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10
on Schloss Hartheim ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
and Bishop Hudal ref 1
and Alois Brunner ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
and Wagner ref 1
and Hermine Braunsteiner ref 1
controversy between Kreisky and ref 1, ref 2
and Kurt Waldheim ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
and Wiesel ref 1, ref 2
his crusade for the gypsies ref 1, ref 2
guest speaker at Webster University of St Louis (1983) ref 1
and Asher Ben Nathan ref 1
Wilhaus, Frau Hilde ref 1
Wilhaus, Heike ref 1
Wilhaus, Lieutenant Gustav ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Wille, Dr Bruno ref 1, ref 2
Wirth, Captain Christian ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13
Wisliceny, Dieter ref 1n, ref 2, ref 3
Wistrich, Robert, Who’s Who in Nazi Germany re
f 1, ref 2
Wohl, Hugo ref 1, ref 2
Wöllersdorf detention camp ref 1
World Jewish Congress (WJC), New York ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18
World Romany Congress ref 1
World Union of National Socialists ref 1
World Zionist Organization ref 1
Wrangel Island ref 1
Wynne, Greville ref 1
Yad Vashem Historical Archives, Jerusalem ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Yavin, Haim ref 1
Yom Kippur War ref 1
Yugoslav State Commission on War Crimes ref 1, ref 2
Yugoslavia
Kurt Waldheim’s military service in ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Kozara massacres (1942) ref 1, ref 2
Ustashi in ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Operation Black (1943) ref 1, ref 2
Stip-Kocani massacres (1944) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
indictment of Waldheim by ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
post-war Four-Power meetings in London and Moscow ref 1
expelled from Cominform ref 1
Zeitman, Rabbi Joshua ref 1
Zimet, David ref 1
Zionism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7n, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10
Zionist Relief and Rescue Committee, Budapest ref 1
Zyklon B Gas ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Endnotes
1. Former US Secretary of State and co-winner for 1973 with his North Vietnamese negotiating partner, Le Duc Tho, who refused the prize because they had not negotiated true peace.
2. Co-winner for 1976 with Mairead Corrigan for their peace efforts in Northern Ireland.
3. Speer (1905–81), Hitler’s wartime Minister for Armaments and War Production, was considered Nazism’s second powerful official and the only top Nazi leader at the Nuremberg trial in 1945–6 to shoulder responsibility for war crimes, for which he served nineteen years’ imprisonment in Spandau fortress in West Berlin. An unsuccessful architect until he started winning commissions to co-design Nazi Party headquarters in major cities in the late 1920s, Speer became Hitler’s chief architect at the age of twenty-eight soon after the Nazis came to power in 1933.
4. Johann Gutenberg (1397–1468), a German printer, invented movable type in the late 1430s.
5. With the expulsion of 1492, some 100,000 Marranos settled in Portugal and thousands of others in Italy and North Africa. Spain never recovered from this loss of heart, mind, and money.
6. Vasco da Gama (1469–1524), sailed around the Cape of Good Hope on his ephocal voyage of 1497–9 for King Manuel I of Portugal.
7. Tsuris: Yiddish for troubles.
8. Moldau in German is now Vltava in Czech.
9. Golem: A legendary robot said to have been invented by Judah Löwe, a real rabbi in seventeenth-century Prague, to protect the Jews from anti-Semitic plots. Widely known from the 1916 German novel by Gustav Meyrink and the 1920 Yiddish play by H. Leivick.
10. Matzoh: The unleavened bread eaten in the thirteenth century BC by Jews fleeing from Egypt without waiting for the dough to rise. Hamantashen: A triangular poppyseed pastry prepared for the joyous religious holiday celebrating the deliverance of the Jews from their Persian oppressor, Haman, as chronicled in The Book of Esther.
11. Promulgated in 1935, the Nuremberg Laws divided the population into two classes: Reich citizens ‘of German or related blood’ with fiill civic rights, and State subjects, whose rights were curtailed. One of these regulations, the Law for Protection of German Blood and Honour, specified in its first article: ‘Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or related blood are forbidden. Marriages contracted in contravention of this law are invalid, even if contracted abroad . . .’ The second article prohibited ‘extramarital relations between Jews and citizens of German or related blood.’ In the SS, sexual relations with Jewish prisoners were punishable by beheading. ‘An SS member’s sexual organ,’ said SS chief Heinrich Himmler, ‘being the portion of his anatomy with which he makes possible the perpetuation of the Aryan race, must never be befouled through coitus with Jewesses or women of other subhuman races.’ Other Nuremberg Laws established elaborate provisions for ‘scientifically’ determining percentages of Jewish blood in one’s pedigree.
12. In Janowskà’s Death Brigade of Jewish prisoners who buried and burned the bodies, corpses were called ‘figures’. The same abstraction was used by Franz Stangl when he commanded Sobibor and Treblinka.
13. Though the Russians claimed the men had been executed by the Germans, the obvious truth of the Katyn massacre was only later acknowledged by the governments of Russia and Poland. In the rift between Stalin and the Polish government-in-exile, General Anders evacuated his army to the West. Its veterans and former A K. partisans were branded as ‘traitors’ by Poland’s postwar communist regimes.
14. The Polish city of Tarnopol is now Ternopol in Ukraine. It is about sixty miles from Lvov.
15. Convicted of corruption in 1944 by an SS court, Karl Koch was executed by Nazi justice. For his wife’s war crimes, postwar justice handed Ilse Koch a life sentence, which was commuted to four years and she was released. Re-arrested in 1949 after press and public protests, she was tried for murder and again given life imprisonment. She committed suicide in a Bavarian prison in 1967.
16. On the rare occasions when women were imprisoned in Mauthausen, a 1943 decree specified that ‘corporal punishment for Russian women is to be performed by Polish women, and for Polish and Ukrainian women by Russian women’ — tribal enemies who would, presumably, show each other no mercy.
17. Ziereis was shot by two American soldiers in late May 1945. Wiesenthal later published his death-bed confession.
18. West German reparations to Jews exceeded $37 billion and were crucial to the early survival of Israel. Austria, pleading that it was the ‘first victim’ of the Nazis itself, and the former East Germany, contending that its communist regime had severed all ties with the Nazi past, paid no more than token reparations. In 1988, the Austrian Parliament voted to offer Austrian victims one-time payments ranging from $208 to $416 per person.
19. Oradour-sur-Glane: a village in central France where all but ten of its 652 inhabitants were massacred by the SS Das Reich Division on 10 June 1944.
20. Marzabotto: a town in northern Italy where nearly 2000 civilians were massacred in September 1944 by SS troops under the command of an Austrian major, Walter Reder.
21. VE Day, when World War II ended in Europe.
22. At his trial in Jerusalem nearly thirty years later, when Eichmann’s defence attorney sought his extradition to West Germany, where he stood a stronger chance of survival, Bonn refused to co-operate, claiming that Eichmann was not a German national.
23. This slave-labour organization was named for Hitler’s Minister for Armaments and Munitions, SS General Fritz Todt (1891–1942), who created Germany’s high-speed Autobahn network. Upon Todt’s death, he was succeeded by Albert Speer.
24. Unlike most of Eichmann’s official Jewish collaborators, Löwenherz survived the war in Vienna and lived long enough to tell his tale. Emigrating to England and then the US after the war, Löwenherz died shortly after Eichmann’s capture. But he left behind some valuable reports, written during and shortly after the war, which were used as vital evidence by Israeli prosecutors in Eichmann’s trial.
25. Elli, Valli, and his beloved Ottla, the three younger sisters of Franz Kafka (1883—1924), all perished in Nazi death camps, as did two other women in his life: Milena Jesenská-Pollak, to whom he wrote his Letters to Milena, and Grete Bloch, who in 1915 gave birth to a son who was presumed by some biographers to be Kafka’s only child; the boy died at the age of seven and Kafka never knew of his existence.
26. Bühler was tried in Warsaw and executed in Cracow in 1948.
27. DEGUSSA is an acronym for Deutsche Gold wnd Silber Scheidenanstal
t for the extraction of precious metals.
28. Egyptian General Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918–70) led the army coup that deposed King Farouk in 1952 and seized power as Premier in 1954. In 1956, he was elected the first President of the Republic of Egypt and fought wars against Israel in 1956, 1967, and 1969.
29. Menachem Begin, founder of the Irgun Zvai Leumi (National Military Organization), a militant Zionist underground group that fought the British in Palestine, became the Likud party’s Prime Minister of Israel from 1977 to 1983.
30. There is no record of such an offer, though Eichmann’s deputy in Bratislava, Dieter Wisliceny, is known to have taken 50,000 dollars in 1942 from the Jewish Relief Committee there for delaying deportations.
31. Her husband was indeed hanged after the war.
32. General Jüttner, who was also the long-time Chief of the SS Operational Main Office, became director of a sanatorium in the German spa of Bad Tölz after the war.
33. Dannecker committed suicide in American custody in Bad Tölz on 10 December 1945.
34. Formerly Nizhni Novgorod and renamed after the writer Maxim Gorki (1868–1936) who was born there, Gorki was where the dissident physicist Andrei D. Sakharov was banished under house arrest in the 1980s. From his internal exile in Gorki in early 1981, Sakharov wrote to the Wallenberg Committee in Stockholm that ‘for about ten years now, I have known about the tragic fate of Raoul Wallenberg. I consider him to be one of those people of the twentieth century to whom all mankind is greatly indebted and ought to be proud of . . . The refusal of the Soviet authorities to release Wallenberg’s files would testify to the fact that they have something to hide.’
35. The plaintiff was Friedrich Peter, leader of Austria’s third-ranking Freedom Party. Back in 1975, Wiesenthal had unmasked Peter as a corporal who had received a ‘battlefield commission’ as a lieutenant for his ‘valour’ in the ‘1941–2 winter campaign’ of the First SS Infantry Brigade: an extermination unit which massacred 13,497 civilians in the Ukraine during that winter.
36. In 1964, both universities revoked Mengele’s degrees ‘because of the crimes he committed as a doctor in the concentration camp at Auschwitz.’
37. Though among the most German of names, Walburga is derived from the name of an Englishwoman, St Walpurgis, an eighth-century missionary and abbess in Germany. The German Walpurgisnacht, witches’, sabbath, is supposed to take place on 30 April, the eve of her feast day.