99. www.casewatch.org/hearings/dna.pdf.
100. Interview with Rosalynn Gill-Garrison, October 20, 2008.
101. Ibid.
102. Ibid. 100.
103. http://gao.gov/products/GAO-06–977T.
104. http://www.hgc.gov.uk/Client/document.asp?DocId=94&CAtegoryId=3.
105. Comment by Rosalynn Gill-Garrison at the first Personal Genome Project gathering, July 17, 2007.
106. http://www.aboutus.org/Mycellf.com.
107. Email from Rosalynn Gill-Garrison, September 28, 2009.
108. http://www.ipsogen.com/corporate/science-technologies/.
109. P. A. Lombardo and G. M. Dorr, “Eugenics, medical education, and the public health service: Another perspective on the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2006, 80(2): 291–316.
110. C. Holden, “Air Force challenged on sickle trait policy,” Science, 1981, 211(4479): 257.
111. J. Bussey-Jones, G. Henderson, J. Garrett, M. Moloney, C. Blumenthal, and G. Corbie-Smith, “Asking the right questions: Views on genetic variation research among black and white research participants,” Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2009, 24(3): 299–304; P. Achter, R. Parrott, and K. Silk, “African Americans’ opinions about human-genetics research,” Politics and the Life Sciences, 2004, 23(1): 60–66.
112. James Sherley comment at the second annual gathering of the Personal Genome Project, October 20, 2008.
113. R. Skloot, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (New York: Crown Publishers, 2010).
114. Interview with James Sherley, July 17, 2007.
115. Ibid.
116. Interview with James Sherley, March 9, 2008.
117. web.mit.edu/fnl/volume/sherley/chomskyetal_sherley.pdf.
118. J. Wolfson, “When race enters the equation,” Boston Magazine, July 2007.
119. http://stemcells.nih.gov/policy/2001policy.htm.
120. C. Kalb and D. Rosenberg, “Stem cell division,” Newsweek, October 25, 2004.
121. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5252449.
122. clmagazine.org/backissues/2007janfeb_20-23jamessherley.pdf.
123. Interview with James Sherley, March 9, 2008.
124. http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/pioneer/Recipients06.aspx.
125. J. Kwan, “BE professor threatens hunger strike to protest tenure denial,” The Tech, January 10, 2007.
126. http://web.mit.edu/provost/letters/letter05142007.html.
127. Interview with James Sherley, March 9, 2008.
128. http://tech.mit.edu/V127/N1/1facultyopn.html.
129. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/statements-sherley.html.
130. http://web.mit.edu/fnl/volume/sherley/BE_sherley(3.30).pdf.
131. http://pgen.us/Sherley/16._May_14.facultye-mail.Reif.pdf.
132. http://pgen.us/April_17.ManningLetter.pdf.
133. pgen.us/May15Tech-Reif.pdf.
134. http://chronicle.com/article/Scientist-in-Tenure-Fight-With/39151/.
135. J. Kwan, “Prof. Sherley locked out of BE laboratory after June 30 deadline passes,” The Tech, July 6, 2007.
136. Interview with James Sherley, July 18, 2007.
137. http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2007/2/21/on-strike-in-1932-mahatma-gandhi/.
138. Interview with James Sherley, July 18, 2007.
139. http://m.insidehighered.com/news/2008/03/21/mit.
140. Interview with James Sherley, March 9, 2008.
141. Interview with James Sherley, October 20, 2008.
142. http://web.mit.edu/provost/raceinitiative/toc.html.
143. Interview with James Sherley, July 17, 2007.
144. Ibid.
145. Interview with James Sherley, March 9, 2008.
146. T. Graf and T. Enver, “Forcing cells to change lineages,” Nature, 2009, 462(7273): 587–94.
147. H. S. Lee, G. G. Crane, J. R. Merok, et al., “Clonal expansion of adult rat hepatic stem cell lines by suppression of asymmetric cell kinetics (sack),” Biotechnology & Bioengineering, 2003, 83(7): 760–71; L. Rambhatla, S. Ram-Mohan, J. J. Cheng, and J. L. Sherley, “Immortal DNA strand cosegregation requires p53/IMPDH-dependent asymmetric self-renewal associated with adult stem cells,” Cancer Research, 2005, 65(8): 3155–61; J. L. Sherley, P. B. Stadler, and D. R. Johnson, “Expression of the wild-type p53 antioncogene induces guanine nucleotide-dependent stem cell division kinetics,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1995, 92(1): 136–40.
148. Interview with James Sherley, March 9, 2008.
149. Ibid.
150. Interview with George Church, October 26, 2006.
151. Interview with James Sherley, March 9, 2008.
152. Ibid.
CHAPTER 7: “IT’S TOUGH TO GUARD AGAINST THE FUTURE”
1. E. R. Mardis, “Next-generation DNA sequencing methods,” Annual Review of Genomics & Human Genetics, 2008, 9: 387–402.
2. A. Coombs, “The sequencing shakeup,” Nature Biotechnology, 2008, 26(10): 1109–12.
3. http://www.polonator.org/.
4. Interview with George Church, October 10, 2007.
5. J. Shreeve, The Genome War: How Craig Venter Tried to Capture the Code of Life and Save the World (New York: Knopf, 2004).
6. Interview with Chad Nusbaum, February 8, 2008.
7. Interview with Kevin McCarthy, February 6, 2008.
8. Ibid.
9. Amy McGuire presentation at AGBT, Marco Island, Florida, February 8, 2008.
10. H. Bickeboller, D. Campion, A. Brice et al., “Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: Genotype-specific risks by age and sex,” American Journal of Human Genetics, 1997, 60(2): 439–46.
11. Interview with James Watson, May 11, 2007.
12. Previously at http://ep2008.europython.eu/Talks%20and%20Themes/Speakers.
13. Mike Cariaso, AGBT meeting, Marco Island, Florida, February 8, 2008.
14. D. R. Nyholt, C. E. Yu, and P. M. Visscher, “On Jim Watson’s APOE status: Genetic information is hard to hide,” European Journal of Human Genetics, 2009, 17(2): 147–49.
15. Email from Mike Cariaso, February 17, 2008.
16. http://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Rs6457617.
17. A. Barton and J. Worthington, “Genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis: An emerging picture,” Arthritis & Rheumatism, 2009, 61(10): 1441–46.
18. Interview with Greg Lennon, December 17, 2008.
19. Ibid.
20. G. Hardiman, “Microarray platforms—comparisons and contrasts,” Pharmacogenomics, 2004, 5(5): 487–502.
21. Interview with Greg Lennon, December 17, 2008.
22. Email from Mike Cariaso, June 1, 2009.
23. Interview with Greg Lennon, December 17, 2008.
24. Ibid.
25. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/.
26. V. A. McKusick, Mendelian Inheritance in Man: Catalogs of Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive, and X-Linked Phenotypes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966).
27. V. A. McKusick, “Mendelian Inheritance in Man and its online version, OMIM,” American Journal of Human Genetics, 2007, 80(4): 588–604.
28. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/feb/10/booksnews.ireland.
29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_summary.cgi.
30. Interview with Greg Lennon, December 17, 2008.
31. Ibid.
32. http://www.lyricsmania.com/therapy_lyrics_loudon_wainwright.html.
33. Email exchange with Mike Cariaso, March 2, 2008.
34. Conversation with Dietrich Stephan, March 25, 2008.
35. A. L. McGuire and W. Burke, “An unwelcome side effect of direct-to-consumer personal genome testing: Raiding the medical commons,” JAMA, 2008, 300(22): 2669–71.
36. T. Ray, “Navigenics lowers Health Compass price to $1K,” Pharmacogenomics, July 22, 2009.
CHAPTER 8: GETTYSBURG TO GUTENBERG
1. Interview with Robert Green, March 11, 2008.
2. D. F. Ransohoff and
M. J. Khoury, “Personal genomics: Information can be harmful,” European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2010, 40(1): 64–68.
3. R. C. Green, J. S. Roberts, L. A. Cupples, et al., “Disclosure of APOE genotype for risk of Alzheimer’s disease,” New England Journal of Medicine, 2009, 361(3): 245–54.
4. Interview with Robert Green, March 11, 2008.
5. Ibid.
6. Interview with George Church, October 3, 2008.
7. Interview with Robert Green, March 11, 2008.
8. Interview with George Church, February 21, 2008.
9. http://arep.med.harvard.edu/P50_03/.
10. http://arep.med.harvard.edu/PGP/Anon.htm.
11. Interview with Jeff Schloss, January 5, 2007.
12. Interview with George Church, March 13, 2007.
13. Interview with Terry Bard, October 26, 2006.
14. http://www.genome.gov/20519355.
15. Interview with Les Biesecker, September 21, 2007.
16. Ibid.
17. L.G. Biesecker, J.C. Mullikin, F.M. Facio, et al., “The ClinSeq project: Piloting large-scale genome sequencing for research in genomic medicine.” Genome Research, 2009, 19(9): 1665–74.
18. Interview with Les Biesecker, September 21, 2007.
19. Amy McGuire presentation at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, June 15, 2007.
20. Interview with Ting Wu, March 10, 2008.
21. Interview with Robert Green, March 11, 2008.
22. Interview with Jason Bobe, February 27, 2008.
23. Interview with Gail Henderson, March 27, 2008.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Interview with Chad Nusbaum, March 2008.
28. Interview with Jeantine Lunshof, March 4, 2008.
29. Interview with Jason Bobe, March 1, 2008.
30. Interview with Robert Green, March 11, 2008.
31. Interview with George Church, March 10, 2008.
32. Interview with James Sherley, March 9, 2008.
33. Interview with Chad Nusbaum, October 21, 2008.
34. Email from George Church, December 30, 2008.
35. grants.nih.gov/grants/peer/ … /scoring_system_and_procedure.pdf.
36. Email from George Church, December 18, 2008.
37. Summary Statement, NHGRI Special Emphasis Panel, Human Gene/Environment Trait Technology Center, December 1, 2008, e-mailed to the author by George Church.
38. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronicity_II.
39. Email from George Church, December 30, 2008.
40. Ibid.
41. Email to NHGRI administrators, February 2, 2009.
42. Interview with George Church, July 18, 2009.
43. Sixteenth Meeting of the Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Genetics, Health and Society, July 7–8, 2008.
44. Interview with George Church, August 11, 2008.
45. T. Ray, “Navigenics agrees not to market genetic testing services directly to NY residents,” Pharmacogenomics Reporter, January 14, 2010.
CHAPTER 9: “YOU CAN DO THIS IN YOUR KITCHEN”
1. http://io9.com/338347/addicted-to-the-future.
2. http://partsregistry.org/Main_Page.
3. http://bbf.openwetware.org/FAQ.html.
4. http://io9.com/5022316/mad-science-contest-build-a-lifeform-and-well-send-you-to-hong-kong-or-give-you-1000.
5. Interview with Kay Aull, June 8, 2009.
6. http://io9.com/5049788/making-a-biological-counter.
7. Ibid.
8. M. A. Shampo and R. A. Kyle, “Kary B. Mullis—Nobel laureate for procedure to replicate DNA,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2002, 77(7): 606.
9. M. F. Kramer and D. M. Coen, “Enzymatic amplification of DNA by PCR: Standard procedures and optimization,” Current Protocols in Cytometry, August 2006, Appendix 3K.
10. Interview with Kay Aull, June 8, 2009.
11. http://diybio.org/about/.
12. Interview with Kay Aull, June 8, 2009.
13. T. Wallack, “Codon Devices closing as financing dwindles,” Boston Globe, April 3, 2009.
14. Interview with Kay Aull, June 8, 2009.
15. Ibid.
16. M. C. Janssen and D. W. Swinkels, “Hereditary haemochromatosis,” Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 2009, 23(2): 171–83.
17. Interview with Kay Aull, June 8, 2009.
18. Ibid.
19. http://www.360.monitor.com/.
20. J. Whalen, “In attics and closets, ‘biohackers’ discover their inner Frankenstein,” Wall Street Journal, May 12, 2009.
21. http://groups.google.com/group/diybio/msg/060712ed9c7ffb5c.
22. Interview with Kay Aull, June 8, 2009.
23. R. Hirsch, “The strange case of Steve Kurtz: Critical Art Ensemble and the price of freedom,” Afterimage, May–June 2005: 22–32.
24. S. Kurtz, “The four-year fight for biological art. Steven Kurtz interviewed by Rachel Courtland,” Nature, 2008, 453(7196): 707.
25. Interview with Kay Aull, June 8, 2009.
26. http://bioweathermap.org/about.html.
27. http://bioweathermap.org/.
28. Interview with Kay Aull, June 8, 2009.
29. Email from Kay Aull, October 14, 2009.
30. Email from Kay Aull, January 18, 2010.
31. Email from Kay Aull, January 19, 2010.
32. Interview with Hugh Rienhoff, December 9, 2008.
33. Interview with Hugh Rienhoff, May 20, 2008.
34. Ibid.
35. R. Maymon and A. Herman, “The clinical evaluation and pregnancy outcome of euploid fetuses with increased nuchal translucency,” Clinical Genetics, 2004, 66(5): 426–36.
36. Interview with Hugh Rienhoff, May 20, 2008.
37. http://www.marfan.org/marfan/2319/Diagnosis.
38. C. Kroen, “Abraham Lincoln and the ‘Lincoln sign,'” Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 2007, 74(2): 108–10.
39. N. M. Ammash, T. M. Sundt, and H. M. Connolly, “Marfan syndrome—diagnosis and management,” Current Problems in Cardiology, 2008, 33(1): 7–39.
40. Interview with Hugh Rienhoff, May 20, 2008.
41. Interview with Lisa Hane, December 9, 2008.
42. B. L. Callewaert, B. L. Loeys, A. Ficcadenti, et al., “Comprehensive clinical and molecular assessment of 32 probands with congenital contractural arachnodactyly: Report of 14 novel mutations and review of the literature,” Human Mutation, 2009, 30(3): 334–41.
43. Email from Hugh Rienhoff, August 7, 2009.
44. Interview with Hugh Rienhoff, May 20, 2008.
45. Ibid.
46. http://wvw.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2227915/.
47. P. A. Reichart and H. P. Philipsen, Oral Pathology: Color Atlas of Dental Medicine, ed. K. H. Rateitschak and H. F. Wolf (New York: Thieme, 2000).
48. Interview with Hugh Rienhoff, May 20, 2008.
49. B. L. Loeys, U. Schwarze, T. Holm, et al., “Aneurysm syndromes caused by mutations in the TGF-beta receptor,” New England Journal of Medicine, 2006, 355(8): 788–98.
50. Interview with Hugh Rienhoff, May 20, 2008.
51. H. D. Kollias and J. C. McDermott, “Transforming growth factor–beta and myostatin signaling in skeletal muscle,” Journal of Applied Physiology, 2008, 104(3): 579–87.
52. D. Martindale, “Muscle twitch switch,” Scientific American, 2004, 291(6): 22, 24.
53. E. M. McNally, “Powerful genes—myostatin regulation of human muscle mass,” New England Journal of Medicine, 2004, 350(26): 2642–44.
54. Interview with Hugh Rienhoff, May 20, 2008.
55. A. C. McPherron, A. M. Lawler, and S. J. Lee, “Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member,” Nature, 1997, 387(6628): 83–90.
56. Interview with Hugh Rienhoff, May 20, 2008.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. P. Matt, J. Habashi, T. Carrel, D. E. Cameron, J. E. Van Eyk, and H. C. Dietz, “Recent
advances in understanding Marfan syndrome: Should we now treat surgical patients with losartan?” Journal of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, 2008, 135(2): 389–94.
60. Interview with Hal Dietz, December 18, 2008.
61. E. R. Neptune, P. A. Frischmeyer, D. E. Arking, et al., “Dysregulation of TGF-beta activation contributes to pathogenesis in Marfan syndrome,” Nature Genetics, 2003, 33(3): 407–11.
62. Interview with Hal Dietz, July 7, 2008.
63. J. Travis, “Medicine. Old drug, new hope for Marfan syndrome,” Science, 2006, 312(5770): 36–37.
64. Interview with Hal Dietz, December 18, 2008.
65. Interview with Hugh Rienhoff, May 20, 2008.
66. Ibid.
67. Interview with Hugh Rienhoff, December 7, 2008.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. http://www.marfan.org/marfan/2626/APR—Stanford-University.
71. B. Koerner, “Decoding Beatrice: A father’s quest,” Wired, January 19, 2009.
72. Interview with Hugh Rienhoff, December 7, 2008.
73. Ibid.
74. B. Koerner, “Decoding Beatrice: A father’s quest.”
75. Interview with Hugh Rienhoff, December 7, 2008.
76. "Within spitting distance,” Economist.com, November 20, 2007.
77. B. Maher, “Personal genomics: His daughter’s DNA,” Nature, 2007, 449(7164): 773–76.
78. H. Y. Rienhoff, “My daughter’s DNA,” Make, December 17, 2008.
79. B. Koerner, “Decoding Beatrice: A father’s quest.”
80. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WOaQhjWmRU.
81. http://mydaughtersdna.org.
82. Interview with Hugh Rienhoff, December 7, 2008.
83. Interview with Hugh Rienhoff, May 20, 2008.
84. Interview with Hal Dietz, July 7, 2008.
85. Interview with Hugh Rienhoff, December 7, 2008.
86. Interview with Hugh Rienhoff, August 6, 2009.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid.
CHAPTER 10: “TAKE A CHANCE, WIN A BUNNY”
1. Interview with Sarah Angrist, June 15, 2007.
2. J. De Greve, E. Sermijn, S. De Brakeleer, Z. Ren, and E. Teugels, “Hereditary breast cancer: From bench to bedside,” Current Opinion in Oncology, 2008, 20(6): 605–13.
3. W. Krause, “Male breast cancer—an andrological disease: Risk factors and diagnosis,” Andrologia, 2004, 36(6): 346–54.
4. C. Schubert, “Mary-Claire King,” Nature Medicine, 2003, 9(6): 633.
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