by Abrams, Fran
37. Quoted in Jeal, Baden-Powell, p.470.
38. From Hulme All Blessings Flow, p. 21.
39. Headquarters Gazette. November 1914.
40. Michael Rosenthal, The Character Factory, HarperCollins, London, 1986.
41. Jeal, Baden-Powell, p.471.
42. Speech by the Director General of the Security Service, Jonathan Evans, at Bristol University, 15 October 2009, https://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/mi5_defending_the_realm.html. Accessed 15 October 2010.
43. Jeal, Baden-Powell, p.471.
44. Private papers of W. H. Williams, documents 4045. Imperial War Museum.
45. Richard Van Emden, Boy Soldiers of the Great War, Headline, London, 2006.
46. Pankhurst, The Home Front, p. 275
47. See http://www.seayourhistory.org.uk/content/view/708/921. Accessed 15 October 2010.
48. See http://www.firstworldwar.com/diaries/aboysexperiences.htm. Accessed 15 October 2010.
49. Committee of Inquiry into Breaches of the Laws of War, First Interim Report January 1919.
50. Steve Humphries and Richard Van Emden, All Quiet on the Home Front: A Oral History of Life in Britain during the First World War, Headline, London, 2004, p. 180.
51. Day, London Born, p. 6.
52. Oman, Salford Stepping Stones, p. 125.
53. Watkin, From Hulme All Blessings Flow, p.23.
54. Ranfurly, The Ugly One, p.48.
Chapter 4: Between the Wars
1. Day, London Born.
2. Day, London Born, p. 28.
3. Martin Pugh, We Danced All Night, A Social History of Britain Between the Wars, Vintage, London, 2009.
4. Richard Overy, The Morbid Age: Britain Between the Wars, Allen Lane, London, 2009.
5. Emma Smith, The Great Western Beach: A Memoir of a Cornish Childhood Between the Wars, Bloomsbury, London, 2008, p. 17.
6. Smith, The Great Western Beach p. 8.
7. Ranfurly, The Ugly One, p. 122.
8. Ranfurly, The Ugly One, p. 130.
9. Ranfurly, The Ugly One, p. 103.
10. Frederick Truby King, Feeding and Care of Baby, Whitcombe and Tombs, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1907, OUP, 1945, p. 1.
11. King, Feeding and Care of Baby, p. 9.
12. See Overy, The Morbid Age, pp. 94–102.
13. Day, London Born, p. 17.
14. Report of the Departmental Committee on Sterilisation, HMSO, 1934.
15. Kenneth Wills, What fathers should tell their sons; Mary Schwarlieb, What mothers must tell their children: British Social Hygiene Council, London, 1925.
16. ‘Experimental tests of general intelligence,’ quoted in Brian Evans and Bernard Waites, IQ and Mental Testing: An Unnatural Science and its Social History, Humanities Press, New Jersey, 1981, p. 55.
17. Cyril Burt, The Young Delinquent, University of London Press, London, 1925.
18. Pugh, We Danced All Night, p. 200.
19. Cyril Burt papers, University of Liverpool Special Collections and Archives. D191 26/3 Material relating to the Board of Education Consultative Committee
20. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/podcasts/emigrationtocanada.htm. Accessed July 8, 2012.
21. Hickson, Child Migrant From Liverpool, p. 4.
22. Hickson, Child Migrant From Liverpool, p. 7.
23. Hickson, Child Migrant From Liverpool, p. 13.
24. Hickson, Child Migrant From Liverpool, p. 51.
25. Note by Anne Bott in Flo Hickson, Flo: Child Migrant from Liverpool, Plowright Press, Warwick, 1998, p. i.
26. John Lane, Fairbridge Kid, Fremantle Arts Centre, Fairbridge, Western Australia, 1990.
27. Speech to the Imperial Education Conference, copy in University of Liverpool Special Collections and Archives, File D191 26/3.
28. W. D. Wills, Homer Lane. A Biography, George Allen & Unwin, London, 1964, pp. 156–195.
29. Lane, Homer, Talks to Parents and Teachers, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1928, pp 188–193.
30. Interview with the author, April 2010.
31. National Archives, HO 144/21511.
32. Interview with the author, April 2010.
33. Also detailed in Bernard Kops, The World is a Wedding, first published by MacGibbon & Kee, London, 1963. This edition Five Leaves, Nottingham, 2008, p. 35.
Chapter 5: War Babies
1. Mass Observation, Diarist number 5223, Diary of K. Watts, Boy aged 15 years, 2 Frederick Street, Aldershot, Hampshire, 29 August–4 September 1939. Mass Observation Reports, University of Sussex Library Special Collections, ICHAP 5, p. 120.
2. London Metropolitan Archives, information leaflet no.32: http://217.154.230.218/NR/rdonlyres/96DAF40C-91DD-4EAA-A79F54D83E80F154/0/32THEEVACUATIONOFCHILDREN FROMTHECOUNTYOFLONDONDURINGTHESECONWORLDWAR19391945.pdf. Accessed 16 December 2011.
3. Kops, The World is a Wedding, p. 50.
4. Ibid, p. 54.
5. http://www.bbc.co.uk/my-story/stories/sadness/171219/. Accessed 18 October 2010. Archive since removed.
6. Quoted in Martin Parsons, War Child: Children Caught in Conflict, Tempus Publishing, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2008.
7. National Federation of Women’s Institutes, Town Children Through Country Eyes: A Survey on Evacuation, 1940, Abinger, Surrey, 1943.
8. Manchester Guardian, 5 November 1939.
9. Anon, Our Towns: A Close-Up, Oxford University Press, London, 1943, p. iii.
10. Mass Observation File report 299, June 1940, University of Sussex Library Special Collections.
11. Kops, The World is a Wedding, p. 52.
12. 6 August 1940.
13. Interview with the author, 6 April 2010.
14. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/blitz_and_world_war_two.htm, http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/children_and_world_war_two.htm. Accessed 19 October 2010.
15. Kops, The World is a Wedding.
16. Professor Mary Davis, Centre for Trade Union Studies, London Metropolitan University, http://www.unionhistory.info/timeline/1939_1945.php. Accessed 18 October 2010.
17. Nursery World, 26 August 2004, http://www.nurseryworld.co.uk/news/712786/Battling/. Accessed 18 October 2010.
18. HO/144/21511/National Archives: London.
19. Interview with the author, 2 June 2010.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Refugee Voices project, Association of Jewish Refugees in Great Britain. Accessed at the Weiner Library, London. Copyright of the Association of Jewish Refugees.
23. Mass Observation Report 299, June 1940, University of Sussex Library Special Collections.
24. http://www.wartimememories.co.uk/evacuation.html. Accessed July 8 2012.
25. Ibid.
26. Guardian, 17 February 1943.
27. Quoted in the Guardian, February 17 1943.
28. Richard M. Titmuss, Problems of Social Policy, HMSO, London, 1950, pp. 324–326 and 524–526.
29. Quoted by James Griffiths, Hansard, 16 July 1943, column 566, volume 391.
30. Hansard, 19 January 1944, column 207 volume 396.
Chapter 6: Born in the Ruins
1. Refugee Voices project, Association of Jewish Refugees in Great Britain.
2. Terence O’Neill, Someone to Love Us, HarperCollins, London, 2010.
3. For a more detailed account, see http://www.familylawweek.co.uk/site.aspx?i=ed70624. Accessed July 8, 2012.
4. Interview with the author, 24 June 2010.
5. Quoted in David Kynaston, Family Britain 1951–57, Bloomsbury, London, 2009, p. 570.
6. Andrew Holden, Makers and Manners: Politics and Morality in Postwar Britain, Politico’s, London, 2004, p. 43.
7. The Times, June 19, 1953.
8. Interview with the author, 5 June 2010.
9. Interview with the author, 2 June 2010.
10. Michael Foreman, After the War Was Over, first published Pavilion Books, London, 1995. This edition Puffin Books, London, 1997, p. 59.
11. Ibid.
&nb
sp; 12. Ibid, p. 28.
13. Ibid, p. 40.
14. David Docherty, David Morrison and Michael Tracey, ‘The last picture show?’, 1987, quoted in A Century of Change: Trends in UK Statistics Since 1900, House of Commons Library.
15. Kathleen Box, The Cinema and the Public, Mass Observation Archive, University of Sussex
16. Foreman, After the War Was Over, p. 32.
17. Steve Holland, The Mushroom Jungle: A History of Postwar Paperback Publishing, Zeon Books, Wiltshire, 1993, p. 182.
18. Ibid.
19. Interview with the author, 2 June 2010.
20. Interview with the author, op. cit.
21. Ibid.
22. David Kynaston, Austerity Britain, 1945–51, Bloomsbury, London, 2007, p. 368
23. Ibid, p. 364–365.
Chapter 7: Children of the Social Revolution
1. See, for example, Tak Wing Chan and Brendan Halpin, The Instability of Divorce Risk Factors in the UK, 13 April 2008. users. ox.ac.uk/~sfos0006/papers/change8.pdf, accessed July 8, 2012.
2. Interview with the author, 26 August 2010.
3. Conservative Political Centre, Unhappy families, London, 1971.
4. Guardian, 5 and 17 September 1969.
5. Interview with the author, 20 August, 2010.
6. Interview with the author, 20 August 2010.
7. www.ncds.info. Accessed July 8, 2012.
8. 3 June 1972.
9. Interview with the author, 5 June 2010.
10. John Barron Mays, Education and the Urban Child, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 1962.
11. Derek Gillard, The Plowden Report’, www.infed.org/schooling/plowden_report.htm.
12. Ibid.
13. Interview with the author, 20 August 2010.
14. Guardian, 28 June 1971.
15. ‘Good children or happy ones?’, Observer, 5 January 1964.
16. ‘British mums in arms’, Observer, 12 January 1964.
17. ‘The private world of children’s games’, Observer, 6 August 1961.
18. Maureen Oswin, The Empty Hours, Allen Lane, London, 1971.
19. ‘Empty life in a full ward’, Guardian, 5 August 1971.
20. Interview with the author, 20 August 2010.
21. 1988 film in which Dustin Hoffman plays an autistic savant.
22. 20 April 1968.
23. James Obelkevich and Peter Catterall (eds), Understanding Post-War British Society, Routledge, London, 1994, p. 147.
24. Birth Statistics Series. FM1, Office for National Statistics, London.
25. ‘The teenage adults’, Guardian, 30 January 1970.
26. Sutherland, John, Offensive Literature, London, Junction Books, pp. 111–113.
27. 6 July 1971.
28. 1 April 1971.
29. ‘Children’s rights and violence’, 11 December 1971.
30. M. D. Phillips, 29 April 1971.
31. Interview with the author, 26 August 2010.
32. The Oz Trial: John Mortimer’s Finest Moment, in The First Post, January 2009.
33. Martin Hoyles (ed.), Changing Childhood, Writers and Readers Publishing Co-operative, London, 1979.
34. Quoted in ibid.
35. John Holt, Escape from Childhood, Dutton, New York, 1974, p. 12.
36. Quoted in Sandra Robinson, Children’s Rights – Historic Developments, Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, 2007, http://www.cumberlandlodge.ac.uk. Accessed 13 December 2010.
37. Hansard, 7 February 1979, column 712, volume 962.
38. Gitta Sereny, Cries Unheard: The Story of Mary Bell, Macmillan, London, 1998.
39. Ibid, p. 86.
40. Ibid, p. 124.
41. Ibid, p.19.
42. http://www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/20/10/2005/51331/Knock-it-down-and-start-again.htm. Accessed 6 January 2012.
43. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Care and Supervision Provided in Relation to Maria Colwell, HMSO, London, 1974.
44. Ibid.
45. ‘Increase in violence against children’, Guardian, 21 November 1969.
Chapter 8: Eighties to ASBOS
1. Interview with the author, 24 June 2010.
2. Colin Pritchard and Richard Williams, ‘Comparing possible child abuse related deaths in England and Wales with the major developed countries, 1974–2006’, British Journal of Social Work, 2009, PP. 1–19.
3. Interview with the author, op. cit.
4. See Marcus Crouch, The Nesbitt Tradition: The Children’s Novel 1945–1970, Ernest Benn, London, 1972.
5. Interview with the author, 21 September 2010.
6. Economist, 12 December 1981.
7. Ibid., 1 May 1982.
8. Interview with the author, op. cit.
9. November 1981, http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/mt/pdf/81_11_12.pdf. Accessed 14 December 2010.
10. Neil Postman, The Disappearance of Childhood, W. H. Allen, London, 1983, p. 77. John Sommerville, The Rise and Fall of Childhood, Sage, London, 1982, p. 29.
11. Guardian, 15 December 1987.
12. 13 August 1974.
13. Sommerville The Rise and Fall of Childhood, p. 13.
14. Hansard, 10 March 1986, vol. 472, column 473–97.
15. Guardian, 21 December 1984.
16. 20 October 1985.
17. Gitta Sereny, The Invisible Children, Pan, London, 1986, p. 217.
18. Jean Renvoize, Incest – A Family Pattern, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1985. Reported in the Guardian, 27 November 1984. Hansard, 29 November 1985, vol. 87, columns 1117–34.
19. Hansard, 29 June 1987, vol. 118, columns 255–9.
20. http://www.bbc.co.uk/tees/content/articles/2007/05/29/cleveland_child_abuse_2_feature.shtml. Accessed 14 December 2010.
21. Bryan Appleyard, ‘Children speared on the horns of a demonic dilemma’, Sunday Times, 30 September 1990.
22. ‘Satanic ritual forces families to suffer from a hell on earth’, Sunday Times, 1 April 1990.
23. ‘Satanic Verses’, Guardian, 10 September 1994.
24. Daily Mail, 20 February 1993.
25. Wellingborough, 19 February 1993.
26. 6 February 1994.
27. Hansard, 30 November 1995, column 716, volume 267.
28. ‘How we make demons of children’, 28 November 1993.
29. ‘Time to let the children play (and live)’, 9 April 1994.
30. C. Pritchard and T. Sayers, ‘Exploring potential “extra-familial”child homicide assailants in the UK and estimating their homicide rate: perception of risk – the need for debate’, British Journal of Social Work, vol. 2008, issue 2, pp. 38, 290–307.
31. ‘We did not want to tempt fate’, Daily Mail, 15 March 1994.
32. Hansard, 6 February 1990, vol. 515, column 782–827.
33. Daily Mail, 17 February, 1993.
34. Nan Spowart, ‘The death of innocence’, 3 September 1998.
35. ‘Battery children’, Independent, 2 September 1999.
36. Interview with the author, 16 November 2007, published in The Times, 22 January 2008.
37. Department of Children, Schools and Families, Children’s Plan, 2008, https:www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/Children’s_plan_summary.pdf. Accessed 20 December 2010.
38. ‘Policies towards poverty, inequality and exclusion since 1997’, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York, 2005, http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/0015.pdf. Accessed 20 December 2010.
39. Hansard, 16 February 2000, columns 233–305.
40. http://www.education.gov.uk/childrenandyoungpeople/neathandwellbeing/60074766/uncrc, accessed 12.7.12.
41. Jonathan Bradshaw and Emese Mayhew (eds.), The Well-Being of Children in the UK, second edition, Save the Children, London, 2005. First published 2002, http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/spru/wellbeingsummary.pdf. Accessed 20 December 2010.
42. Sarah L. Holloway and Gill Valentine, Cyberkids – Children in the Information Age, Routledge Falmer,
London, 2003, pp. 1–2. ‘Extra tuition damaging children’, Scotsman, 26 September 2000.
43. 20 October 2009.
44. ‘No child must suffer from overprotection’, 19 July 2000.
45. ‘Children Are At Risk – From Their Terrified Parents’, 7 February 1999.
46. Sue Palmer, Toxic Childhood, Orion, London, 2007.
Conclusion
1. Somerville, The Rise and Fall of Childhood.
2. Interview with the author, 13 November 2007
3. William Blake, A Cradle Song, Songs of Innocence and Experience, The Illuminated Books, William Blake Trust/Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1998. First Published 1974.
4. ‘Tintern Abbey’, http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Poetry/WordsworthTinternAbbey.htm. Accessed 21 December 2010.
5. Gina Ford, The New Contented Little Baby Book: The Secret to Calm and Confident Parenting, Vermilion, London, 2006, p. 29.
6. See, for example, Allison James, Chris Jenks and Alan Prout, Theorising Childhood, Polity, Cambridge, 1998.
7. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/social_trends_rd/social_trends/-no__30__2000_edition/index.html. Accessed 12.07.12.
Epilogue
1. Idealizing Parenthood to Rationalize Parental Investments, Richard P. Eibach and Steven E. Mock, Psychological Science February 2011 vol. 22 no. 2 203 – 208.
2. ONS labour market statistics, table A06. Educational status, economic activity and inactivity of young people. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/lms/labour-market-statistics/march2012/table-a06.xls
3. John Sommerville, p. 9, op cit.
4. See Zelizer, Viviana A., Pricing the Priceless Child: The changing social value of children, New York: Basic Books, 1985.
5. Idealizing Parenthood to Rationalize Parental Investments, Richard P. Eibach and Steven E. Mock, Op Cit.
6. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tyler-moss/generationy_b_1354104.html, accessed 6 July, 2012.
7. Demand for Higher Education to 2020 and Beyond, Bahram Bekhradnia, www.hepi.ac.uk/files/31HEDemandto2020andb8yondsummary.doc, accessed July 6, 2012.
8. From ‘Reading The Riots’, published by the Guardian in conjunction with the London School of Economics, December 12, 2011. Quoted by Theresa May in the Mail on Sunday, December 18, 2011
9. Salford Star, 9/8/11.
10. Riots, Communities and Victims Panel, 5 Days in August: An interim report on the 2011 English Riots. http://riotspanel.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Interim-report-5-Days-in-August.pdf. Accessed 13 July, 2012.