by Jaron Lanier
humanistic information economy, 194, 209, 233–351 361–367
human reproduction, 131
humors (tropes), 124–40, 157, 170, 230
hunter-gatherer societies, 131, 261–62
hyperefficient markets, 39, 42–43
hypermedia, 224–30, 245
hyper-unemployment, 7–8
hypotheses, 113, 128, 151
IBM, 191
identity, 14–15, 82, 124, 173–74, 175, 248–51, 283–90, 305, 306, 307, 315–16, 319–21
identity theft, 82, 315–16
illusions, 55, 110n, 120–21, 135, 154–56, 195, 257
immigration, 91, 97, 346
immortality, 193, 218, 253, 263–64, 325–31, 367
imports, 70
income levels, 10, 46–47, 50–54, 152, 178, 270–71, 287–88, 291–94, 338–39, 365
incrementalism, 239–40
indentured servitude, 33n, 158
India, 54, 211–13
industrialization, 49, 83, 85–89, 123, 132, 154, 343
infant mortality rates, 17, 134
infinity, 55–56
inflation, 32, 33–34
information:
age of, 15–17, 42, 166, 241
ambiguity of, 41, 53–54, 155–56
asymmetry of, 54–55, 61–66, 118, 188, 203, 246–48, 285–88, 291–92, 310
behavior influenced by, 32, 121, 131, 173–74, 286–87
collection of, 61–62, 108–9
context of, 143–44, 178, 188–89, 223–24, 225, 245–46, 247, 248–51, 338, 356–57, 360
correlations in, 75–76, 114–15, 192, 274–75
for decision-making, 63–64, 184, 266, 269–75, 284n
digital networks for, see digital networks
duplication of, 50–52, 61, 74, 78, 88, 223–30, 239–40, 253–64, 277, 317–24, 335, 349
economic impact of, 1–3, 8–9, 15–17, 18, 19–20, 21, 35, 60–61, 92–97, 118, 185, 188, 201, 207, 209, 241–43, 245–46, 246–48, 256–58, 263, 283–87, 291–303, 331, 361–67
in education, 92–97
encrypted, 14–15, 175, 239–40, 305–8, 345
false, 119–21, 186, 275n, 287–88, 299–300
filters for, 119–20, 200, 225, 356–57
free, 7–9, 15–16, 50–52, 61, 74, 78, 88, 214, 223–30, 239–40, 246, 253–64, 277, 317–24, 335, 349
history of, 29–31
human agency in, 22–25, 69–70, 120–21, 122, 190–91
interpretation of, 29n, 114–15, 116, 120–21, 129–32, 154, 158, 178, 183, 184, 188–89
investment, 59–60, 179–85
life cycle of, 175–76
patterns in, 178, 183, 184, 188–89
privacy of, see privacy
provenance of, 245–46, 247, 338
sampling of, 71–72, 191, 221, 224–26, 259
shared, 50–52, 61, 74, 78, 88, 100, 223–30, 239–40, 253–64, 277, 317–24, 335, 349
signals in, 76–78, 148, 293–94
storage of, 29, 167n, 184–85; see also cloud processors and storage; servers
superior, 61–66, 114, 128, 143, 171, 246–48
technology of, 7, 32–35, 49, 66n, 71–72, 109, 110, 116, 120, 125n, 126, 135, 136, 254, 312–16, 317
transparency of, 63–66, 74–78, 118, 190–91, 306–7
two-way links in, 1–2, 227, 245, 289
value of, 1–3, 15–16, 20, 210, 235–43, 257–58, 259, 261–63, 271–75, 321–24, 358–60
see also big data; data
infrastructure, 79–80, 87, 179, 201, 290, 345
initial public offerings (IPOs), 103
ink, 87, 331
Inner Directeds, 215
Instagram, 2, 53
instant prices, 272, 275, 288, 320
insurance industry, 44, 56, 60, 66–67, 95, 98–99, 100, 153–54, 203, 306
intellectual property, 44, 47, 49, 60, 61, 96, 102, 183, 204, 205–10, 223, 224–26, 236, 239–40, 246, 253–64
intelligence agencies, 56, 61, 199–200, 291, 346
intelligence tests, 39, 40
interest rates, 81
Internet:
advertising on, 14, 20, 24, 42, 66, 81, 107, 109, 114, 129, 154, 169–74, 177, 182, 207, 227, 242, 266–67, 275, 286, 291, 322–24, 347–48, 354, 355
anonymity of, 172, 248–51, 283–90
culture of, 13–15, 25
development of, 69, 74, 79–80, 89, 129–30, 159, 162, 190–96, 223, 228
economic impact of, 1–2, 18, 19–20, 24, 31, 43, 60–66, 79–82, 117, 136–37, 169–74, 181, 186
employment and, 2, 7–8, 56–57, 60, 71–74, 79, 117, 123, 135, 149, 178, 201, 257–58
file sharing on, 50–52, 61, 74, 78, 88, 100, 223–30, 239–40, 253–64, 277, 317–24, 335, 349
free products and services of, 7n, 10, 60–61, 73, 81, 82, 90, 94–96, 97, 128, 154, 176, 183, 187, 201, 205–10, 234, 246–48, 253–64, 283–88, 289, 308–9, 317–24, 337–38, 348–50, 366
human contributions to, 19–21, 128, 129–30, 191–92, 253–64
identity in, 14–15, 82, 173–74, 175, 283–90, 315–16
investment in, 117–20, 181
legal issues in, 63, 79–82, 204, 206, 318–19
licensing agreements for, 79–82
as network, 2–3, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19–21, 31, 49, 50–51, 53, 54–55, 56, 57, 75, 92, 129–30, 143–48, 228–29, 259, 286–87, 308–9
political aspect of, 13–15, 205–10
search engines for, 51, 60, 70, 81, 120, 191, 267, 289, 293; see also Google
security of, 14–15, 175, 239–40, 305–8, 345
surveillance of, 1–2, 11, 14, 50–51, 64, 71–72, 99, 108–9, 114–15, 120–21, 152, 177n, 199–200, 201, 206–7, 234–35, 246, 272, 291, 305, 309–11, 315, 316, 317, 319–24
transparency of, 63–66, 176, 205–6, 278, 291, 308–9, 316, 336
websites on, 80, 170, 200, 201, 343
Internet2, 69
Internet service providers (ISPs), 171–72
Interstate Highway System, 79–80, 345
“In-valid,” 130
inventors, 117–20
investment, financial, 45, 50, 59–67, 74–80, 115, 116–20, 155, 179–85, 208, 218, 257, 258, 277–78, 298, 301, 348, 350
Invisible Hand humor, 126, 128
IP addresses, 248
iPads, 267
Iran, 199, 200
irony, 130
Islam, 184
Italy, 133
Jacquard programmable looms, 23n
“jailbreaking,” 103–4
Japan, 85, 97, 98, 133
Jeopardy, 191
Jeremijenko, Natalie, 302
jingles, 267
jobs, see employment
Jobs, Steve, 93, 166n, 192, 358
JOBS Act (2012), 117n
journalism, 92, 94
Kapital, Das (Marx), 136
Keynesianism, 38, 151–52, 204, 209, 274, 288
Khan Academy, 94
Kickstarter, 117–20, 186–87, 343
Kindle, 352
Kinect, 89n, 265
“Kirk’s Wager,” 139
Klout, 365
Kodak, 2, 53
Kottke, Dan, 211
KPFA, 136
Kurzweil, Ray, 127, 325, 327
Kushner, Tony, 165, 189
LaBerge, Stephen, 162
labor, human, 85, 86, 87, 88, 99–100, 257–58, 292
labor unions, 44, 47–48, 49, 96, 239, 240
Laffer curve, 149–51, 150, 152
Las Vegas, Nev., 296, 298
lawyers, 98–99, 100, 136, 184, 318–19
leadership, 341–51
legacy prices, 272–75, 288
legal issues, 49, 63, 74–82, 98–99, 100, 104–5, 108, 136, 184, 204, 206, 318–19
Lehman Brothers, 188
lemonade stands, 79–82
“lemons,” 118–19
Lennon, John, 211, 213
levees, economic, 43–45, 46, 47,
48, 49–50, 52, 92, 94, 96, 98, 108, 171, 176n, 224–25, 239–43, 253–54, 263, 345
leveraged mortgages, 49–50, 61, 227, 245, 289n, 296
liberal arts, 97
liberalism, 135–36, 148, 152, 202, 204, 208, 235, 236, 251, 253, 256, 265, 293, 350
libertarianism, 14, 34, 80, 202, 208, 210, 262, 321
liberty, 13–15, 32–33, 90–92, 277–78, 336
licensing agreements, 79–82
“Lifestreams” (Gelernter), 313
Lights in the Tunnel, The (Ford), 56n
Linux, 206, 253, 291, 344
litigation, 98–99, 100, 104–5, 108, 184
loans, 32–33, 42, 43, 74, 151–52, 306
local advantages, 64, 94–95, 143–44, 153–56, 173, 203, 280
Local/Global Flip, 153–56, 173, 280
locked-in software, 172–73, 182, 273–74
logical copies, 223
Long-Term Capital Management, 49, 74–75
looms, 22, 23n, 24
loopholes, tax, 77
lotteries, 338–39
lucid dreaming, 162
Luddites, 135, 136
lyres, 22, 23n, 24
machines, 19–20, 86, 92, 123, 129–30, 158, 261, 309–11, 328
see also computers
“Machine Stops, The” (Forster), 129–30, 261, 328
machine translations, 19–20
machine vision, 309–11
McMillen, Keith, 117
magic, 110, 115, 151, 178, 216, 338
Malthus, Thomas, 132, 134
Malthusian humor, 125, 127, 132–33
management, 49
manufacturing sector, 49, 85–89, 99, 123, 154, 343
market economies, see economies, market
marketing, 211–13, 266–67, 306, 346
“Markets for Lemons” problem, 118–19
Markoff, John, 213
marriage, 167–68, 274–75, 286
Marxism, 15, 22, 37–38, 48, 136–37, 262
as humor, 126
mash-ups, 191, 221, 224–26, 259
Maslow, Abraham, 260, 315
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 75, 93, 94, 96–97, 157–58, 184
mass media, 7, 66, 86, 109, 120, 135, 136, 185–86, 191, 216, 267
material extinction, 125
materialism, 125n, 195
mathematics, 11, 20, 40–41, 70, 71–72, 75–78, 116, 148, 155, 161, 189n, 273n
see also statistics
Matrix, The, 130, 137, 155
Maxwell, James Clerk, 55
Maxwell’s Demon, 55–56
mechanicals, 49, 51n
Mechanical Turk, 177–78, 185, 187, 349
Medicaid, 99
medicine, 11–13, 17, 18, 54, 66–67, 97–106, 131, 132–33, 134, 150, 157–58, 325, 346, 363, 366–67
Meetings with Remarkable Men (Gurdjieff), 215
mega-dossiers, 60
memes, 124
Memex, 221n
memories, 131, 312–13, 314
meta-analysis, 112
metaphysics, 12, 127, 139, 193–95
Metcalf’s Law, 169n, 350
Mexico City, 159–62
microfilm, 221n
microorganisms, 162
micropayments, 20, 226, 274–75, 286–87, 317, 337–38, 365
Microsoft, 19, 89, 265
Middle Ages, 190
middle class, 2, 3, 9, 11, 16–17, 37–38, 40, 42–45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 60, 74, 79, 91, 92, 95, 98, 171, 205, 208, 210, 224–25, 239–43, 246, 253–54, 259, 262, 263, 280, 291–94, 331, 341n, 344, 345, 347, 354
milling machines, 86
mind reading, 111
Minority Report, 130, 310
Minsky, Marvin, 94, 157–58, 217, 326, 330–31
mission statements, 154–55
Mixed (Augmented) Reality, 312–13, 314, 315
mobile phones, 34n, 39, 85, 87, 162, 172, 182n, 192, 229, 269n, 273, 314, 315, 331
models, economic, 40–41, 148–52, 153, 155–56
modernity, 123–40, 193–94, 255
molds, 86
monetization, 172, 176n, 185, 186, 207, 210, 241–43, 255–56, 258, 260–61, 263, 298, 331, 338, 344–45
money, 3, 21, 29–35, 86, 108, 124, 148, 152, 154, 155, 158, 172, 185, 241–43, 278–79, 284–85, 289, 364
monocultures, 94
monopolies, 60, 65–66, 169–74, 181–82, 187–88, 190, 202, 326, 350
Moondust, 362n
Moore’s Law, 9–18, 20, 153, 274–75, 288
morality, 29–34, 35, 42, 50–52, 54, 71–74, 188, 194–95, 252–64, 335–36
Morlocks, 137
morning-after pill, 104
morphing, 162
mortality, 193, 218, 253, 263–64, 325–31, 367
mortgages, 33, 46, 49–52, 61, 78, 95–96, 99, 224, 227, 239, 245, 255, 274n, 289n, 296, 300
motivation, 7–18, 85–86, 97–98, 216
motivational speakers, 216
movies, 111–12, 130, 137, 165, 192, 193, 204, 206, 256, 261–62, 277–78, 310
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 23n
MRI, 111n
music industry, 11, 18, 22, 23–24, 42, 47–51, 54, 61, 66, 74, 78, 86, 88, 89, 92, 94, 95–96, 97, 129, 132, 134–35, 154, 157, 159–62, 186–87, 192, 206–7, 224, 227, 239, 253, 266–67, 281, 318, 347, 353, 354, 355, 357
Myspace, 180
Nancarrow, Conlon, 159–62
Nancarrow, Yoko, 161
nanopayments, 20, 226, 274–75, 286–87, 317, 337–38, 365
nanorobots, 11, 12, 17
nanotechnology, 11, 12, 17, 87, 162
Napster, 92
narcissism, 153–56, 188, 201
narratives, 165–66, 199
National Security Agency (NSA), 199–200
natural medicine, 131
Nelson, Ted, 128, 221, 228, 245, 349–50
Nelsonian systems, 221–30, 335
Nelson’s humor, 128
Netflix, 192, 223
“net neutrality,” 172
networked cameras, 309–11, 319
networks, see digital networks
neutrinos, 110n
New Age, 211–17
Newmark, Craig, 177n
New Mexico, 159, 203
newspapers, 109, 135, 177n, 225, 284, 285n
New York, N.Y., 75, 91, 266–67
New York Times, 109
Nobel Prize, 40, 118, 143n
nodes, network, 156, 227, 230, 241–43, 350
“no free lunch” principle, 55–56, 59–60
nondeterministic music, 23n
nonlinear solutions, 149–50
nonprofit share sites, 59n, 94–95
nostalgia, 129–32
NRO, 199–200
nuclear power, 133
nuclear weapons, 127, 296
nursing, 97–100, 123, 296n
nursing homes, 97–100, 269
Obama, Barack, 79, 100
“Obamacare,” 100n
obsolescence, 89, 95
oil resources, 43, 133
online stores, 171
Ono, Yoko, 212
ontologies, 124n, 196
open-source applications, 206, 207, 272, 310–11
optical illusions, 121
optimism, 32–35, 45, 130, 138–40, 218, 230n, 295
optimization, 144–47, 148, 153, 154–55, 167, 202, 203
Oracle, 265
Orbitz, 63, 64, 65
organ donors, 190, 191
ouroboros, 154
outcomes, economic, 40–41, 144–45
outsourcing, 177–78, 185
Owens, Buck, 256
packet switching, 228–29
Palmer, Amanda, 186–87
Pandora, 192
panopticons, 308
papacy, 190
paper money, 34n
parallel computers, 147–48, 149, 151
paranoia, 309
Parrish, Maxfield, 214
particle interactions, 196
; party machines, 202
Pascal, Blaise, 132, 139
Pascal’s Wager, 139
passwords, 307, 309
“past-oriented money,” 29–31, 35, 284–85
patterns, information, 178, 183, 184, 188–89
Paul, Ron, 33n
Pauli exclusion principle, 181, 202
PayPal, 60, 93, 326
peasants, 565
pensions, 95, 99
Perestroika (Kushner), 165
“perfect investments,” 59–67, 77–78
performances, musical, 47–48, 51, 186–87, 253
perpetual motion, 55
Persian Gulf, 86
personal computers (PCs), 158, 182n, 214, 223, 229
personal information systems, 110, 312–16, 317
Pfizer, 265
pharmaceuticals industry, 66–67, 100–106, 123, 136, 203
philanthropy, 117
photography, 53, 89n, 92, 94, 309–11, 318, 319, 321
photo-sharing services, 53
physical trades, 292
physicians, 66–67
physics, 88, 153n, 167n
Picasso, Pablo, 108
Pinterest, 180–81, 183
Pirate Party, 49, 199, 206, 226, 253, 284, 318
placebos, 112
placement fees, 184
player pianos, 160–61
plutocracy, 48, 291–94, 355
police, 246, 310, 311, 319–21, 335
politics, 13–18, 21, 22–25, 47–48, 85, 122, 124–26, 128, 134–37, 149–51, 155, 167, 199–234, 295–96, 342
see also conservatism; liberalism; libertarianism
Ponzi schemes, 48
Popper, Karl, 189n
popular culture, 111–12, 130, 137–38, 139, 159
“populating the stack,” 273
population, 17, 34n, 86, 97–100, 123, 125, 132, 133, 269, 296n, 325–26, 346
poverty, 37–38, 42, 44, 53–54, 93–94, 137, 148, 167, 190, 194, 253, 256, 263, 290, 291–92
power, personal, 13–15, 53, 60, 62–63, 86, 114, 116, 120, 122, 158, 166, 172–73, 175, 190, 199, 204, 207, 208, 278–79, 290, 291, 302–3, 308–9, 314, 319, 326, 344, 360
Presley, Elvis, 211
Priceline, 65
pricing strategies, 1–2, 43, 60–66, 72–74, 145, 147–48, 158, 169–74, 226, 261, 272–75, 289, 317–24, 331, 337–38
printers, 90, 99, 154, 162, 212, 269, 310–11, 316, 331, 347, 348, 349
privacy, 1–2, 11, 13–15, 25, 50–51, 64, 99, 108–9, 114–15, 120–21, 152, 177n, 199–200, 201, 204, 206–7, 234–35, 246, 272, 291, 305, 309–13, 314, 315–16, 317, 319–24
privacy rights, 13–15, 25, 204, 305, 312–13, 314, 315–16, 321–22
product design and development, 85–89, 117–20, 128, 136–37, 145, 154, 236
productivity, 7, 56–57, 134–35
profit margins, 59n, 71–72, 76–78, 94–95, 116, 177n, 178, 179, 207, 258, 274–75, 321–22
progress, 9–18, 20, 21, 37, 43, 48, 57, 88, 98, 123, 124–40, 130–37, 256–57, 267, 325–31, 341–42