The Cities That Built the Bible

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The Cities That Built the Bible Page 34

by Dr. Robert Cargill


  Bubastite Portal, 105

  Buscemi, Steve, 99

  Butler, Gerard, 108

  Byblos, 9, 13, 17–19, 21, 28–29

  Brendan Byrne, 248

  Byzantine, 136

  Caesar, Gaius Julius, 138, 241–43

  Caesarea (Maritima), 162, 246

  Caesarea Philippi, 14, 115

  Cairo, 135

  California, 221

  Callimachus of Cyrene, 127

  Cana‘an(ite), 9–10, 16, 18, 20, 31, 35, 38, 50, 57, 59, 61–62, 66, 82, 100, 104, 111, 117, 159, 172, 175, 179, 265

  canon(ical), 2, 4–5, 46, 65, 87, 92, 116, 123–24, 142, 153, 155, 160, 163, 249, 256

  canonize, canonization, 3, 5, 7–8, 11, 164, 262–63

  Capernaum (Kfar Naḥum), 26–27

  Carchemish, Battle of, 82

  Cargill: MacLaren, 71; Quincy, 74; Rory Kate, 74; Roslyn, 112, 129, 136, 187, 235–37; Talitha, 182

  Carrhae, Battle of, 242

  Carthage: city, 16, 21; Third Council of (397 CE), 261, 265

  census, 228, 230

  Chaldea(n), 26, 81, 84

  Cherethites, 184

  Chicago, University of, 44, 206

  Chorazin, 26–27

  Christ, 126, 129, 152–53, 217–18, 225, 239

  Christianity, Christian, 3, 5–7, 8, 10, 47–48, 57, 71, 87–88, 98, 109, 111, 120–22, 124–26, 129, 133, 139, 145–47, 151–53, 163–66, 180, 186–90, 193–94, 209, 213, 218, 220, 235, 237, 239–40, 245, 247–49, 251–56, 258–59, 262–65, 267

  Church of the Ascension, 190

  Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 166, 190–91, 193

  Church of Nativity, 190, 216–18, 220–21

  Cimmerians, 81

  Circus Maximus, 239

  City of David, 173, 177, 184, 228

  Clement of Alexandria, 255

  Cleopatra, 241

  Cline, Eric, 100

  Clytemnestra, 128

  Codex Sinaiticus, 257

  Coelesyria, 241

  Columban monastery, 254

  Commentary (Pesher) on Habakkuk (Ḥabaquq; 1QpHab), 203

  Constans, 258, 261

  Constantine the Great, 121, 190, 192–93, 220, 258

  Constantinople, 258

  Coptic Orthodox Church, 138

  Covenant Code, 81

  Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 242

  Crete, Cretan, 16, 31, 126–27

  Cronus, 239

  Crusades, Crusaders, 193

  cuneiform, 19, 41, 79, 85

  Custer’s Last Stand, 108

  Cynicism, Cynic, 119, 122–23

  Cyprus, Cypriot, 16, 31

  Cyrus: Cylinder, 96; Edict of, 96–98, 180; the Great, 96–97, 159, 180

  Dagon, 32–33

  Da‘esh, 53

  Damascus, 128

  Damascus Gate, 192

  Damasus I, 193, 259, 262

  Danae, 152

  Danatay, 45

  Dan’el (Dan’il): character, 34, 45–46; Epic of, 44

  Daniel (Dani’el; biblical character), 44, 46, 158–59

  Dar-Sharrukin, 55

  Darius I, 20

  Data, Commander, 119

  David, 22, 24, 53, 57, 84, 95, 100, 107, 150–51, 161, 165, 173–79, 183–86, 221–28, 230, 232, 263, 265

  De Vaux, Roland, 204–6

  Dead Sea, 199, 204, 206

  Dead Sea Scrolls, 11, 93, 155, 160, 195–98, 200–202, 204, 206–12, 250, 264–65

  Death (deity), 40, 124

  Deborah, 104–5, 154

  Demetrius of Phalerum, 143–44

  Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 204

  desolating sacrilege (“abomination of desolation”), 242

  deuterocanonical, 163

  Deuteronomyj Scroll (4Q37), 211

  Diadochoi, 92, 115, 117

  Diogenes of Sinope, 120

  Dionysus, 161

  Dialogue with Trypho, 152–53, 218–19

  Didache (Teachings of the Apostles), 256

  Dome of the Rock, 166–68, 170–72

  Domitian, 188

  Door of Humility, 216–17

  dualism, dualist, 121–22

  Dussaud, René, 31, 38

  Dylan, Bob, 140

  Eastern Orthodox Church, 163, 194

  Ebla Tablets, 32–33

  Ecclesiastical History, 126, 254–45

  École Biblique et Archéologique Française in Jerusalem, 204

  Edict of Milan, 193, 258

  Edict of Thessalonica, 193

  Edict of Toleration, 193

  Edicule of the Tomb, 191

  Edom(ite) (’Edom), 76, 90–91

  Ehrman, Bart D., 5

  Ehyeh-asher-ehyeh (deity), 50

  Egypt(ian), 10, 18, 25, 32, 39, 59, 76, 82–83, 94, 102, 104–6, 115, 135–36, 138–39, 141, 146, 172–73, 227–28, 230–32, 257,

  ’El, 10, 35, 42–45, 47–48, 50–51

  ’El Berit, 36

  ’El ‘Elyon, 51

  ’El Shaddai, 50

  ’El’s Divine Feast, 41

  Elam(ite) (‘Elam), 76

  Eleazar, 162

  Elephantine, 39

  Elgin Marbles, 112

  Elijah (’Eliyahu), 154, 239

  ’Elimelek, 222

  ’Eliphaz, 44

  Elisha (’Elisha‘), 154

  Elizabeth, 228

  ’Elohim, 35, 50, 122, 155

  Elpenor, 46

  ’Elqosh, 67

  ’Elyaqim, 61

  ‘Elyon, 50

  Enoch (book of), 250

  Enûma Elish, 56, 77

  ’Ephraim (tribe), 58

  Ephrathah (’Efratah), 222, 224

  Epictetus, 119

  Epicureanism, Epicurean, 120, 122–23, 129

  Epicurus, 120

  Epimenides of Knossos, 126

  Epistle of Barnabas, 255–57

  Erechtheion, 114

  Esagila, 77

  Essenes, 204, 206

  Esther (’Ester; biblical figure), 105

  Etemenanki, 77

  Ethbaal (’Ethba‘al, Ithoba‘al I), 37

  Euphrates River, 71, 117, 147

  Euripides, 114, 126

  Europe, 55, 104, 202

  Eusebius of Caesarea, 162, 190, 254, 258, 261, 265

  Evil-merodach (’Evil Merodak), 85

  execration texts, 172–73

  exodus, 80, 146–47

  Ezekiel (Yeḥezqi’el), 25, 46

  Ezra (‘Ezra’; biblical figure), 163

  Farmers’ Almanac, 20

  Faustulus, 238

  Fertile Crescent, 55, 117

  First Clement (First Letter of Clement of Rome), 255

  Forms (theory), 121

  Forum, Roman (Foro Romano), 187–88, 235–36

  France, French, 108, 240

  Fresno, 221

  Gabri’el, 228–29

  Gadda, Charles, 207

  Gaius Vibius Maximus, 230

  Galerius, 193

  Galilee: region, 28, 193, 221, 228, 231, 243; Sea of, 26, 29

  Gandhi, Mohandas, 95

  Gardner, Lawrence, 197

  Gath, 210

  Gaugamela, Battle of, 115

  Gedaliah (Gedalyahu), 84

  Gehenna, 124, 181

  Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen), 203

  Gentile, 127, 187, 240, 262

  Gerizim, Mount, 178

  Get Smart, 196

  Gezer: (city), 101; Calendar, 20

  Gibeah (Giv‘ah): (city), 176, 223–24; Battle of, 223

  Giblite, 24

  Gideon (Gid‘on), 106

  Giḥon Spring, 172, 184–86

  Gilboa (Gilbo‘a), Mount, 106

  Gilgamesh Epic, 41, 56

  Giza, 135

  God Most High, 51

  Golan Heights, 14

  Golb, Norman, 202–8

  Golb, Raphael, 206–8

  Goliath (Golyat), 3, 161, 176, 210–11

  Gomorrah (‘Amorah), 223

  Google Earth, 11

 
Gospel of Matthias, 256

  Gospel of Peter, 255–56

  Gospel of the Hebrews, 256

  Gospel of Thomas, 256

  Gottesman, David Samuel, 203

  Great Day of God the Almighty, 99, 104, 108–9

  Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa), 196–98

  Great Jewish Revolt, 187, 247

  Great Sioux War of 1876, 108

  Greco-Persian Wars, 108

  Greco-Roman, 136, 241

  Gregory of Nyssa, 260

  Greece, Greek: 9, 10, 14–16, 18–22, 35, 51, 75, 85, 92, 99, 108, 111–12, 114–16, 118–20, 122–29, 131–33, 136, 139–48, 151–53, 156, 161–64, 219–20, 221, 240–41, 244, 249–50, 258–60, 264

  Greek Ezra, 163

  Grotto of the Nativity, 217–18

  Gubal (Gubla, Gebal, Geval), 18

  Hades, 27, 124

  Hadrian, 167

  Ḥam, 76

  Hammurabi I (Hammurapi I): King, 54, 71, 78–79; Law Code of, 78–81

  Ḥananiah, 157

  Har Megiddo (Harmagedon), 108–9. See also Armageddon

  Harding, Gerald Lankester, 204

  Hariya, 43

  Hasmonean, 116, 161, 202, 206

  Ḥaṣ or (Hazor, Hatzor), 37, 49–50, 101, 104, 213

  Ḫattusha (Ha̮tti, Hittite), 833

  Heavenly Host, 66

  Hebrew, 3, 5, 8–11, 13, 18, 20–21, 25, 29, 34–36, 39–40, 42–44, 47–48, 50–51, 53, 58, 61–62, 64, 67–68, 71, 75, 78, 86–88, 91–92, 98–99, 104, 107–8, 116, 122–25, 128–29, 132, 136, 139–48, 151–56, 160, 163–64, 172–73, 175, 179, 183, 188–89, 195, 197, 210–11, 219, 221, 224, 262

  Ḥebron, 48, 174, 227

  Helena: Chapel of St., 193; Empress, 190, 192–93, 220

  hell, 124–125

  Hermes, 241

  Herod the Great, 8, 166–68, 226–28, 231, 243–45, 262

  Herodotus, 19, 114, 147

  Ḥezekiah (Ḥizqiyah, Ḥizqiyahu, Yeḥizqiyahu), 9, 60–63, 69, 94, 148–52, 165, 183

  hieratic script, 172

  Hillah, 71

  Hinnom Valley, 181

  Hippocrates, 114

  Ḥiram, 22–24

  Histories, 147

  Hoffmeier, James, 176

  Ḥofra‘, 83

  Holofernes, 155

  Holy: Cave, 217; Nails, 192; of Holies, 161, 168, 179, 196, 242

  homologoumenoi, 255

  Hubur, 43

  ˘ Hussein, Saddam, 82

  Hymn to Zeus, 127

  Ibiza, 16

  Idumea(n), 242

  ‘Ijha, Ibrahim, 201

  Immanuel (‘Immanu ’El), 149–50, 152

  Indian Ocean, 24, 55

  Intifada, 242

  Iowa: state, 221; University of, 199

  Iraq, 55, 71–72

  Irenaeus, 254

  Iron & Wine, 236

  Isaac (Yiṣḥaq), 174

  Isaiah (Yesha‘yahu; prophet), 17, 93, 146, 149–51, 153

  Isaiahb Scroll (1QIsab), 202

  Ishtar: deity, 55; Gate, 82, 85

  ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria), 53

  Iskenderun, 115

  Islam(ic), 53, 165–67, 172

  Isrā and Mi‘rāj, 167

  Israel(i) (Yis´ra’el) (modern state), 13–15, 167, 171, 201, 203, 219

  Israel(ite) (Yis´ra’el) (ancient), 8–10, 13, 16–17, 22–25, 28, 31, 35–40, 43, 46–47, 49–51, 53–54, 57–60, 64, 66, 68–69, 84, 96–97, 102, 104, 106–7, 146–47, 149–50, 154, 173–79, 183–85, 193, 202, 211, 214–15, 221–28, 232, 235, 263–64

  Israel Antiquities Authority, 14

  Israel Defense Forces, 203

  Israel Museum, 37–38, 48–50, 56, 63, 102, 181–82, 196, 237, 246

  Issus, Battle of, 115

  Istanbul, 258

  Iowa, University of, 3, 199–200

  Iudaea (Roman province), 247. See also Judea

  Jacob (Ya‘aqov), 35, 96, 174

  James (apostle), 193

  Jamnia (Yavne), Council of, 250

  Japheth (Yafet), 76

  Jebus(ite), 173, 175–77, 179

  Jeho’aḥaz, 94

  Jehoiachin (Yehoyakin), 83, 85–86, 94, 98

  Jehoiakim (Yehoyaqim), 82, 95

  Jehoram (Yehoram), 107

  Jehu’ (Yehu’), 59, 107

  Jeremiah (Yirmeyahu), 63, 69, 83, 93–96

  Jeroboam (Yarov‘am) son of Nebat, 37, 53, 58, 69, 224

  Jerome, 156, 162, 259, 262, 265

  Jerusalem (Yerushalayim): 10, 14, 17, 20–25, 28–29, 36, 45, 50, 56–57, 59–64, 69, 71–72, 81–84, 86–94, 96–98, 105–6, 108, 115–16, 118, 148–51, 159–60, 165–68, 170–81, 184–93, 197–99, 204, 213, 221, 235, 237, 240–43, 245, 262, 264

  Jesse (Yishai), 222, 226–28

  Jesuit Theological College, 248

  Jesus (of Nazareth), 3, 8, 11, 17, 21, 26–29, 46, 65–66, 69, 89, 120, 124, 128, 130, 132, 146–48, 152–54, 166, 185–87, 189–93, 213, 216–21, 225–33, 235, 239, 241, 244–46, 253–54, 256–58, 262–65

  Jew, Jewish, 3, 6–10, 14, 17, 25–29, 39, 47–49, 57, 62, 65–66, 69, 75, 84, 87–89, 92–94, 98, 108–9, 111, 115– 16, 118–19, 122–26, 129–30, 133, 136, 139–46, 150–51, 153, 155–59, 161–64, 167–69, 180–81, 186–87, 193–94, 201–6, 209, 212, 222, 227, 231–32, 243–45, 263, 265, 267

  Jewish War, The, 187

  Jezebel (’Izebel), 37, 107

  Jezreel (Yizre‘’el) Valley, 104, 106–7

  Joab (Yo’av), 173–74

  Job (’Iyov; biblical figure), 46, 264

  John Hyrcanus, 161

  John of Patmos, 107

  John the Baptist, 228

  Jonah (Yonah; prophet), 53, 64–66, 69

  Jonathan (Yehonatan), 106

  Jordan(ian) (state), 199

  Jordan River, 40

  Joseph: husband of Mary, 218, 227–28, 230–31; patriarch, 43; of Arimathea, 46

  Josephus, Flavius, 126, 143, 145, 147, 162, 187, 210, 231, 243, 248–49

  Joshua (Yehoshu‘a), 174–77

  Josiah (Yo’shiyahu), 66, 93, 107, 165, 183

  Jubilees (book of), 250

  Judah(ite) (Yehudah; tribe, kingdom), 10, 20, 53–54, 57–61, 64, 66, 68–69, 75, 83–87, 90–91, 94–97, 104, 107, 149–50, 155, 159–60, 174–76, 180–81, 183–85, 189, 193, 221, 224, 226, 263–64

  Judaism, 7, 11, 21, 47–49, 84, 92, 111, 124–25, 133, 136, 139, 144–45, 162, 165–67, 172, 183, 188–89, 235, 237, 262, 265

  Judas Iscariot, 240

  Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee), 116, 161

  Judea, 98, 115, 133, 141, 161, 180, 226, 228, 231–32, 243, 245

  Judge Nahar (Judge River), 39

  Judith (character), 155

  Jupiter (deity), 241

  Justin Martyr, 152–53, 218–20

  Justinian I, 221

  Kando (Shahin, Khalil Eskander), 201

  Karnak, 104–6

  Keimer, Kyle, 213–15

  Ketef Hinnom Inscriptions, 181–83

  Khirbet el-Qom, 47–48

  Khorsabad, 55

  Khufu, 135

  Kibbutz Snir, 14

  Kidman, Nicole, 1–2

  Kidron (Qidron) Valley, 184–86

  Kilyon, 222

  King Arthur, 61

  King, Martin Luther, Jr., 95

  Kirta (Keret): character, 43–44; Legend of, 34, 41, 43–44

  Koldewey, Robert, 85

  Kotel, 171. See also Western Wall

  Kothar wa-Ḥasis, 42, 45

  Kuby, Ron, 208

  Kuntillet ‘Ajrud, 47

  Lachish: city, 101; Relief Panels, 56; Siege of, 56

  Lactantius, 130

  Lakota (Native American tribe), 108

  Latakia, 31

  Latin, 145, 156, 163, 217, 237, 254

  Laodicea, Synod of, 260

  Law & Order, 158

  Layard, Sir Austen Henry, 56

  Leah (Le’ah), 222

  Lebanon, 13–15, 22, 24, 104, 202, 240
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  Leonidas, 108

  Letoïus, 260

  Letter of Aristeas, 140–45, 162, 164

  Letter of Jeremiah Scroll (7Q2), 156

  Letter to Eustochium, 260

  Letters to God Department, 171

  Levi(te) (tribe), 223

  Library of Alexandria. See Alexandria, Library of

  Library of Ashurbanipal. See Ashurbanipal,Library of

  Library of Congress, 202

  Libya, 16

  Lightfoot, Neil, 5

  Lipin´ski, Edward, 23

  “Little Apocalypse,” 245

  Little Bighorn, Battle of the, 108

  Livy, 238

  logos, 122, 148

  London, 55–56, 112

  Louvre, 38, 80

  Lucretius, 120

  Luther, Martin, 249

  Ma‘ale ’Adumim, 199

  Maccabee, Maccabean: family, 166; Revolt, 116, 161, 242

  Magi, 227, 231–32

  Maḥlon, 222

  Malki-shu‘a, 106

  Malkiah, 95

  Malta, 16

  Mami, 32

  Manasseh (Menasheh), 36, 159–60

  Manger Square, 216

  Manual of Discipline (Community Rule; 1QS Serek ha-Yaḥad), 203

  Mar Samuel (Samuel, Athanasius Yeshue), 201–3

  Marcion of Sinope, 253

  Marduk, 77, 97

  Mari Archives, 32–33

  Mark Antony, 241

  Mars (deity), 238, 241

  Mary (mother of Jesus), 147–48, 152, 217–18, 227–31

  Masada (Meṣ adah), 219

  Masoretes, Masoretic, 9, 46, 61, 210–11, 250

  maṣṣeboth, 49–50

  Mattathias, 116

  menorah, 187

  McDonald, Lee A., 5

  Media(n), Medes, 81, 91, 117

  Mediterranean, 9–10, 16, 18–19, 23, 31, 39, 42, 54, 79, 82, 92, 104, 111, 115–16, 136, 147, 235, 240, 247, 250

  Megiddo: city, 10, 99–109, 264; Battle of, 104

  Megillot, 87

  Melchisedek (Melki-Ṣedeq), 51, 175

  Menander, 126

  Mercury (deity), 241

  Mesha: King, 59; Stele (Moabite Stone), 59

  Meshach, 157–58

  Mesopotamia(n), 20, 31–33, 40–41, 51, 54, 77–78, 82, 96, 104, 111

  messiah, 8, 69, 96–97, 124, 148, 159, 183, 188, 221, 224–27, 232, 248, 263

  Metzger, Bruce, 5, 141, 156

  Middle Assyrian Kingdom, 54

  Midian(ite), 106

  Milcom (Molek), 66

  Milliarium Aureum (Golden Milestone), 236–37

  Minet el-Beida, 31

  Misha’el, 157

  Mishnah, 122, 189, 247, 250

  Mithraic Mysteries, 219

  Moab(ite) (Mo’ab), 59, 76, 222

  Moberly, R. W. L., 51

  Montana Territory, 108

  Monty Python, 61

  Moral Letters to Lucilius, 130, 132

  Moroccan Quarter (Jerusalem), 168

  Morrissey, 86

  Moses (Mosheh), 50, 80–81, 100, 227, 232

 

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