42 Documents and materials collected by Dr Shalom Cholawski (Jerusalem).
43 Joseph Matsas, The Participation of the Greek Jews in the National Resistance (1940–1944), Janina, Greece, 1982 (a lecture delivered in Athens on 2 October 1982 and in Salonica on 6 December 1982), text from Moshe Sakkis.
44 Report of 7 October 1943, Cracow: Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous among Nations, op. cit., page 602.
45 Ger van Roon, Widerstand im Dritten Reich: Ein Ueberblick, Munich 1980; cited by Egon Larsen, ‘Resistance in Nazi Germany’, Association of Jewish Refugees from Germany, Information, January 1981, volume 36, number 1.
46 Kitty Hart, Return to Auschwitz, London 1981, page 101.
32. ‘DO NOT THINK OUR SPIRIT IS BROKEN’
1 Czech, ‘Kalendarium’, op. cit., entry for 5 November 1943.
2 Krakowski, War of the Doomed, op. cit., page 270.
3 Wdowinski, And We Are Not Saved, op. cit., page 66, note 1.
4 Ibid., page 99.
5 ‘Liquidation of the Concentration Camp at Poniatov: Report by a Woman who Fled from the Grave’, Bulletin, London, op. cit.: Foreign Office papers, 371/51112, folios 79–89. Sometimes also spelt Poniatow, the correct spelling of the camp, and village, is Poniatowa.
6 Lubetkin, In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit., page 296.
7 ‘The Mass Slaughter at the Poniatow Camp’, Bulletin, London, op. cit.
8 Sergio Delia Pergola, ‘Genoa’: Encyclopaedia Judaica, Jerusalem 1972, volume 7, columns 408–9.
9 Trunk, Judenrat, op. cit., page 441.
10 ‘The Manuscript’: Bezwinska and Czech, Amidst a Nightmare of Crime, op. cit., pages 118–19. This manuscript, written in Yiddish, in black ink, on twenty-one pages, was discovered in 1952 on the site of Crematorium III. The last entry in the text is dated 26 November 1944. The name of the author is unknown.
11 Mordechai Kaplan, ‘Bachi, Armando (1883–1943)’: Encyclopaedia Judaica, Jerusalem 1972, volume 4, columns 52–3.
12 Council of Jewish Communities in the Czech Lands, Terezin, Prague 1965, page 34; Lederer, Ghetto Theresienstadt, op. cit., pages 101–2.
13 Lederer, op. cit., page 104–5.
14 Meed, On Both Sides of the Wall, op. cit., pages 201–2.
15 Ibid., page 205.
16 Yitzhak Zuckerman, ‘Twenty-Five Years After the Warsaw Ghetto Revolt’: Jewish Resistance During the Holocaust (Proceedings of the Conference on Manifestations of Jewish Resistance, Jerusalem, April 7–11, 1968), Jerusalem 1971, page 33.
17 Roza Bauminger, Przy Pikrynie i Trotylu, Cracow 1946. Translation by Ben Helfgott.
18 Czech, ‘Kalendarium’, op. cit., entry for 17 November 1943.
19 ‘The Manuscript’: Bezwinska and Czech, op. cit., page 114–15.
20 Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, op. cit., pages 505–7.
21 Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem: L 15/117.
22 Czech, ‘Kalendarium’, op. cit., entry for 5 November 1943.
23 Weliczker Wells, The Janowska Road, op. cit., page 217.
24 Ainsztein, Jewish Resistance in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe, op. cit., page 713.
25 Testimony of Josef Reznik: Eichmann Trial, 5 June 1961, session 64.
26 Krakowski, The War of the Doomed, op. cit., page 271.
27 Testimony of Josef Reznik: Eichmann Trial, 5 June 1961, session 64.
28 Author’s photographic record, Borki, 7 August 1980.
29 Sandomierz: Scenes of Fighting and Martyrdom Guide, op. cit., page 209.
30 Miechow: ibid., page 120.
31 Schwarzbart diary, 1 December 1943: Yad Vashem archive.
32 Trunk, op. cit., page 418.
33 Document dated 16 December 1943: Lubetsky archive.
34 Czech, ‘Kalendarium’, op. cit., entry for 13 November 1943.
35 Ibid., entry for 21 December.
36 Ainsztein, op. cit., page 922, note 57.
37 Report Number 238, 22 December 1943: Mark, Uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto, op. cit., document 69, page 175.
38 Meed, op. cit., page 290.
39 Joseph Ariel (Joseph Fischer), ‘Jewish Self-Defence and Resistance in France during World War II’: Yad Vashem Studies, VI, Jerusalem 1967, page 221–50.
40 Vincent Brome, The Way Back: the Story of Lieutenant-Commander Pat O’Leary, GC, DSO, RN, London 1958, pages 230–4.
41 Zvie A. Brown and Dov Levin, The Story of an Underground: the Resistance of the Jews of Kovno (Lithuania) in the Second World War, Jerusalem 1962.
42 Krakowski, War of the Doomed, op. cit., pages 271–3; testimony of Josef Reznik, Eichmann Trial, 5 June 1961, session 64.
33. ‘ONE SHOULD LIKE SO MUCH TO LIVE A LITTLE BIT LONGER’
1 Testimony of Madame Claude Vaillant Couturier, 28 January 1946: The Trial of German Major War Criminals, op. cit., pages 191–2.
2 Rudolf Vrba recollections, The World at War, film documentary, Thames Television, 1974.
3 Salmen Lewental notebook: Bezwinska and Czech, Amidst a Nightmare of Crime, op. cit., pages 142–5.
4 Lodz Chronicle, 20 January 1944: Dobroszycki, op. cit., page 435.
5 Lodz Chronicle, 21 January 1944: ibid., page 435.
6 Lodz Chronicle, 18 February 1944: ibid., page 456.
7 Lodz Chronicle, 9 February 1944: ibid., page 448.
8 Lodz Chronicle: ibid., page 448, note 6.
9 Szajkowski, Analytical Franco-Jewish Gazetteer, op. cit., page 150.
10 Testimony of Raizl Tabakman Kibel (born in Warsaw, 7 December 1915, emigrated to France with her parents in 1929): Yad Vashem archive, 03/882.
11 Stanislaw Wanshik, letters of 25 February 1947 and 29 January 1948: The Diary of Adam’s Father, Tel Aviv 1973, pages 87 and 97–8.
12 Tuvia Borzykowski, diary entry for 28 January 1944: Between Tumbling Walls, op. cit., pages 136–7.
13 Sloan, op. cit., page 346.
14 Bartoszewski and Lewin, Righteous Among Nations, op. cit., page 603.
15 Ibid., pages 598–9.
16 David Guzik (American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee), Warsaw, 23 February 1946: copy sent to the author by Gustav Szyldkraut of Toronto, Irena Szyldkraut’s father.
17 Z.S. ‘Hirschler, René, 1905–1944’, Encyclopaedia Judaica, Jerusalem 1972, volume 8, column 528.
18 Klarsfeld, Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, op. cit., pages 498–507; private information.
19 Testimony of Philip Mechanicus: Presser, The Destruction of the Dutch Jews, op. cit., pages 414–15.
20 Czech, ‘Kalendarium’, op. cit., entry for 10 February 1944.
21 Erich Kulka, ‘Jewish Revolt in Auschwitz’, op. cit.
22 Hans Frank Diary, op. cit., entry for 4 March 1944 (Loose-Leaf File).
23 Bartoszewski, Warsaw Death Ring, op. cit., page 298.
24 Dr Konstantin, Bazarov, letter to the author, 7 October 1978.
25 Dan Pagis, ‘Vogel, David, 1891–1944’, Encyclopaedia Judaica, Jerusalem 1972, volume 16, columns 202–3.
26 ‘List of Deportees, Convoy 69’: Klarsfeld, Memorial to the Jews, op. cit., pages 508, 518 and 526.
27 For an account of the destruction of the ‘family camp’, written in Prague by the two maintenance men themselves, see Ota Kraus and Erich Kulka, The Death Factory, Oxford 1966, pages 172–4.
28 Erich Kulka, ‘Five Escapees from Auschwitz’: Yuri Suhl (editor), They Fought Back: the Story of Jewish Resistance in Nazi Europe, London 1968, page 224.
29 Lederer, Ghetto Theresienstadt, op. cit., page 227.
30 Meed, On Both Sides, op. cit., pages 264–5; Friedman, Martyrs and Fighters, op. cit., pages 304–6.
31 Julian Hirszhaut, ‘Dark Nights in the Pawiak’ (Yiddish), Buenos Aires 1948, pages 196–200: Friedman, Martyrs and Fighters, op. cit., pages 304–6; Julien Hirshaut, Jewish Martyrs of Pawiak, op. cit., pages 175–6.
32 Kermish and Krakowski, Emanuel Ringelblum, Polish-Jewish Relations during the Second World War, op. cit., p
age xxx. Among the Poles specifically mentioned by Ringelblum, with details of how they saved Jews, were Julian Kudasiewicz, Gerhard Gadejski, Professor Tadeusz Kotarbinski, Pawel Harmuszko, Witold Benedyktowicz and Ignacy Kasprzykowski.
33 Ibid., page 8.
34 Ibid., page 183.
35 Ibid., pages 247–9.
34. FROM THE OCCUPATION OF HUNGARY TO THE NORMANDY LANDINGS
1 Affidavit of SS Captain Dieter Wisliceny, 7 October 1947, International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg: document NG-2867. See also Braham, The Politics of Genocide, op. cit., volume 2, page 396.
2 Braham, op. cit., volume 2, page 597.
3 Affidavit of SS Major-General Otto Winkelmann, 3 June 1947, International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg: document NO-4139.
4 Recollections of Hugo Gryn, in conversation with the author, London.
5 Braham, op. cit., volume 2, pages 484–5.
6 Letter of 28 March 1944 to Alexander Leitner: ibid., page 436.
7 Ibid., page 485.
8 Material collected by Shalom Cholawski, for his doctoral thesis at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (December 1977).
9 Ainsztein, Jewish Resistance in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe, op. cit., pages 386–7.
10 Robert Katz, Death in Rome, London 1967.
11 Klarsfeld, Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, op. cit., page 650.
12 Yad Vashem photographic collection; Klarsfeld, op. cit., page 645 (where his name is given as Gelchman).
13 Information from Solidarité Juive, Brussels.
14 Testimony of Lea Svirsky (born in Swieciany on 27 April 1926): Yad Vashem archive.
15 Zalman Grinberg, speech of 27 May 1945, op. cit.
16 Information provided by Eitan Finkelstein. In 1984, Zahar Kaplanas was among more than 10,000 Soviet Jews who had been refused permission to emigrate to Israel.
17 Testimony of Dr Aharon Peretz: Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 28.
18 Edelbaum, Growing Up in the Holocaust, op. cit., pages 171–3.
19 ‘Transportliste’, 5 April 1944: Archivio Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea, Milan.
20 Szajkowski, Analytical Franco-Jewish Gazetteer, op. cit., page 150.
21 Klarsfeld, op. cit., page 534.
22 Tom Bower, Klaus Barbie, Butcher of Lyons, London 1984, page 93.
23 Bartoszewski, Warsaw Death Ring, op. cit., page 305.
24 They reached camp Fedallah in Casablanca on 21 June 1944, Port Said on 13 November 1944, and Palestine on 27 November 1944.
25 Notes of an ‘Unknown author’: Bezwinska and Czech, Amidst a Nightmare of Crime, op. cit., pages 117–18.
26 The Diary of Anne Frank, London 1954, pages 174–5. Anne Frank was fifteen years old on 12 June 1944.
27 Testimony of Szloma Gol, sworn at Nuremberg, 9 August 1946: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document D-964.
28 Ainsztein, op. cit., pages 706–7.
29 Arad, Ghetto in Flames, op. cit., page 445.
30 Testimony of Raya Barnea (Weberman): written at Hadera, Israel, on 10 January 1982.
31 Braham, op. cit., volume 2, page 598.
32 Report by Rudolf Kastner (Rezo Kasztner): Eichmann Trial, 1 June 1961, session 62 (document 900).
33 Braham, op. cit., volume 2, page 599.
34 Moshe Sandberg, My Longest Year: in the Hungarian Labour Service and in the Nazi Camps, Jerusalem 1968, page 18.
35 International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document PS-2605.
36 On 8 August 1942: Klarsfeld, op. cit., page 552.
37 Yitzhak Katznelson, ‘Song of the Murdered Jewish People’: Hebrew text provided, and translated, by Miriam Novitch.
38 Dr Konstantin Bazarov, letter to the author, op. cit.
39 Falstein, The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians in Poland, op. cit., page 361.
40 Bartoszewski, op. cit., page 312.
41 Ainsztein, op. cit., page 425.
42 ‘Gliwice’ (Gleiwitz): Obozy hitlerowskie, op. cit., page 370, Camp Listing numbers 3288, 3289, 3290 and 3291.
43 ‘Jaworzno’ (Neu Dachs): ibid., page 371, Camp Listing number 3296.
44 ‘Kedzierzyn-Kozle’ (Blechhammer): ibid., page 371, Camp Listing number 3297.
45 ‘Bobrek’: ibid., page 369, Camp Listing number 3279.
46 ‘Myslowice’ (Furstengrübe): ibid., page 372, Camp Listing number 3301.
47 ‘Siemianowice Slaskie’ (Laurahutte): ibid., page 372, Camp Listing number 3307.
48 ‘Tychy’ (Gunthergrübe): ibid., page 373, Camp Listing number 3313.
49 ‘Sosnowiec (Sosnowice): ibid., page 372, Camp Listing number 3309.
50 ‘Oswiecim’ (Auschwitz-Birkenau): ibid., page 365, Camp Listing number 3276.
51 ‘Monowice (Monowitz): ibid., page 371–2, Camp Listing number 3300.
52 ‘Report drawn up on 12 October 1944’ (by a Jew from Hungary): Pazner papers, Yad Vashem archive.
53 Mel Mermelstein, By Bread Alone: the Story of A.4685, Los Angeles 1979, page 101.
54 ‘Report drawn up on 12 October 1944’ (by a Jew from Hungary): Pazner papers, Yad Vashem archive.
55 Judith Sternberg Newman, In the Hell of Auschwitz, New York 1964, page 18: quoted in Terence Des Pres, The Survivor: an Anatomy of Life in the Death Camps, London 1976, page 86.
56 Alter Feinsilber, testimony given on 16 April 1945, Cracow: Bezwinska and Czech, Amidst a Nightmare of Crime, op. cit., page 56.
57 Alter Feinsilber: Bezwinska and Czech, op. cit., page 65.
58 Deutsche faschistische Konzentrationslager auf dem Gebiet des heutige Polen 1939–1945 (single-sheet map, undated); recollection of Hugo Gryn, one of the deportees to the Ullersdorf site, in conversation with the author, London.
59 Recollection of Hugo Gryn, in conversation with the author, London.
60 Testimony of Yehuda Bakon: Eichmann Trial, 7 June 1961, session 68.
61 Czech, ‘Kalendarium’, op. cit.: entries from 15 May to 31 May 1944.
62 ‘Transportliste’, 16 May 1944: Archivio, Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea, Milan.
63 Testimony of Pavilas Tcherekas: Klarsfeld, op. cit., page 546.
64 Braham, op. cit., page 993.
65 Ibid., pages 605–6.
66 Report of 25 May 1944: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NG-5608.
67 Garlinski, Fighting Auschwitz, op. cit., page 323.
68 Braham, op. cit., page 608.
69 ‘Secret’ Report No. 18, ‘Horrors of Oswiecim’: Foreign Office papers, 898/423.
70 ‘The Vrba—Wetzler’ and ‘Mordowicz—Rosin’ reports: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document L-022.
71 Report of 25 May 1944: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NG-5608.
72 Report of 31 May 1944: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NG-5624.
73 Report of Dr Loewenherz (of Vienna): Eichmann Trial, 31 May 1961, document 1125.
74 Leon Szalet, Experiment ‘E’, New York, 1945, page 42: quoted in Des Pres, op. cit., page 73.
75 Halina Birenbaum, Hope is the Last to Die, New York 1971, page 134: quoted in Des Pres, op. cit., page 60.
76 Louise S., ‘The Camp at Birkenau’: Bulletin, op. cit., November 1945. Louise S. had reached Birkenau from Cluj on 27 May 1944.
77 Testimony of Rudolf Kastner (Reszo Kasztner): Eichmann Trial, 30 May 1961, session 56.
78 The train with the 1,686 Hungarian Jews left Hungary for Belsen and then Switzerland on 29 June 1944. On 22 August 1944, 318 of the Hungarian Jews reached the Swiss city of Basle from Belsen. The second group, of 1,368 Jews, reached Switzerland on 7 December 1944: Braham, op. cit., pages 956–7.
79 For a full account of these negotiations, see Martin Gilbert, Auschwitz and the Allies, London 1981, pages 212–61.
80 Recollections of Freda Silberberg (Wineman), in conversation with the author, London.
81 Czech, ‘Kalendarium’, op. cit., entry for 30 June 1944.
&
nbsp; 82 Molho, In Memoriam, op. cit. According to a recent account by Shlomo Karmiel, the 260 Jews from Canea who were seized on 20 May 1944 were executed on Crete, and their bodies put on board the ship, which was sunk to destroy the evidence. They were shot, he believes, ‘because they were involved in helping British Intelligence in plans to abduct General Kreipe, who commanded the Nazi forces in Crete.’ (Marcel M. Yoel, ‘Canea Jews—the truth’, Jewish Chronicle, 19 November 1984.)
83 Sam Modiano, ‘Island’s Jews Saved by Greek Archbishop’: Jewish Chronicle, 3 November 1978. See also Molho, op. cit.
84 Lodz Chronicle: Dobroszycki, op. cit., page 498, note 20.
85 Lodz Chronicle, 8 June 1944: ibid., pages 499–500.
86 Lodz Chronicle, 9 June 1944: ibid., page 500.
87 Diary entry for 6 June 1944: Eisenberg, Witness to the Holocaust, op. cit., page 323. The boy’s name and fate are unknown.
88 Anne Frank, letter of 6 June 1944: The Diary of Anne Frank, op. cit., pages 203–4.
35. ‘MAY ONE CRY NOW?’
1 Reuven Dafni, in conversation with the author, Jerusalem.
2 Klarsfeld, Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, op. cit., pages 642 and 645.
3 Szajkowski, Analytical Franco-Jewish Gazetteer, op. cit., page 150.
4 ‘Leon Yitshak Sakkis (1925–44)’: letter from Moshe Sakkis to the author, Athens, 26 September 1983.
5 Szajkowski, op. cit., page 150; Klarsfeld, op. cit., page 643. On 29 June 1944 Isaac Ben Zimra, aged twenty-three, was shot for resistance: he had been born in French North Africa, in Oran.
6 Report of 13 June 1944: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NG-5617.
7 ‘Transports come to Dachau camp (of new interned and from other camps) for the time 22.3.1933–29.4.1945’: KZ-Gedenkenstatte Dachau, Museum-Archiv-Bibliothek.
8 Krzystof Dunin-Wasowicz, ‘Zydowscy wiezniowie KL Stuffhof’, Biuletyn, Warsaw, op. cit., number 63, 1967, pages 11–17.
9 Testimony of Madame Claude Vaillant Couturier, 28 January 1946: The Trial of German Major War Criminals, op. cit., page 190.
10 David Horovitz, ‘40 Years of Despair’: Jerusalem Post, 23 November 1984.
11 Testimony of Vera Kriegel: Horovitz, op. cit.; Jerusalem Post International Edition, week ending 16 February 1985.
12 ‘The Mengele Case—a Summary’, document no. 50/4, JS 340/68, 19 January 1981: Ernie Mayer, ‘The Case against Josef Mengele’, op. cit.
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