by Dan Jones
17. Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade 78–9.
18. Ibid. 79.
19. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 368.
20. Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade 79.
21. Ibid. 80.
22. This would seem to explain the gap in the dates between the attack on the Great Ship, dated by most sources as 7 June, and details of the attack reaching Saladin, which Ibn Shaddad and the author of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum agree took place on 11 June. Richards, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin 151; Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade 199. Ibn Shaddad is surely mistaken in placing the naval engagement on 11 June.
23. Richards, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin 150.
24. Ibid. 145.
25. Ibid. 146.
26. Burgtorf, The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars 79–80.
27. Barber, The New Knighthood 119.
28. Burgtorf, The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars 523–7.
29. Richards, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin 158.
30. Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade 209.
31. Richards, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin 162.
32. Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade 237; cf. Asbridge, The Crusades 461.
33. Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade 245.
34. Ibid. 245.
35. Ibn Shaddad was an eyewitness and participant in the battle of Arsuf and gives a markedly less rhetorical and standardized account of events than the author of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum. Richards, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin 174–6.
36. Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade 258.
37. Richards, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin 178.
38. Ibid. 186–8.
39. Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade 278.
40. de Mas Latrie, Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier 296–7.
41. According to John of Joinville. Giles, J.A. (ed.), Chronicles of the Crusades: Being Contemporary Narratives of the Crusade of Richard Coeur de Lion, by Richard of Devizes and Geoffrey de Vinsauf; and of the Crusade of Saint Louis, by Lord John de Joinville (London/New York: 1892) 495.
42. For a succinct overview of the Templars’ brief tenure in Cyprus, see Hill, G.F., A History of Cyprus II: The Frankish Period, 1192–1432 (Cambridge: 1948) 34–8; a more in-depth and recent study is Edbury, P., ‘The Templars in Cyprus’ in Barber, Fighting for the Faith 189–95.
13: ‘Nowhere in Poverty’
1. This book is today in the UK National Archives at Kew, E.164/16, and its Latin text has been usefully transcribed with an informative introduction in English in Lees, Records of the Templars in England in the Twelfth Century 139–41.
2. Holden, A.J., Gregory, S. and Crouch, D. (ed. and trans.), History of William Marshal (London, 3 vols: 2002–6) II, 419–21.
3. Gervers, M., ‘Pro defensione Terre Sancte: the Development and Exploitation of the Hospitallers’ Landed Estate in Essex’ in Barber, Fighting for the Faith 5.
4. Lees, Records of the Templars in England in the Twelfth Century 139–40.
5. The most up-to-date edition and translation of Magna Carta 1215 is online, at http://magnacarta.cmp.uea.ac.uk/
6. James, Brooke and Mynors, Walter Map: De Nugis Curialium, Courtier’s Trifles 54–5.
7. Ibid. 60–1.
8. Borchardt, K., ‘The Military–Religious Orders in the Crusader West’ in Boas, A.J. (ed.), The Crusader World (London/New York: 2016) 111–128.
9. For Richard I’s confirmation of the Templars’ rights at Garway, see Lees, Records of the Templars in England in the Twelfth Century 142.
10. James, Brooke and Mynors, Walter Map: De Nugis Curialium, Courtier’s Trifles 60–1.
11. For a discussion of John of Salisbury’s attitude to the Templars, including this translation of his Polycraticus, see Barber, The New Knighthood 59–61.
12. Ibid. 61.
13. Bellomo, E., The Templar Order in North-West Italy (1142–c.1330) (Boston/Leiden: 2008) 34–5. The pope also made use of the other major military orders, the Hospitallers and the Teutonic Order.
14. De la Torre, I., ‘The London and Paris Temples: A Comparative Analysis of their Financial Services for the Kings during the Thirteenth Century’ in Upton-Ward, The Military Orders: Volume 4 122.
15. Barber, The New Knighthood 262–3.
16. Gargallo Moya, Cartulario del Temple de Huesca 85, 87, 94.
17. Smith, D.J. and Buffery, H. (eds.), The Book of Deeds of James I of Aragón: A Translation of the Medieval Catalan Llibre dels Fets (Farnham: 2003) 26–8.
18. Forey, The Templars in the Corona de Aragón 34–5.
19. Richards, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin 240–5.
20. See the papal bull Post miserabile, printed in English translation in Bird, Peters and Powell, Crusade and Christendom 28–37.
14: ‘Damietta!’
1. Château Pèlerin is often now known as ‘Atlit. For details of modern studies on its remains see Kennedy, Crusader Castles 124–7; Boas, Archaeology of the Military Orders 32–8.
2. Upton-Ward, The Rule of The Templars 155–6, 153–4, 148.
3. Letter traditionally – and probably wrongly – attributed to James of Vitry, bishop of Acre, translated and printed in Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 110.
4. James of Vitry identifies the ships as cogs. See letter translated and printed in Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 112.
5. Conedera, S.Z., Ecclesiastical Knights: The Military Orders in Castile, 1150–1330 (New York: 2015) 87.
6. O’Callaghan, J.F., A History of Medieval Spain (Ithaca/London: 1975) 243–9.
7. On the siege of Alcácer do Sal, see O’Callaghan, J.F., Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain (Philadelphia: 2002) 78–80.
8. I have given page references here to the most widely available edition of J.J. Gavigan’s 1948 English translation of Oliver of Paderborn’s chronicle, ‘The Capture of Damietta’, to be found in Bird, Peters and Powell, Crusade and Christendom 158–225. This quote is ibid. 165–6.
9. Ibid. 187.
10. Ibid. 194.
11. Murray, A.V., ‘The place of Egypt in the Military Strategy of the Crusades, 1099–1221’ in Mylod, E.J., Perry, G., Smith, T.W. and Vandeburie, J. (eds.), The Fifth Crusade in Context: The Crusading Movement in the Early Thirteenth Century (London/New York: 2017) 13–131.
12. On Honorius’s role in crusading, particularly as distinct from Innocent III’s, see Smith, T.W., ‘The Role of Pope Honorius III in the Fifth Crusade’ in Mylod, Perry, Smith and Vandeburie, The Fifth Crusade in Context 15–26.
13. Letter quoted by Claverie, P.V., ‘“Totius populi Christiani negotium” The crusading conception of Pope Honorius III, 1216–21’ in Mylod, Perry, Smith and Vandeburie, The Fifth Crusade in Context 34.
14. Delisle, L (ed.), Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France XIX (Paris: 1880), 640.
15. Letter from John of Brienne to Frederick II Hohenstaufen, printed in Mylod, Perry, Smith and Vandeburie, The Fifth Crusade in Context 43–5.
16. Described by various chroniclers, including Ibn al-Athir, who wrote: ‘Had it not been for this tower and these chains nobody would have been able to keep the enemy’s ships out of any part of Egypt, near or far.’ Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir III, 176.
17. Bird, Peters and Powell, Crusade and Christendom 168–9.
18. Ibid. 168–9.
19. The provenance of the relic is given by James of Vitry: Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 112.
20. Ibid. 114.
21. Bird, Peters and Powell, Crusade and Christendom 173.
22. Ibid. 173.
23. Ibid. 175.
24. For an introduction to the history of the order, see Arnold, U., ‘Eight Hundred Years of the Teutonic Order’ in Barber, Fighting for the Faith 223–35.
25. Bird, Peters and Powell, Crusade and Christendom 182.
26. Matt
hew 10:8–11.
27. Upton-Ward, The Rule of The Templars 40–1.
28. The letter is printed and translated in Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 123. The meeting between Francis of Assisi and al-Kamil inspired centuries of Christian devotional art, described in Tolan, J.V., Saint Francis and the Sultan: The Curious History of a Christian–Muslim Encounter (Oxford: 2009).
29. Bird, Peters and Powell, Crusade and Christendom 184.
30. Ibid. 185.
31. Ibid. 187.
32. Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 120.
33. Bird, Peters and Powell, Crusade and Christendom 200.
34. Powell, J.M., Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213–1221 (Philadelphia: 1986) 92–3.
35. The letter can be read transcribed in Rodenburg, C. (ed.), Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Epistolae I (Berlin: 1883), 89–91, or in a more readily available English translation in Barber and Bate, The Templars: Selected Sources 203–7.
36. Letter from Honorius to the prelates of Sicily, dated 24 November, translated in Barber and Bate, The Templars: Selected Sources 230–2.
37. Barber, The New Knighthood 129.
38. The letter was preserved by the English chronicler Roger of Wendover. Giles, J.A. (ed. and trans.), Roger of Wendover’s Flowers of History II (London: 1844), 433–5.
39. Ibid. 433–5.
40. Ibid. 436–9; also translated in Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 123–5.
41. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir III, 180.
42. Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 124.
15: ‘Animosity and Hatred’
1. Giles, Roger of Wendover’s Flowers of History II, 511; La Monte, J.R. and Hubert, M.J. (ed. and trans.), The Wars of Frederick II Against The Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus by Philip De Novare (New York: 1936) 88.
2. Baird, J.L., Baglivi, G. and Kane, J.R. (ed. and trans.), The Chronicle of Salimbene de Adam (Binghamton: 1986).
3. Franke, D.P., ‘Crusade, Empire and the Process of War in Staufen Germany, 1180–1220’ in Boas, The Crusader World 132.
4. de Mas Latrie, Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier 437.
5. Arnold, U., ‘Eight Hundred Years of the Teutonic Order’ in Barber, Fighting for the Faith 225.
6. Giles, Roger of Wendover’s Flowers of History II, 502.
7. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir III, 285.
8. On Frederick’s preference for the fleshly culture of the east, see the letter of Patriarch Gerold of Lausanne to Gregory IX, printed in English translation in Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 127–33.
9. For its status as a ‘castiel del Temple’, and for an account of the episode described here, see de Mas Latrie, Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier 462.
10. de Mas Latrie, Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier 462.
11. Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 129.
12. Giles, Roger of Wendover’s Flowers of History II, 522–4; more recently reprinted in Allen, S.J. and Amt, E., The Crusades: A Reader (Toronto: 2010) 287–90.
13. Quoted in Van Cleve, T.C., The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Immutator Mundi (Oxford: 1972) 220.
14. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir III, 293.
15. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 334.
16. Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 129.
17. Huillard-Bréholles, J.L.A., Historia diplomatica Friderici Secundi III (Paris: 1852), 89.
18. Jackson, P., ‘The Crusades of 1239–41 and Their Aftermath’ in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 50 (1987).
19. Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 126–7.
20. La Monte and Hubert, The Wars of Frederick II 89.
21. Huillard-Bréholles, J.L.A., Historia diplomatica Friderici Secundi III (Paris: 1852) 135–40, and in English translation (quoted here) Peters, E. (ed.), Christian Society and the Crusades 1198–1229: Sources in Translation including the Capture of Damietta by Oliver of Paderborn (Philadelphia: 1948) 165–70.
22. La Monte and Hubert, The Wars of Frederick II 91.
23. Peters, Christian Society and the Crusades 1198–1229 168.
24. Ibid. 169.
25. La Monte and Hubert, The Wars of Frederick II 91.
26. The most recent study of these arrivals is Lower, M., The Barons’ Crusade: A Call to Arms and its Consequences (Philadelphia: 2005).
27. Letter preserved by Matthew Paris; see Luard, H.R., Matthaei Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani Chronica Majora IV (London: 1876), 288–91, or in English translation in Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 140–2.
28. Luard, Matthaei Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani Chronica majora III, 535, also available in English translation in Giles, J.A. (trans.), Matthew Paris’s English History: From the Year 1235 to 1273 I (London: 1852), 168–9.
29. A detailed and anecdote-rich source for all of this is still Delisle, L., Mémoire sur les opérations financières des Templiers (Paris: 1889), on which much of the below draws. See also Piquet, J., Des banquiers au Moyen ge: les Templiers. Étude de leurs opérations financières (Paris: 1939). For an easily accessible digest (in French) see http://www.templiers.net/leopold-delisle.
30. See Webster, P., ‘The Military Orders at the Court of King John’ in Edbury, P.W. (ed.), The Military Orders: Volume 5, Politics and Power (Farnham: 2012) 209–19.
16: ‘Unfurl and Raise Our Banner!’
1. Lyons, U., Lyons, M.C. (trans.), Riley-Smith, J.S.C. (intro.), Ayyubids, Mamlukes and Crusaders: Selections from Tārīkh al-duwal wa’l-Mulūk II (Cambridge: 1971) 1–2.
2. Giles, Matthew Paris’s English History I, 497–500.
3. Patriarch of Jerusalem, Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 140–2.
4. The various estimates include: 312 killed, in Morgan, M.R., La continuation de Guillaume de Tyr (1184–1197) (Paris: 1982) 564; 296 killed, according to Frederick of Hohenstaufen in Giles, Matthew Paris’s English History I, 491–2; 296 killed, according to the patriarch of Jerusalem, also preserved by Matthew Paris and recently printed in Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 140–2.
5. Patriarch of Jerusalem, Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 140–2.
6. Ibid. 140–2.
7. Letter of Frederick II Hohenstaufen to Richard, earl of Cornwall, this translation from Giles, Matthew Paris’s English History I, 491–2.
8. The most vivid account of Louis IX’s crusade (which includes this anecdote) is John of Joinville’s Life of St Louis. Various English translations are available; I have used Giles, Chronicles of the Crusades: Contemporary Narratives.
9. Le Goff, J., Saint Louis (Notre Dame: 2009) 94–101.
10. Barber, The New Knighthood 267.
11. Sayous, A., ‘Les Mandats de Saint Louis sur son trésor et le mouvement international des capitaux pendant la Septième Croisade (1248–1254)’ in Revue Historique 167 (1931), 255.
12. Burgtorf, The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars 126.
13. Giles, Chronicles of the Crusades: Contemporary Narratives 388.
14. Ibid. 389.
15. Letter of John Sarrasin, chamberlain of France from Damietta on 23 June, printed in Beer, J.M.A., ‘The Letter of John Sarrasin, Crusader’ in Sargent-Baur, B.N. (ed.), Journeys Towards God: Pilgrimage and Crusade (Kalamazoo: 1992) 136–45.
16. Giles, Chronicles of the Crusades: Contemporary Narratives 400.
17. For this letter (in Latin) see Luard, Matthaei Parisiensis, monachi Sancti Albani Chronica majora VI, 162.
18. Giles, Chronicles of the Crusades: Contemporary Narratives 407.
19. Ibid. 410.
20. Giles, Matthew Paris’s English History II, 367.
21. Ibid. 368.
22. Ibid. 369.
23. Ibid. 369.
24. Giles, Chronicles of the Crusades: Contemporary Narratives 423.
25. Ibid. 425–6.
26. Recorded by Ibn Wasil in The Dissipator of Anxieties Concerning the
History of the Ayyubids. A short excerpt, including the verse quoted here, can be found in Bird, Peters and Powell, Crusade and Christendom 361.
27. Giles, Matthew Paris’s English History II, 374.
28. Giles, Chronicles of the Crusades: Contemporary Narratives 455.
29. For references attesting Reynald’s career see Burgtorf, The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars 636–40.
30. Giles, Chronicles of the Crusades: Contemporary Narratives 455–6.
31. According to Abu Shama, who saw the cloak worn in Damascus. Translation from Holt, P.M., The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517 (London/New York: 1986) 83.
32. Upton-Ward, The Rule of The Templars 36.
PART IV: Heretics
1. Chibnall, The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis VI, 314–15. Cf Gawain and the Green Knight, line 499, ‘The forme to the finishment foldez ful selden.’
17: ‘A Lump in the Throat’
2. Sadeque, S.F., Baybars I of Egypt (Karachi: 1956) 92–4.
3. Quoted here by al-Zahir’s fellow scholar Shihab Al-Din Al-Nuwayri. Muhanna, E. (ed. and trans.), Shihab Al-Din Al-Nuwayri, The Ultimate Ambition in the Arts of Erudition (New York: 2016) 253–4.
4. Giles, Matthew Paris’s English History I, 523.
5. Preserved in the annals of Burton Abbey. Luard, H.R. (ed.), Annales Monastici (London: 1864) 491–5.
6. See Amitai-Preiss, R., ‘Mamluk Perceptions of the Mongol–Frankish rapprochement’ in Mediterranean History Review 7 (1992), 50–65.
7. Printed in Meyvaert, P., ‘An Unknown Letter of Hulagu, Il-Khan of Persia, to King Louis IX of France’, in Viator 11 (1980), 252–9.
8. For context on the scale of the disaster, see Jackson, P., ‘The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260’ in English Historical Review 95 (1980), 481–513.
9. Muhanna, Shihab Al-Din Al-Nuwayri 251.
10. On this point see Amitai, R., ‘The Early Mamluks and the end of the crusader presence in Syria (1250–1291)’ in Boas, A.J. (ed.), The Crusader World 337.
11. See Thorau, P. and Holt, P.M. (trans.), The Lion of Egypt: Sultan Baybars I and the Near East in the Thirteenth Century (London/New York: 1992) 144.
12. The famous Latin description of the building of Safad, known as De Constructione Castri Saphet, is now in English translation in Kennedy, Crusader Castles 190–8.