by Sonia Shah
163. Robert H. Black, “Roundtable Discussion: Farid Is Right,” World Health Forum 1, nos. 1, 2 (1980): 8–33.
164. Email correspondence with Donald Roberts, April 4, 2006.
10. THE SECRET IN THE MOSQUITO
1. Jason L. Riley, “Malaria’s Toll,” Wall Street Journal, August 21, 2006.
2. M. J. Dobson et al., “Malaria Control in East Africa: The Kampala Conference and the Pare-Taveta Scheme: A Meeting of Common and High Ground,” Parassitologia 42 (2000): 149–166.
3. Interview with Amir Attaran, February 9, 2006; Andrew Spielman and Michael D’Antonio, Mosquito: A Natural History of Our Most Persistent and Deadly Foe (New York: Hyperion, 2001), 166.
4. Quoted in Jeffery Sachs, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 190.
5. Meredith Fort, Mary Anne Mercer, Oscar Gish, eds., Sickness and Wealth: The Corporate Assault on Global Health (Cambridge, Mass.: South End Press, 2004), 205, and Jim Yong Kim, Joyce V. Millen, Alec Irwin, and John Gershman, eds., Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), 143.
6. Sarah Sexton, “Trading Health Care Away? GATS, Public Services and Privatization,” Corner House briefing 23, July 2001.
7. Badria Babiker El Sayed, et al., “A Study of the Urban Malaria Transmission Problem in Khartoum,” Acta Tropica 75 (2000): 163–71.
8. Socrates Litsios, The Tomorrow of Malaria (Wellington, N.Z.: Pacific Press, 1996), 127.
9. www.un.org/esa/population/publications/adultmort/
UNAIDS_WHOPaper2.pdf.
10. Laith J. Abu-Raddad et al., “Dual Infection with HIV and Malaria Fuels the Spread of Both Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Science 314, no. 5805 (December 8, 2006): 1603–606.
11. Randall Packard, The Making of a Tropical Disease: A Short History of Malaria (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), 217.
12. H. Kristian Heggenhougen et al., The Behavioural and Social Aspects of Malaria and Its Control (World Health Organization, 2003), 87.
13. Press Release, “Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland Elected Director-General of the World Health Organization,” May 15, 1998.
14. Mark Grabowsky, “The Billion-Dollar Malaria Moment,” Nature 451 (February 28, 2008): 1051–52.
15. Jenny Anderson, “Fighting a Disease of Logistics, He Means Business,” New York Times, November 12, 2007.
16. Juhie Bhatia, “Twitter Face-off to Fight Malaria,” Global Voices Online, April 20, 2009, www.globalvoicesonline.org/2009/04/20/global-health-twitter-face-off-to-fight-malaria/.
17. See www.americanidol.com/idolgivesback/.
18. Mark Honigsbaum, “Net Effects,” The Guardian, April 24, 2007.
19. Donald G. McNeil, “A $10 Mosquito Net Is Making Charity Cool,” New York Times, June 2, 2008.
20. Suzanne Malveaux, “‘Idol’ Star Boosts First Lady’s Anti-malaria Event in Africa,” CNN.com, July 3, 2007.
21. Packard, The Making of a Tropical Disease, 223.
22. Rosanne Skirble, “Economic Downturn Threatens Global Fund for AIDS, TB, Malaria,” VOANews.com, February 4, 2009.
23. McNeil, “A $10 Mosquito Net.”
24. Beth Gorham, “Belinda Stronach Joins Heavyweights at Washington Gathering on Malaria,” Canadian Press, December 13, 2006.
25. Malveaux, “‘Idol’ Star Boosts First Lady’s Anti-malaria Event in Africa.”
26. McNeil, “A $10 Mosquito Net.”
27. 2008 Millennium Development Goals Malaria Summit, September 25, 2008, New York. Video footage at www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/malaria-summit.asp.
28. Quoted in L. J. Bruce-Chwatt, “Paleogenesis and Paleo-epidemiology of Primate Malaria,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 32 (1965): 376.
29. Ronald Ross, Memoirs (London: John Murray, 1928), 448.
30. Lewis W. Hackett, Malaria in Europe: An Ecological Study (London: Oxford University Press, 1937), 294.
31. M. Eveillard et al., “Measurement and Interpretation of Hand Hygiene Compliance Rates: Importance of Monitoring Entire Care Episodes,” Journal of Hospital Infection 72, no. 3 (May 28, 2009): 211–17.
32. Heggenhougen et al., The Behavioural and Social Aspects of Malaria and Its Control, 87, 102.
33. “Information Gap Challenges Zanzibar’s Antimalaria Campaign,” AllAfrica.com, May 12, 2006.
34. Heggenhougen et al., The Behavioural and Social Aspects of Malaria and Its Control, 94–95.
35. Philip Adongo, “How Local Community Knowledge About Malaria Affects Insecticide-Treated Net Use in Northern Ghana,” November 15, 2005; and Soori Nnko, “Public Health Campaigns’ Dilemma: Field Experience About Malaria Control in a Rural Setting, North-western Tanzania,” November 15, 2005.
36. Anna Ingwafa, “Kamwi Warns on Abuse of Mosquito Nets,” AllAfrica.com, March 13, 2008.
37. Heggenhougen et al., The Behavioural and Social Aspects of Malaria and Its Control, 103.
38. Koremromp El et al., “Monitoring Mosquito Net Coverage for Malaria Control in Africa: Possession vs. Use by Children Under 5 Years,” Tropical Medicine and International Health 8, no. 8 (August 2003): 693–703.
39. William Takken, “Do Insecticide-treated Bednets Have an Effect on Malaria Vectors?” Tropical Medicine and International Health 7, no. 12 (December 2002): 1022–30.
40. “Pyrethrins: Bright Signs After Washout Last Year,” Chemical Week, January 17, 1979, 42.
41. F. Chandre et al., “Status of Pyrethroid Resistance in Anopheles gambiae Sensu Lato,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 77, no. 3 (1999); interview with John Thomas, December 12, 2005; and interview with Willem Takken, November 14, 2005; also David Firn, “How Syngenta Went Against the Grain and Grew,” Financial Times, February 19, 2004, 10.
42. Abdoulaye Diabate et al., “The Role of Agricultural Use of Insecticides in Resistance to Pyrethroids in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Burkina Faso,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 67, no. 6 (2002): 617–22.
43. Morteza Zaim and Pierre Guillet, “Alternative Insecticides: An Urgent Need,” Trends in Parasitology 18, no. 4 (April 2002): 161; Chandre et al., “Status of Pyrethroid Resistance in Anopheles gambiae Sensu Lato.”
44. Josiane Etang, Fourth MIM Pan-African Malaria Conference, November 2005, Yaoundé, Cameroon; also author correspondence with Josiane Etang, November 23, 2005.
45. www.politico.com/news/stories/0309/20160.html.
46. Oliver Sabot, “Getting to Zero: A New Global Malaria Control and Elimination Strategy,” First Yale International Symposium, “The Global Crisis of Malaria: Lessons of the Past and Future Prospects,” November 7–9, 2008, New Haven, Conn.
47. First Yale International Symposium, “The Global Crisis of Malaria.”
48. Andrew Spielman lecture, Harvard University, March 2, 2006.
49. Awash Teklehaimanot et al., “Coming to Grips with Malaria in the New Millennium,” UN Millennium Project Task Force on HIV/AIDS, Malaria, TB and Access to Essential Medicines Working Group on Malaria, 2005, 6.
50. Laura Blue, “Global Malaria Estimates Are Reduced,” Time.com, September 18, 2008.
51. See www.unicef.org/statistics/index_24302.html.
52. Andrew Spielman lecture, Harvard University, March 2, 2006.
53. M. Ettling et al., “Economic Impact of Malaria in Malawian Households,” Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 45 (1994): 74–79.
54. Jeffery Sachs, “Power of One: The $10 Solution,” Time, January 4, 2007.
55. Sonia Shah, Crude: The Story of Oil (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004), 53.
56. Sebastian Junger, “Enter China, the Giant,” Vanity Fair, July 2007, 126–38.
57. Christine Gorman, “Marathon Fights Malaria,” Time, August 20, 2006.
58. Andrew Spielman et al., “Industrial Anti-Malaria Policies,” Center for International Development, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., 2002.
59. Sharon LaFraniere, “Business Joins
African Effort to Cut Malaria,” New York Times, June 29, 2006.
60. Ibid.
61. See www.marathon.com/Social_Responsibility/Making_a_Difference/
Malaria_Control_Project/.
62. Ibid.
63. “We’re Making Sure Children Have a Future. And Malaria Doesn’t,” Advertisement, Marathon Oil, New York Times, April 25, 2007.
64. Eric Rezsnyak, “‘American Idol’ 2009: The Judges Choose to Go Insane,” Rochester City Newspaper, May 12, 2009.
65. Shah, Crude, 157.
66. Sachs, “Power of One.”
67. Michael Fletcher, “Bush Has Tripled Aid to Africa,” Washington Post, December 31, 2006.
68. Roger Bate, “The Rise, Fall, Rise and Imminent Fall of DDT,” Health Policy Outlook, November 2007.
69. Kirsten Weir, “Rachel Carson’s Birthday Bashing,” Salon.com, June 29, 2007.
70. Interview with Tom McCutchan, October 9, 2008.
71. Jason L. Riley, “Malaria’s Toll,” Wall Street Journal, August 21, 2006.
72. Kirsten Weir, “Rachel Carson’s Birthday Bashing.”
73. “Bush Announces Initiative to Fight Malaria in Africa,” press release, June 30, 2005.
74. Interview with Chris Hentschel, October 16, 2008.
75. Roger Bate, “Funding Isn’t Everything,” The American, February 28, 2008.
76. First Yale International Symposium, “The Global Crisis of Malaria.”
77. World Health Organization, “Report of the Technical Expert Group (TEG) Meeting on Intermittent Preventive Therapy in Infancy (IPTI),” October 8–10, 2007.
78. Comments by Brian Greenwood, First Yale International Symposium, “The Global Crisis of Malaria.”
79. “Assessment of the Role of Intermittent Preventive Treatment for Malaria in Infants: Letter Report,” Committee on the Perspectives on the Role of Intermittent Preventive Treatment for Malaria in Infants, 2008.
80. Donald G. McNeil, “An Iron Fist Joins the Malaria Wars,” New York Times, June 27, 2006.
81. Donald G. McNeil, “Gates Foundation’s Influence Criticized,” New York Times, February 16, 2008.
82. Comments by Brian Greenwood, First Yale International Symposium, “The Global Crisis of Malaria”; also interview with Robert Ridley, December 11, 2008.
83. First Yale International Symposium, “The Global Crisis of Malaria.”
84. Interview with Chris Hentschel, October 16, 2008.
85. “Eradicate Malaria? Doubters Fuel Debate,” New York Times, March 4, 2008.
86. Tom Paulson, “WHO Chief Joins Gateses’ Call to Eradicate Malaria,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, October 17, 2007.
87. Richard G. A. Feachem and Allison A. Phillips, “Malaria: 2 Years in the Fast Lane,” The Lancet 373, no. 9673 (April 2009): 1409–11.
88. 2008 Millennium Development Goals Malaria Summit, September 25, 2008, New York. Video footage at www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/malaria-summit.asp.
89. A. Bosman and K. N. Mendis, “A Major Transition in Malaria Treatment: The Adoption and Deployment of Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77, suppl. (December 2007): 193–97.
90. Abdisalan M. Noor et al., “Insecticide-treated Net Coverage in Africa: Mapping Progress in 2000–07,” The Lancet 373, no. 9657 (November 28, 2008): 58–67.
91. Interview with Thomas Ritchie, First Yale International Symposium, “The Global Crisis of Malaria.”
92. Dagi Kimani, “Coartem Under Fire as $8 Million Stocks Arrive,” The East African, May 29, 2006.
93. Interview with Edugie Abebe, Fourth MIM Pan-African Malaria Conference, November 15, 2005, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
94. Socrates Litsios, “Malaria and International Health Organizations,” prepared for “Philanthropic Foundations and the Globalization of Scientific Medicine,” Quinnipiac University, November 6–18, 2003.
95. Miriam K. Laufer et al., “Return of Chloroquine Antimalarial Efficacy in Malawi,” New England Journal of Medicine 355, no. 19 (November 9, 2006): 1959–65.
96. Interview with Tom McCutchan, October 9, 2008.
97. “Monkey Malaria More Widespread in Humans: Study,” Reuters, January 18, 2008.
98. Interview with Vicente Bayard, Gorgas Institute, April 21, 2006.
99. See www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&control05Maps.htm and www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/
surv&controlCaseCount08_detailed.htm.
100. Sonja Mali et al., “Malaria Surveillance—United States, 2007,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 58, no. 55-2 (April 17, 2009).
101. See www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol2no1/zuckerei.htm.
102. B. Doudier et al., “Possible Autochthonous Malaria from Marseille to Minneapolis,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 13, no. 8 (August 2007): 1236–38; and A. Krüger et al., “Two Cases of Autochthonous Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Germany with Evidence for Local Transmission by Indigenous Anopheles plumbeus,” Tropical Medicine and International Health 6, no. 12 (December 2001): 983–85.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Most every malariologist I approached in connection with this book was patient, generous, and forthright. Among them, Terrie Taylor in Malawi, José Calzada in Panama City, and the late Andy Spielman of Harvard University were especially so. I thank them heartily. For their enthusiastic research assistance, thanks to Peter Ross, Lukas Rieppel, Mónica García, Emily Tucker, and Annie Jack; for early financial assistance, the Nation Institute and the Puffin Foundation; for their tips and their support, Carolyn and David Bulmer, Loie Hayes and Julie Ogletree, Darwin Marcus Johnson, Brian King, Hasmukh and Hansa Shah, and Susy Wasiak.
Much gratitude goes to Sarah Crichton, whose editorial acumen greatly improved this book, and to the malaria experts Wallace Peters, Prabhjot Singh, Malcolm Molyneux, and Arba Ager, who generously helped improve its accuracy. And to my agents, Charlotte Sheedy and Anthony Arnove, who supported this book from the beginning. Without them, it would not have been written.
Finally, I thank Mark, Zakir, and Kush Bulmer for sustaining me through years of researching and writing about malaria, suffering many mosquito bites along the way.
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title was intentionally removed from the eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Ackerknecht, Erwin
Adongo, Philip
Adrian VI, Pope
Aedes mosquitoes; A. aegypti
Afghanistan
Africa Fighting Malaria
African slaves
Agency for International Development, U.S. (USAID)
agriculture; in Africa; drainage of wetlands for; in India; in Italy; pesticide use in
Agriculture, U.S. Department of (USDA)
AIDS
Alabama; during Civil War; Supreme Court of; University of
Alabama Power Company
Alaric the Visigoth
Alexander VI, Pope
Algeria
Algonquins
Allen, Thomas
Al Qaeda
Amazon
American colonies: English; Spanish
American Enterprise Institute American Idol (television program)
American Medical Association (AMA)
American Red Cross
American Revolution
Andersen, Hans Christian
Angola
Anopheles mosquitoes; DDT and; in England; Gorgas on; habitats of; identification as malaria vector of
species: A. albimanus; A. albitarsis; A. aquasalis; A. arabienses; A. atroparvus; A. crucians; A. darlingii; A. dirus; A. farauti; A. gambiae; A. labranchiae; A. maculipennis; A. messeae; A. punctimacula; A. punctipennis; A. quadrimaculatus; A. rossi; A. stephensi; A. subpictus; A. superpictus
Arenco Pharmaceuticals
Arizona, University of
Armed Forces
Radio
Army, U.S.
artemether-lumefantrine
Artemisia annua
artemisinin; combination therapy (ACT)
Asante Empire
Asian Malaria Conference (1954)
Atebrin, see quinacrine
Atlantic languages
Attaran, Amir
Australia; in World War II
avian flu
Azerbaijan
Bacillus malariae
Bank of England
Bantu peoples
Barbados
Bass, Willie
Bataan
Bate, Roger
Beatty, Alfred Chester
bed nets; insecticide-treated
Begum, Shahida
Bethesda Naval Hospital
Bignami, Amico
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Billiton Mining
Binka, Fred
bin Ladin, Osama
Bioko Island
Blanton, Wyndham
Bloland, Peter
Boardman, Elijah
Boardman, William
Bolivia
Bono
Borland, Francis
Borneo
Boyle, T. C.
Bradford, William
Brazil; colonial
Bridgeland, John
Britain; African colonies of; American colonies of; during Little Ice Age; Parliament; slave trade opposed by; in World War I; in World War II; see also India, British Raj in
British Broadcasting Company (BBC)
British Medical Association
British Medical Journal
Brown, Gordon
Brown, Peter
Bruce-Chwatt, Leonard
Brundtland, Gro
Brunei
Buddhists
Buel, Dr.
Bulgaria
Burma
Burnett v. Alabama Power Company (1916)
Bush, George W.
Buxton, Thomas Fowell
Cable News Network (CNN)
Caesar, Julius
Calcutta Medical School
Calzada, José
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
cancer
Candau, Marcolino
Caracalla, Emperor