30. Peter Stead, ‘Popular Culture’, in Trevor Herbert and Gareth Elwyn Jones (eds), Post-War Wales (Cardiff, 1995), pp 120–22; Coal (Sep 1950), p 19; Daily Herald, 27 Oct 1951, 29 Oct 1951; Telegraph & Argus (Bradford), 29 Oct 1951.
31. Robert Douglas, Night Song of the Last Tram (2005), p 297; Cauter and Downham, Communication, pp 134–6; Kerr, People, p 32; Dennis et al, Coal, pp 125–7; Steven Berkoff, Free Association (1996), pp 34–41; Phil Moss, Manchester’s Dancing Years (Manchester, 1996), pp 10–11; Dave Harker, One For the Money (1980), pp 66–7; Guardian, 6 Oct 2007 (Joe Moran); Chris Ellis, ‘Joe Loss’, Independent, 7 Jun 1990; Moss, Manchester’s Dancing Years, pp 21–2.
32. Planning, 5 May 1952, p 249; Sue Harper and Vincent Porter, ‘Cinema Audience Tastes in 1950s Britain’, Journal of Popular British Cinema (1999), p 67; Ross McKibbin, Classes and Cultures (Oxford, 1998), p 421; Barry Doyle, ‘The Geography of Cinemagoing in Great Britain, 1934–1994: A Comment’, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television (March 2003), p 62; M-O A, TC 17/15/H.
33. H. E. Browning and A. A. Sorrell, ‘Cinemas and Cinema-Going in Great Britain’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (1954), p 137; Alan Bennett, Untold Stories (2005), pp 159–60; Sutherland, The Boy, p 80; Rippon, Derby Boy, p 78; Michael Caine, What’s It All About? (1992), pp 39–40; Paul Farley, Distant Voices, Still Lives (2006), p 80.
34. Harper and Porter, ‘Cinema’, pp 67–9; Peter Miskell, A Social History of the Cinema in Wales, 1918–1951 (Cardiff, 2006), p 26; Kathleen Box, The Cinema and the Public (The Social Survey, 1948), p 2; Rachael Low, ‘The Implications behind the Social Survey’, in Roger Manvell (ed), The Penguin Film Review, 1946–1949, Volume II (1977), pp 109–10.
35. M-O A, TC 17/15/A–C, F; Vincent Porter, ‘Feature Film and the Mediation of Historical Reality: Chance of a Lifetime – A Case Study’, Media History (Dec 1999), pp 181–99.
36. Sue Harper, Picturing the Past (1994), esp chap 9; Dennis et al, Coal, p 163; Joanne Lacey, ‘Seeing through Happiness: Hollywood Musicals and the Construction of the American Dream in Liverpool in the 1950s’, Journal of Popular British Cinema, 1999, p 55; Vincent Porter and Sue Harper, ‘Throbbing Hearts and Smart Repartee: The Reception of American Films in 1950s Britain’, Media History (Dec 1998), pp 187–8; ‘Ronald Shiner’, The Times, 1 Jul 1966; Vincent Porter, ‘The Hegemonic Turn: Film Comedies in 1950s Britain’, Journal of Popular British Cinema (2001), pp 83–4; The Times, 30 Jul 1951; Kinematograph Weekly, 20 Dec 1951, 18 Dec 1952.
37. Coventry Evening Telegraph, 8 Sep 1953; Millicent Rose, The East End of London (1951), pp 271–2; Lord David Sutch, Life as Sutch (1991), p 10; Colm Brogan, The Glasgow Story (1952), p 153; Roy Hudd, Roy Hudd’s Cavalcade of Variety Acts (1997). For an evocation of life in Variety, see Brian O’Gorman, Laughter in the Roar (Weybridge, 1998).
38. Nicholas Parsons, The Straight Man (1994), p 122; G. J. Mellor, The Northern Music Hall (Newcastle upon Tyne, 1970), pp 207–8; Roger Wilmut, Kindly Leave the Stage! (1985), p 215; Simon Sheridan, ‘Paul Raymond’, Independent, 5 Mar 2008; Picture Post, 9 Jan 1954.
39. Hudd, Roy Hudd’s Cavalcade, pp 120–21; ‘Jimmy Jewel’, The Times/Independent (Denis Gifford), 5 Dec 1995; John Fisher, Funny Way to Be a Hero (1973), pp 178–84; Wilmut, Kindly, pp 196–7, 199–200; Geoff J. Mellor, They Made Us Laugh (Littleborough, 1982), pp 38–9; Brogan, Glasgow Story, p 153; Fisher, Funny, pp 64–71; Andy Medhurst, A National Joke (Abingdon, 2007), chap 5; Daily Herald, 4 Jul 1950.
40. Daily Mirror, 30 Jul 1951; Hudd, Roy Hudd’s Cavalcade, p 151; Bennett, Untold Stories, p 419; Bob’s Your Uncle!, 21 July 1953 (Newcastle City Library, L791.4); Dave Nicolson, Bobby Thompson (Newcastle upon Tyne, 1996), pp 98, 61.
41. Denis Gifford, The Golden Age of Radio (1985), p 110; June Whitfield, . . . And June Whitfield (2000), pp 44–5; Sunday Pictorial, 12 Jan 1947; Gary Whannel, ‘The Price Is Right but the Moments Are Sticky: Television, Quiz and Game Shows, and Popular Culture’, in Dominic Strinati and Stephen Wagg (eds), Come On Down? (1992), p 181; M-O A, Directives for July 1949 (Women’s replies, F–P file); Daily Herald, 15 Sep 1951; Radio Times, 30 Nov 1951; Whitfield, . . . And June, p 45.
42. Stuart Ball (ed), Parliament and Politics in the Age of Churchill and Attlee: The Headlam Diaries, 1935–1951 (Cambridge, 1999), p 581; Rich, ‘Spare Time’, p 334; Dennis et al, Coal, p 151; Newcastle Journal, 5 Jun 1950.
43. W.F.F. Kemsley and David Ginsburg, Holidays and Holiday Expenditure (The Social Survey, 1951); Coventry Evening Telegraph, 25 Jul 1953; John Hudson, Wakes Weeks (Stroud, 1992), p 15.
44. Geof Parsons, ‘Only One “f” in Geof’ (Lowestoft, 1998), chap 3; Valerie A. Tedder, Post-War Blues (Leicester, 1999), pp 76–83.
45. Alice Russell, The Growth of Occupational Welfare in Britain (Aldershot, 1991), p 117; Picture Post, 2 Jan 1954; The Times, 29 Aug 1953.
46. Guardian, 1 Jul 2006; Robert Jeffrey and Ian Watson, Doon the Watter (Edinburgh, 1999); Elfreda Buckland, The World of Donald McGill (Poole, 1984), p 124.
47. Reynolds News, 15 Jul 1951, 12 Aug 1951; Independent, 22 May 1993; Picture Post, 9 Aug 1952; Keith Parry, Resorts of the Lancashire Coast (Newton Abbot, 1983), p 196; Robert Stephens, Knight Errant (1995), p 15; Roger K. Bingham, Lost Resort? (Milnthorpe, 1990), p 255; Moss, Manchester’s Dancing Years, p 41; Candida Lycett Green (ed), John Betjeman, Coming Home (1997), p 300.
48. Moss, Manchester’s Dancing Years, pp 47–8; Blackpool Gazette & Herald, 21 Jul 1951; Parry, Resorts, p 190; John K. Walton, The Blackpool Landlady (Manchester, 1978), p 196.
49. New Statesman, 18 Jun 1949; Kenneth Harris, Attlee (1982), p 504; Blackpool Gazette & Times, 21 Jul 1951; Reynolds News, 23 Sep 1951; Morecambe Guardian, 18 Aug 1951; Reynolds News, 9 Sep 1951.
50. Reynolds News, 5 Aug 1951; Mark Lewisohn, Funny, Peculiar (2002), p 143; Julian Demetriadi, ‘The Golden Years: English Seaside Resorts, 1950–1974’, in Gareth Shaw and Allan Williams (eds), The Rise and Fall of British Coastal Resorts (1997), p 51; Reynolds News, 5 Aug 1951; Isle of Thanet Gazette, 12 Jun 1953; Gavin Lambert, Mainly About Lindsay Anderson (2000), p 61.
9 I’ve Never Asked Her In
1. Ricky Tomlinson, Ricky (2003), pp 16–37; Joanna Bourke, Working-Class Cultures in Britain, 1890–1960 (1994), pp 137–8; Robert Colls, ‘When We Lived in Communities: Working-class Culture and Its Critics’, in Robert Colls and Richard Rodger (eds), Cities of Ideas (Aldershot, 2004), pp 283–307; Raymond Williams, Keywords (1976), p 66; Bourke, Working-Class Cultures, p 137.
2. Doris Rich, ‘Spare Time in the Black Country’, in Leo Kuper (ed), Living in Towns (1953), pp 358, 361; Mark W. Hodges and Cyril S. Smith, ‘The Sheffield Estate’, in University of Liverpool, Neighbourhood and Community (Liverpool, 1954), pp 92–3, 96, 98–9; J. M. Mogey, Family and Neighbourhood (1956), pp 112–13; Madeline Kerr, The People of Ship Street (1958), p 101; T. Cauter and J. S. Downham, The Communication of Ideas (1954), pp 62–7.
3. Rich, ‘Spare Time’, p 361; Peter Townsend, The Family Life of Old People (Pelican edn, 1963), pp 146–7; Richard Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy (Pelican edn, 1958), p 60; Bill Lancaster, ‘Newcastle – Capital of What?’, in Robert Colls and Bill Lancaster (eds), Geordies (Edinburgh, 1992), pp 65–7; Hodges and Smith, ‘Sheffield Estate’, p 89; Alison Ravetz, Model Estate (1974), pp 137–8.
4. Bolton Journal, 21 Jan 1949; Jeff Hill, ‘Rite of Spring: Cup Finals and Community in the North of England’, in Hill and Jack Williams (eds), Sport and Identity in the North of England (Keele, 1996), p 103; Norman Dennis et al, Coal Is Our Life (Tavistock edn, 1969), p 156; Hill, ‘Rite’, p 100; Adrian Smith, ‘An Oval Ball and a Broken City: Coventry, Its People and Its Rugby Team’, International Journal of the History of Sport (Dec 1994), pp 507–8. For two case studies of football and identity, see Gavin Mellor, ‘Post-war Lancastrian Football Heroes: Finney, Lofthouse and Douglas’, North West Labour History (1999–2000), pp 44–54; N. A. Phelps, ‘Professional Football and Local Identity in the “Golden Age”: Portsmout
h in the Mid-twentieth Century’, Urban History (Dec 2005), pp 459–80. For a particularly rich evocation of a football club and its community, see also Andrew Ward and Ian Alister, Barnsley: A Study in Football, 1953–59 (Barton-under-Needwood, 1981).
5. Huw Richards, ‘Terry Davies’, in Richards et al (eds), More Heart and Soul (Cardiff, 1999), p 62; Rich, ‘Spare Time’, p 360; John Barron Mays, Growing Up in the City (Liverpool, 1954), p 49; Townsend, Family Life, p 145; Kerr, People, pp 23–4.
6. Roy Porter, London (Penguin edn, 2000), p xiv; Alison Ravetz, The Place of Home (1995), p 205; Mark Clapson, Invincible Green Suburbs, Brave New Towns (Manchester, 1998), chap 3; Mogey, Family, p 74.
7. Hoggart, Uses, p 86; Robert Roberts, The Classic Slum (Pelican edn, 1973), p 13; Jennifer Worth, Call the Midwife (2007), p 246; Jimmy Boyle, A Sense of Freedom (Pan edn, 1977), pp 8–9; Charles Johnstone, ‘The Tenants’ Movement and Housing Struggles in Glasgow, 1945–1990’, University of Glasgow PhD, 1991, p 91; Becky Taylor and Ben Rogaly, ‘“Mrs Fairly is a Dirty, Lazy Type”: Unsatisfactory Households and the Problem of Problem Families in Norwich 1942–1963’, Twentieth Century British History 18/4 (2007), p 451.
8. James H. Robb, Working-Class Anti-Semite (1954), p 49; Hodges and Smith, ‘Sheffield Estate’, pp 10-13; Kerr, People, p 116; Leo Kuper, ‘Blueprint for Living Together’, in Kuper (ed), Living in Towns (1953), chap 5.
9. Avram Taylor, Working Class Credit and the Community since 1918 (Basingstoke, 2002), pp 72–3; Dennis et al, Coal, p 197; Carole Anne Stafford and Alan Crowe, Us Kids (Birmingham, 1998), pp 26–7; Lorna Sage, Bad Blood (2000), pp 40–41.
10. P. Ford and C. J. Thomas, Shops and Planning (Oxford, 1953), p 44; Worth, Call, p 30; Melanie Tebbutt, Women’s Talk? (Aldershot, 1995), pp 60, 50, 174.
11. Alison Ravetz, Council Housing and Culture (2001), p 165; Colls, ‘When We Lived’, p 298; Worth, Call, p 30; Geoffrey Gorer, Exploring English Character (1955), pp 60–61; Kuper, ‘Blueprint’, pp 45–7; Boyle, Sense, p 8; Donald James Wheal, White City (2007), p 265.
12. Kerr, People, pp 102–9, 138–41; Mogey, Family, pp 84, 94; Dennis et al, Coal, pp 152–3; Hodges and Smith, ‘Sheffield Estate’, pp 109–10; Kuper, ‘Blueprint’, pp 14–15, 50–3, 59, 99–101; Coventry Evening Telegraph, 28 Apr 1952; Times Literary Supplement, 8 Jan 1954.
13. Hodges and Smith, ‘Sheffield Estate’, p 108; G. Duncan Mitchell and Thomas Lupton, ‘The Liverpool Estate’, in University of Liverpool, Neighbourhood and Community (Liverpool, 1954), p 58; Mogey, Family, pp 85–8.
14. M-O A, Directives for Sept 1947; Gorer, Exploring, chap 4.
15. John Davis (‘New Jerusalem’ seminar, Kingston University), 3 June 2008; Worth, Call, p 180; Porter, London, pp xiv–xv.
16. Fred Lindop, ‘Unofficial Militancy in the Royal Group of Docks, 1945–67’, Oral History (Autumn 1983), p 27; Robb, Working-Class, p 115; Kuper, ‘Blueprint’, pp 37–9; Manchester Guardian, 5 Sep 1953; Ravetz, Council Housing, p 166; Enid Palmer Letters (Department of Documents, Imperial War Museum), Oct 1948.
10 Hit It Somebody
1. New Yorker, 11 Oct 1952; Brian Brivati, Hugh Gaitskell (1996), p 172; Crossman, p 151; Brivati, Hugh Gaitskell, p 176; BBC WA, Any Questions?, 10 Oct 1952.
2. Kenneth Harris, Attlee (1982), p 506; New Statesman, 25 Oct 1952; Michael Young, ‘The Leadership, the Rank and File, and Mr Bevan’, Political Quarterly (Jan–Mar 1953), p 104; Michael Young Papers (Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge), 2/1/1, 10/3; Young, ‘Leadership’, p 106; New Statesman, 31 Jan 1953; Brivati, Hugh Gaitskell, p 181; John Saville, ‘Sir Lincoln Evans’, in Joyce M. Bellamy and John Saville (eds), Dictionary of Labour Biography, Volume IX (Basingstoke, 1993), pp 80–83.
3. Financial Times, 8 Oct 1952; Nicholas Timmins, The Five Giants (2001), pp 205–6; Robert Shepherd, Iain Macleod (1994), pp 84–5; Channel 4, Pennies from Bevan, 14 June 1998; Robert J. Wybrow, Britain Speaks Out, 1937–87 (Basingstoke, 1989), p 38; New Yorker, 29 Nov 1952; Langford, 14 Apr 1953; George H. Gallup (ed), The Gallup International Public Opinion Polls: Great Britain 1937–1975: Volume 1 (New York, 1976), p 294; Mark Pottle (ed), Daring to Hope: The Diaries and Letters of Violet Bonham Carter, 1946–1969 (2000), p 121; Lennox Herald, 2 May 1953; M-O A, TC 67/9/D.
4. The Times, 9 Oct 1952; Independent, 11 Oct 1999 (Natasha Walter); BBC History Magazine, Dec 2002, p 48; Heap, 6 Dec 1952; Raynham, 7 Dec 1952; Langford, 8 Dec 1952; Farmers Weekly, 12 Dec 1952; BBC History Magazine (Dec 2002), p 49 (Devra Davis); Hansard, 27 Jan 1953, col 829.
5. BBC2, Timewatch: The Greatest Storm, 31 Oct 2003; Fowles, p 14; Oldie (July 2007), pp 42–3; Independent, 23 Jan 2003 (Michael McCarthy); Timewatch (Martin Francis); Michael Young, ‘The Role of the Extended Family in a Disaster’, Human Relations (1954), pp 387–8; New Yorker, 21 Feb 1953.
6. Fenton Bresler, Lord Goddard (1977), pp 225–6; Langford, 27 Oct 1952; National Archives, C.C. 96 (52), 20 Nov 1952; Picture Post, 6 Dec 1952; Langford, 7 Dec 1952; Bresler, Lord Goddard, p 234.
7. Michael Collins, The Likes of Us (2004), p 154; Donald Thomas, Villains’ Paradise (2005), p 205; Langford, 10–11 Dec 1952; Sunday Times, 25 Jan 1953; News of the World, 25 Jan 1953; Rayner Heppenstall, The Intellectual Part (1963), pp 136–7.
8. Daily Express, 27 Jan 1953; Daily Mirror, 27 Jan 1953; Spectator, 30 Jan 1953; Russell Davies (ed), The Kenneth Williams Diaries (1993), p 87; Evening Standard, 31 Jul 1998; Humphrey Berkeley, Crossing the Floor (1972), p 127; Daily Mirror, 28 Jan 1953; Rosalind Delmar, ‘Recalling a Landscape: Growing Up in Dormanstown’, in Jim Fyrth (ed), Labour’s Promised Land? (1995), p 313; Edmund White, Genet (1993), p 536; M-O A, D5353, 28 Jan 1953; Haines, 28 Jan 1953; Langford, 31 Jan 1953; Independent, 31 Jul 1998.
9. Daily Express, 25 Mar 1953; Daily Mirror, 25 Mar 1953; Picture Post, 18 Apr 1953; The Times, 26 Jan 1953; News of the World, 25 Jan 1953, 22 Feb 1953; Daily Mirror, 21 Feb 1953; Kenneth Williams Diaries, p 89; The Times, 15 Oct 2002.
10. Sunday Graphic, 26 Oct 1952, 2 Nov 1952; Ian Grosvenor et al (eds), Making Connections (Birmingham, 2002), p 63; Michael Banton, ‘The Changing Position of the Negro in Britain’, Phylon (March 1953), pp 82–3; Kathleen Jones, Catherine Cookson (1999), pp 214–15.
11. Spectator, 5 Dec 1952; New Statesman, 13 Dec 1952; Heap, 25 Nov 1952; ‘Sir Peter Saunders’, Daily Telegraph, 8 Feb 2003.
12. Times Literary Supplement, 17 Apr 1953; Listener, 23 Apr 1953; Sunday Times, 12 Apr 1953, 5 Nov 2006; Ian Fleming, Casino Royale (Pan edn, 1958), pp 157, 89, 61–2; David Cannadine, In Churchill’s Shadow (2002), p 281.
13. Andrew Lycett, Dylan Thomas (2003), p 340; Spectator, 5 Dec 1952; Lycett, Dylan Thomas, p 340; Radio Times, 24 Apr 1953; Humphrey Carpenter, The Angry Young Men (2002), pp 54–5.
14. Bill Wyman, Stone Alone (1990), p 52; New Musical Express, 7 Nov 1952, 14 Nov 1952, 20 Mar 1953; News of the World, 29 Mar 1953; Graham Payn and Sheridan Morley (eds), The Noël Coward Diaries (1982), p 209; Pottle (ed), Daring to Hope, p 119; New Statesman, 11 Apr 1953.
15. Charles Gordon, The Two Tycoons (1984), p 42; Richard Davenport-Hines, ‘Sir Charles Clore’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 12 (Oxford, 2004), pp 183–4; David Clutterbuck and Marion Devine, Clore (1987), p 69; Northampton Independent, 13 Feb 1953; Economist, 14 Feb 1953; David Kynaston, The City of London, Volume IV (2001), p 64.
16. Steve Jefferys, ’The Changing Face of Conflict: Shopfloor Organization at Longbridge, 1939–1980’, in Michael Terry and P. K. Edwards (eds), Shopfloor Politics and Job Controls (Oxford, 1988), p 68; Etheridge Papers (Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick), 202/S/J/3/3/2, 17 Feb 1953; Tim Claydon, ‘Tales of Disorder: The Press and the Narrative Construction of Industrial Relations in the British Motor Industry, 1950–79’, Historical Studies in Industrial Relations (Spring 2000), pp 12–13; Birmingham Post, 28 Mar 1953; John Salmon, ‘Wage Strategy, Redundancy and Shop Stewards in the Coventry Motor Industry’, in Terry and Edwards (eds), Shopfloor, p 198; Anthony Sutcliffe and Roger Smit
h, Birmingham 1939–1970 (1974), p 173; Les Gurl Papers (Archives, Ruskin College, Oxford), 57/1.
17. Bank of England Archives, LDMA 1/7, 6 Mar 1953; Langford, 6 Mar 1953; Claire Harman (ed), The Diaries of Sylvia Townsend Warner (1994), p 194; Michael Wharton, The Missing Will (1984), p 198; Alison Macleod, The Death of Uncle Joe (Woodbridge, 1997), p 38; Paul Boyle (ed), Cassandra at His Finest and Funniest (1967), p 148; Dianne Kirby, ‘Ecclesiastic McCarthyism: Cold War Repression in the Church of England’, Contemporary British History (June 2005), pp 192–6.
18. Radio Times, 17 Apr 1953; ‘Hilda Brabban’, Daily Telegraph, 21 Sep 2002; Brenda Maddox, Rosalind Franklin (2002); M-O A, D5353, 30 Apr 1953.
19. Langford, 8 Oct 1952; Architects’ Journal, 2 Oct 1952, 30 Oct 1952; Nick Tiratsoo et al, Urban Reconstruction in Britain and Japan, 1945–1955 (Luton, 2002), p 13; Macmillan, p 185; Tiratsoo, Urban Reconstruction, p 12; Architects’ Journal, 24 Apr 1952, 21 Aug 1952.
20. N. Tiratsoo, Reconstruction, Affluence and Labour Politics (1990), p 52; Coventry Evening Telegraph, 4 Jun 1952; Tiratsoo, Urban Reconstruction, p 24; Tiratsoo, Reconstruction, p 75; Coventry Evening Telegraph, 7 Feb 1953, 11 Feb 1953.
21. Janie Hampton (ed), Joyce & Ginnie (1997), p 175; Glasgow Herald, 15–16 Oct 1952; Charles Johnstone, ‘The Tenants’ Movement and Housing Struggles in Glasgow, 1945–1990’, University of Glasgow PhD, 1991, pp 315–18; BBC WA, R9/74/1, May 1953.
22. Benwell Community Project, Final Report Series, no 4, Slums on the Drawing Board (Newcastle upon Tyne, 1978), p 8; Proceedings of the Council of the City and County of Newcastle upon Tyne for 1952–1953 (Newcastle upon Tyne, 1953), pp 585–7.
23. Nicholas Bullock, Building the Post-War World (2002), p 117; Architects’ Journal, 8 Nov 1951; Patricia Garside, ‘Town Planning in London, 1930–1961’, University of London PhD, 1979, p 497.
24. Bryan Appleyard, The Pleasures of Peace (1989), p 119; Thom Gorst, The Buildings Around Us (1995), p 113; Bullock, Building, pp 103, 105; Osborn, p 205; Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects (April 1953), p 217.
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