by Paul Martin
20. Lucas, Axis Sally, pp. 179–80.
21. “‘Axis Sally’ Portrayed as Dupe of Former Teacher,” p. 16. See also Lucas, “Axis Sally: The Americans behind That Alluring Voice.”
22. “‘Axis Sally’ Portrayed as Dupe of Former Teacher,” p. 16. See also Dutkin, “Love for Mystic Professor,” p. 10; “Treason: True to the Red, White & Blue,” p. 27; and “Washington AKA One Minute News.”
23. “Treason: True to the Red, White & Blue,” p. 27.
24. Richard H. Rovere, “Letter from Washington,” New Yorker, February 26, 1949, pp. 80–81.
25. “‘Axis Sally’ Gets 10- to 30-Year Term,” New York Times, March 26, 1949, p. 2. See also Lucas, “Axis Sally: The Americans behind That Alluring Voice,” and Mac’as, “Gillars, Mildred Elizabeth.”
26. Weyl, Treason, p. 377.
27. Ibid., p. 379.
CHAPTER 20. WHO’S THAT RAPPING ON MY FLOOR?—MAGGIE AND KATE FOX
1. Ruth Brandon, The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983), p. 1. See also Reuben Briggs Davenport, The Death-Blow to Spiritualism (New York: Arno Press, 1976, reprint of 1888 edition), pp. 81, 85–86; Nancy Rubin Stuart, The Reluctant Spiritualist: The Life of Maggie Fox (Orlando, FL: Harcourt, Inc., 2005), pp. 4–5; and Barbara Weisberg, Talking to the Dead: Kate and Maggie Fox and the Rise of Spiritualism (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2005), pp. 1, 16–18, 43.
2. Brandon, Spiritualists, pp. 1–3. See also David Chapin, Exploring Other Worlds: Margaret Fox, Elisha Kent Kane, and the Antebellum Culture of Curiosity (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2004), pp. 31–33; Davenport, Death-Blow to Spiritualism, p. 87; Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, pp. 5–7, 12; and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 2, 18–20.
3. Brandon, Spiritualists, pp. 3–4. See also Chapin, Exploring Other Worlds, pp. 33–34; Davenport, Death-Blow to Spiritualism, pp. 88, 94–95; Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, pp. 7, 12–13; and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 2, 19–21.
4. Chapin, Exploring Other Worlds, pp. 36–37, 89–90. See also Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 3, 28–29.
5. Ann Braude, Radical Spirits: Spiritualism and Women’s Rights in Nineteenth-Century America (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2001), p. 25. See also John H. Martin, “The Fox Sisters,” from Saints, Sinners, and Reformers, reprinted in Crooked Lake Review, Fall 2005, http://www.crookedlakereview.com/books/saints_sinners/martin10.html (accessed October 5, 2011); James Randi, An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), p. 101; Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, p. 1; Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 3, 54, 260–61; and “Welcome,” National Spiritualist Association of Churches, 2011, http://www.nsac.org (accessed October 26, 2011).
6. Braude, Radical Spirits, pp. xv, 27, 29, 58. See also Chapin, Exploring Other Worlds, pp. 40–43; Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, p. 37; and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, p. 64.
7. Davenport, Death-Blow to Spiritualism, pp. 13–16. See also Martin, “Fox Sisters”; “Pranks the Spirits Play,” New York Sun, October 22, 1888, p. 1; Randi, Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes, pp. 101–102; “Spirit Mediums Outdone,” New York Daily Tribune, October 22, 1888, p. 7; and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 3–4.
8. Chapin, Exploring Other Worlds, p. 35. See also Martin, “Fox Sisters”; Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, p. 10; and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 36–37, 63–64.
9. Brandon, Spiritualists, pp. 4–5, 40–41. See also Chapin, Exploring Other Worlds, pp. 38–40, 44–45; Davenport, Death-Blow to Spiritualism, pp. 102–103, 126–27; Martin, “Fox Sisters”; Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, pp. 27–28, 32–35, 40–41; and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 7, 54.
10. Chapin, Exploring Other Worlds, pp. 44, 48–51. See also Davenport, Death-Blow to Spiritualism, p. 105; Martin, “Fox Sisters”; Randi, Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes, p. 101; Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, pp. 39, 50–52; and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 68, 76–80.
11. Chapin, Exploring Other Worlds, pp. 82, 85, 99. See also Davenport, Death-Blow to Spiritualism, pp. 16, 102–103; Randi, Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes, p. 101; Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, p. 57; and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 7, 144.
12. Braude, Radical Spirits, pp. 26–27. See also Martin, “Fox Sisters”; Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, pp. 96–97, 173; and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 120–21, 144–46.
13. Brandon, Spiritualists, pp. 45–47, 101–102, 168. See also Martin, “Fox Sisters”; Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, pp. 171, 283; Troy Taylor, “The Davenport Brothers: Were They Mediums or Magicians?” Haunted Museum, 2003, http://www.prairieghosts.com/davenport.html (accessed October 25, 2011); Troy Taylor, “Spirit Cabinets: Communicating with the Spirits,” Haunted Museum, 2003, http://www.prairieghosts.com/cabinets.html (accessed October 25, 2011); and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 120–21, 144–46.
14. Chapin, Exploring Other Worlds, pp. 5–8. See also Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, p. 69, and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 76, 89–91.
15. Chapin, Exploring Other Worlds, pp.75, 83. See also Davenport, Death-Blow to Spiritualism, p. 36; Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, pp. 70–72; and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 86, 108, 110, 245–46.
16. Brandon, Spiritualists, p. 229. See also Chapin, Exploring Other Worlds, pp. 199, 212–13; Randi, Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes, pp. 101–102; Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, pp. 190, 196–97, 218, 242, 282; and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 102, 152, 170, 197, 212, 231, 235–36.
17. Brandon, Spiritualists, pp. 40–41, 228. See also Chapin, Exploring Other Worlds, pp. 212–15; Davenport, Death-Blow to Spiritualism, pp. 74–76; Martin, “Fox Sisters”; “Pranks the Spirits Play,” p. 1; “Spirit Mediums Outdone,” p. 7; Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, pp. 297–300; and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 3, 7, 234–35, 241, 244–45.
18. Chapin, Exploring Other Worlds, pp. 31–32. See also Davenport, Death-Blow to Spiritualism, p. 84; Martin, “Fox Sisters”; “Pranks the Spirits Play,” p. 1; Randi, Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes, p. 101; “Spirit Mediums Outdone,” p. 7; Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, p. 4; and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 19, 242–43.
19. Brandon, Spiritualists, pp. 229, 235–36. See also Chapin, Exploring Other Worlds, pp. 215–16; Davenport, Death-Blow to Spiritualism, p. v; Martin, “Fox Sisters”; Randi, Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes, pp. 101–102; and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, p. 253.
20. Brandon, Spiritualists, pp. 229–30. See also Chapin, Exploring Other Worlds, pp. 215–16; Randi, Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes, pp. 101–102; Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, pp. 303, 307–308, 310–13; and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 3–4, 255–59.
21. Brandon, Spiritualists, pp. 166–68, 174–75. See also Houdini, A Magician among the Spirits (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1924), p. xix; Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, pp. 316–17; and Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 5, 264.
22. Martin, “Fox Sisters.” See also Stuart, Reluctant Spiritualist, p. 315; Weisberg, Talking to the Dead, pp. 6, 260; “Welcome,” Cassadaga Spiritualist Camp, http://www.cassadaga.org (accessed October 26, 2011); and “Welcome to Lily Dale,” Lily Dale Assembly, 2011, http://www.lilydaleassembly.com (accessed October 26, 2011).
CHAPTER 21. THE WITCH OF WALL STREET—HETTY GREEN
1. Janet L. Coryell, “Green, Hetty,” American National Biography Online, February 2000, http://www.anb.org/articles/10/10-00679.html (accessed August 1, 2011). See also Charles Slack, Hetty: The Genius and Madness of America’s First Female Tycoon (New York: Ecco, 2004), p. ix, and Peter Wyckoff, “Queen Midas: Hetty Robinson Green,” New England Quarterly, June 1950, pp. 147, 160.
2. Ladbroke Black, Some Queer People (London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1931), p. 207. See also Coryell, “Green, Hetty,” and Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” pp. 149, 170.
4. Black, Some Queer People, pp. 209–10. See also Coryell, “Green, Hetty”; Sparkes and Moore, Witch of Wall Street, pp. 23–24; and Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” pp. 150–51.
5. Sparkes and Moore, Witch of Wall Street, p. 34. See also Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” p. 151.
6. Coryell, “Green, Hetty.” See also Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” p. 151.
7. Black, Some Queer People, p. 211. See also Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” p. 151.
8. Black, Some Queer People, pp. 211–12. See also Coryell, “Green, Hetty”; Ishbel Ross, Charmers and Cranks: Twelve Famous American Women Who Defied the Conventions (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), p. 33; Sparkes and Moore, Witch of Wall Street, pp. 89–93; and Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” pp. 151–53.
9. Black, Some Queer People, pp. 212–14. See also Coryell, “Green, Hetty”; Ross, Charmers and Cranks, p. 33; Slack, Hetty, pp. 56, 62–63; and Sparkes and Moore, Witch of Wall Street, pp. 102, 104–105, 111–16.
10. Black, Some Queer People, p. 215. See also Coryell, “Green, Hetty”; Sparkes and Moore, Witch of Wall Street, p. 119; and Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” p. 154.
11. Ross, Charmers and Cranks, p. 34. See also Sparkes and Moore, Witch of Wall Street, p. 119.
12. Slack, Hetty, pp. 72–73. See also Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” p. 155.
13. Andrew Beattie, “Hetty Green: The Witch of Wall Street,” Investopedia.com, June 30, 2009, http://www.investopedia.com/articles/financialcareers/09/hetty-green-witch-wall-street.asp#axzz1R3tAmZHM (accessed July 3, 2011). See also Coryell, “Green, Hetty.”
14. Hetty Green, “Why Women Are Not Money Makers,” Harper’s Bazaar, March 10, 1900, p. 201.
15. Beattie, “Hetty Green.” See also Ross, Charmers and Cranks, pp. 41–42; Sparkes and Moore, Witch of Wall Street, pp. 138–39; and Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” p. 153.
16. Coryell, “Green, Hetty.” See also Slack, Hetty, pp. 86, 97; Sparkes and Moore, Witch of Wall Street, pp. 160–61; and Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” p. 157.
17. Black, Some Queer People, p. 216. See also Coryell, “Green, Hetty”; Slack, Hetty, p. 97; and Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” pp. 147–48, 158.
18. Coryell, “Green, Hetty.” See also Slack, Hetty, pp. 134–35, and Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” pp. 161, 163.
19. Black, Some Queer People, p. 217. See also Coryell, “Green, Hetty”; “Hetty Green’s Fortune,” New York Times, July 9, 1916, p. E2; Ross, Charmers and Cranks, p. 45; Slack, Hetty, pp. 204–205; Sparkes and Moore, Witch of Wall Street, pp. 218–19; Jay Starkman, “Hetty Green: The Witch of Wall Street,” Current Accounts, January/February 2009, p. 12; and Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” pp. 152, 160–61, 166.
20. Black, Some Queer People, p. 217. See also Sparkes and Moore, Witch of Wall Street, pp. 224–26, and Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” pp. 161–62.
21. Coryell, “Green, Hetty.” See also Ross, Charmers and Cranks, p. 37; Slack, Hetty, pp. 84, 112–14; Sparkes and Moore, Witch of Wall Street, pp. 149–53; and Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” p. 156.
22. Black, Some Queer People, pp. 206–207. See also Ross, Charmers and Cranks, pp. 26, 57; Slack, Hetty, p. 107; and Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” pp. 166, 168.
23. Black, Some Queer People, p. 206. See also, Slack, Hetty, p. 217, and Starkman, “Hetty Green,” p. 12.
24. Beattie, “Hetty Green.” See also Coryell, “Green, Hetty”; “Hetty Green Dies, Worth $100,000,000,” New York Times, July 4, 1916, p. 1; Slack, Hetty, p. 204; Sparkes and Moore, Witch of Wall Street, pp. 333, 337; and Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” pp. 147–48, 170.
25. Beattie, “Hetty Green.” See also Coryell, “Green, Hetty”; “Hetty Green’s Fortune,” p. E2; and Starkman, “Hetty Green,” p. 12.
26. “Jersey Seeks Green Tax,” New York Times, July 9, 1916, p. 16. See also Slack, Hetty, pp. 204–206; Sparkes and Moore, Witch of Wall Street, pp. 337–38; and Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” p. 171.
27. Black, Some Queer People, pp. 217–18. See also, “Hetty Green’s Fortune,” p. E2, and Starkman, “Hetty Green,” p. 12.
28. Beattie, “Hetty Green.” See also Coryell, “Green, Hetty”; “Hetty Green’s Fortune,” p. E2; Slack, Hetty, pp. 205, 215–17, 223–26; Starkman, “Hetty Green,” p. 12; and Wyckoff, “Queen Midas,” p. 171.
CHAPTER 22. KING OF THE CANNIBAL ISLANDS—DAVID O’KEEFE
1. Francis X. Hezel, “The Man Who Was Reputed to Be King: David Dean O’Keefe,” Journal of Pacific History 43, no. 2 (2008): 239–52, reprinted by Micronesian Seminar, http://www.micsem.org/pubs/articles/historical/frames/O’Keefefr.htm (accessed July 29, 2010).
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid. See also “O’Keefe and Yap,” Pacific Worlds, http://www.pacificworlds.com/yap/visitors/okeefe.cfm (accessed July 29, 2010).
5. William Henry Furness, The Island of Stone Money, Uap of the Carolines (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1910), pp. 92–96. See also Hezel, “Man Who Was Reputed to Be King”; “Land of Stone Money: State of Yap,” Yap Visitors Center, Federated States of Micronesia, http://www.visit-fsm.org/yap (accessed October 24, 2010); “O’Keefe and Yap”; and John Tharngan, “Stone Money,” Road to Riches, BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/road_to_riches/prog2/tharngan.stm (accessed July 29, 2010).
6. Furness, Island of Stone Money, pp. 101–102. See also Hezel, “Man Who Was Reputed to Be King”; “O’Keefe and Yap”; and Tharngan, “Stone Money.”
7. Hezel, “Man Who Was Reputed to Be King.” See also “O’Keefe and Yap.”
8. Hezel, “Man Who Was Reputed to Be King.” See also “O’Keefe and Yap.”
9. Francis X. Hezel, “A Yankee Trader in Yap: Crayton Philo Holcomb,” Journal of Pacific History 10, no. 1 (1975): 3–19, reprinted by Micronesian Seminar, http://www.micsem.org/pubs/articles/historical/frames/yankeetradfr.htm (accessed July 29, 2010). See also Hezel, “Man Who Was Reputed to Be King.”
10. Jason Berg, “Yapese Culture,” EMuseum, Minnesota State University, Mankato, http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/asia/yapese_culture.html (accessed July 29, 2010). See also Hezel, “Yankee Trader in Yap”; Hezel, “Man Who Was Reputed to Be King”; and “Timeline of the Kingdom of Yap,” Kingdom of Yap, http://www.kingdomofyap.org/timeline.html (accessed July 29, 2010).
11. Hezel, “Man Who Was Reputed to Be King.” See also “Timeline of the Kingdom of Yap.”
12. Hezel, “Man Who Was Reputed to Be King.” See also “O’Keefe and Yap.”
13. Hezel, “Man Who Was Reputed to Be King.”
14. Joseph Conrad, Lord Jim (New York: Signet Classics, 2009), p. ix. See also, Hezel, “Man Who Was Reputed to Be King.”
15. Hezel, “Man Who Was Reputed to Be King.” See also Lawrence Klingman and Gerald Green, His Majesty O’Keefe (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1950), pp. vii, 276.
16. Berg, “Yapese Culture.” See also Hezel, “Man Who Was Reputed to Be King”; His Majesty O’Keefe [movie], Warner Brothers, 1954, rated at tcm.com, http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/16812/His-Majesty-O-Keefe (accessed July 29, 2010); “O’Keefe and Yap”; Tharngan, “Stone Money”; and “Timeline of the Kingdom of Yap.”
17. Hezel, “Man Who Was Reputed to Be King.”
18. Ibid. See also “Land of Stone Money”; “O’Keefe and Yap”; “O’Keefe’s Waterfront Inn,” OkeefesYap.com, 2009, http://www.okeefesyap.com/history.htm (accessed July 29, 2010); and Tharngan, “Stone Money.”
CHAPTER 23. MASTER SALESMAN OF A DUBIOUS LEGEND—HERBERT BRIDGMAN
1. “Herbert Bridgman Dies at Sea at 80,” New York Times, September 27, 1924, p. 15. See also Herbert L. Bridgman, “Ten Years of the Peary Arctic Club,” National Geographic, September 1908, p. 668; “H. L. Bridgman’s Body Here,” New York Times, October 1, 1924, p. 19; Ann T. Keene, “Bridgman, Herbert
Lawrence,” American National Biography Online, February 2000, http://www.anb.org/articles/20/20-00109.html (accessed February 15, 2010); and Felix Riesenberg et al., His Last Voyage: Herbert Lawrence Bridgman, 1844–1924 (Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Standard Union, 1924), p. 47.
2. “Herbert Bridgman Dies at Sea at 80,” p. 15. See also “Cape York Meteorite,” American Museum of Natural History, http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/expeditions/treasure_fossil/Treasures/Cape_York_Meteorite/capeyork.html?50 (accessed September 17, 2010); Helen Sawyer Hogg, “Out of Old Books,” Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 57, no. 1, pp. 41–48; and Keene, “Bridgman, Herbert Lawrence.”
3. Russell W. Gibbons, “Cook, Frederick Albert,” American National Biography Online, February 2000, http://www.anb.org/articles/20/20-00212.html (accessed February 15, 2010). See also Ted Heckathorn, “Dr. Frederick Cook’s North Pole Claim,” Frederick A. Cook Society, April 5, 2008, http://www.cookpolar.org/mckinley.htm (accessed December 11, 2011); Ted Heckathorn, “Peary, Robert Edwin,” American National Biography Online, February 2000, http://www.anb.org/articles/20/20-00770.html (accessed February 15, 2010); Bruce Henderson, “Who Discovered the North Pole?” Smithsonian Magazine, April 2009, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Cook-vs-Peary.html?c=y&page=1 (accessed September 16, 2010); and Keene, “Bridgman, Herbert Lawrence.”
4. “Herbert Bridgman Dies at Sea at 80,” p. 15. See also Bridgman, “Ten Years of the Peary Arctic Club,” pp. 661–68; Heckathorn, “Peary, Robert Edwin”; “His Last Voyage,” New York Times, September 27, 1924, p. 14; “H. L. Bridgman’s Body Here,” p. 19; Keene, “Bridgman, Herbert Lawrence”; and Morgen Stevens-Garmon, “Finding Aid to the Archives of the Peary Arctic Club,” Explorers Club, 2009, http://www.explorers.org/pdf/peary_arctic_club_finding_aid.pdf (accessed September 15, 2010).
5. “The Frederick A. Cook Society Collection,” Byrd Polar Research Center Archival Program, 2010, http://library.osu.edu/sites/archives/polar/cook/cook.php (accessed September 21, 2010). See also Gibbons, “Cook, Frederick Albert”; Heckathorn, “Peary, Robert Edwin”; “Peary and the North Pole 100 Years Ago Today,” NatGeo News Watch, April 6, 2009, http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2009/04/peary-and-the-north-pole.html (accessed August 31, 2010); and “Relief Expedition of Peary Arctic Club,” New York Times, June 23, 1901.