by Ed Douglas
Bruce, Robert, 329
Buchan, John, 372, 422
Buchanan-Hamilton, Francis, 113–14, 117, 173, 174, 217, 328
Buddhism, 3, 12–13, 63, 398
Avalokitesvara, 47, 73, 83, 131, 306, 399
in Badrinath, 12–13
bodh tree, 209
bodhisattvas, 73, 77, 83, 91, 100, 306
in China, 43, 49, 50, 55, 74
cosmology, 301
dharma, 46, 56, 66, 70, 73, 132, 215
Diamond Sutra, 44–5
karma, 133
Kushinagar, 209
Lake Anavatapta, 210
in Nepal, 46, 55, 85–92, 102, 112
Prajnaparamita, 45
Sakya Buddha, 264
second diffusion, 68, 131, 453
soul, conception of, 13
in Soviet Union, 431, 434
sunyata, 74
swastikas in, 66
tantra, see Tantric Buddhism
in Tibet, see under Tibetan Buddhism
Zen, 55, 56–7
Buddhism Society, 431
buddleia, 347
Budhanilakantha, Nepal, 85
Buhl, Hermann, 468–9
Bukhara, 156, 270, 276, 404
Bulstrode, Beatrix, 393
Bulwer-Lytton, Edward George, 317
Bulwer-Lytton, Edward Robert, 1st Earl of Lytton, 376
Bunga Dyah, 83
von Bunge, Alexander Georg, 301
Burfu, Uttarakhand, 262
Burke, Edmund, 139, 291
Burke-Plunkett, Elizabeth, Countess of Fingall, 430
Burkill, Isaac Henry, 344
Burlton, James, 224
Burma, 224, 348, 384, 385
Burma Road, 492
Burne, Owen Tudor, 381
Burnouf, Émile-Louis, 104
Burnouf, Eugène, 103, 244, 322
Burton, Richard, 284, 296
Buryatia; Buryats, 299, 389
Butwal, Uttar Pradesh, 174, 181, 183, 188, 193
Byzantine Empire (395–1453), 74
Cabral, João, 77–8, 94, 144
Cacella, Estêvão, 77–8, 94, 144
Calcutta, Bengal, 98, 128, 140, 175
Anglo-Chinese Treaty (1890), 311, 386
Anglo-Chinese Treaty (1908), 397
Botanical Garden, 326, 328
brothels, 484
cemeteries, 140, 148, 191, 216
Convention of Calcutta (1890), 311, 386
Darjeeling as summer capital, 342
famine (1769–1773), 128
Fort William College, 176, 241
Tent Club, 241
300 Club, 469
camera obscura, 202
cameras, 414
Campbell-Bannerman, Henry, 395
Campbell, Archibald, 335–8, 342, 383
Campbell, Colin, 260
Campbell, John, 5th Earl Cawdor, 348, 408
Canada, 28, 312, 313
Candragarbha, 72
Canning, Charles John, 1st Earl Canning, 239, 241, 249, 253, 259–60
Canning, Charlotte, 239
Canton, Qing Empire, 282, 291, 298, 308, 331, 332, 345
Capra, Frank, 429
Capuchins, 95, 123, 143, 166, 205, 208, 303–7, 309
carbon dioxide, 27
Carboniferous period, 26
Carson, Susanna, see Rijnhart, Susanna
Cartier, Raymond, 518
cartography, 202–26
Casale, Jean, 421
cashmere, see wool trade
Cathay, 78
Catholicism
Britain and, 392
Capuchins, 95, 123, 143, 166, 205, 208, 303–7, 309
Jesuits, see Jesuits
Lazarists, 297, 309, 344, 380, 382
Nazism and, 432
Papacy, 206, 303, 392
Caucasus, 284, 355, 508
Cavenagh, William Orfeur, 254
Caves of Bliss, 69
Cawnpore, Uttar Pradesh, 218, 239
Cecil, Robert, 92
cement industry, 497
censuses
1871 342
1891 342
1901 261
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 415, 461, 505, 506
Ceylon, 323, 339, 413
Chabi, 88, 92
Chagos Islands, 22
Chagri monastery, Bhutan, 143
Chakrabarti, Chinmoy, 264
Chaksam river, 398
Chaktreng, Kham, 396–7
Chakzampa, 142
Chamba, 181
Chamdo, Tibet, 40, 488
Chamonix, France, 355, 409, 464
Chamurthi ponies, 270, 274
Chand dynasty (c. 600–1791), 16, 265
Chandragiri, Nepal, 98, 108, 110, 116
Chandraprabha, 116
Chang Tang, Tibet, 39, 154, 276, 314–15, 455
Chang’an, Tang Empire, 46, 49, 51, 53, 55, 74
Changabang, 356
Changchub Gyaltsen, 130
Changchub O, King of Guge, 71–2, 131
Changu Narayan temple, Kathmandu, 85, 103
Chapman, Frederick Spencer, 414, 435
Char Narayan temple, Patan, 100
chariot procession, 83
Charlottesville riots (2017), 106, 107
Chaubisi rajya, 111, 113, 118
Chauduri, 201
Chautariya, Hasti Dal, 195, 220
Chebu Lama, 338
Chefoo Convention (1876), 384
Cheka, 404
Chelsea Flower Show, London, 320
Chelsea Physic Garden, London, 340, 341
chemical weathering, 27
Chen Yi, 519
Cheng Jufu, 89
Chengde, Hebei, 148, 167
Chengdu, Sichuan, 49, 382
Chenrezig, 47, 73, 83, 131, 306, 399
Cherchen, Turkestan, 314
Chetwode, Penelope, 450
Cheyne–Stokes breathing, 274
Chhetris, 113–14, 155, 186, 233, 449, 525
Chhota Char Dham, 10, 12, 14
Chhota Simla, Himachal Pradesh, 231
Chiang Kai-shek, 411, 434, 456, 483, 486, 487, 488
Chicago Daily News, 456
Chicago, Illinois, 518, 520
chidar, 68
Chile, 354
Chimborazo, Andes range, 216, 224–5, 351, 352
China
Britain, trade with, 127–8, 170, 172
Buddhism in, 43, 49, 50, 55, 74
Christianity in, 74
Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE), 42, 64, 65
Han people, 35, 37, 39
Islam, perceptions of, 55
Ming dynasty (1368–1644), 76
People’s Republic (1949–), see People’s Republic of China
Qing dynasty (1644–1912), see Qing Empire
Republic (1912–1949), see Republic of China
silk industry, 32, 51, 64
Tang dynasty (618–907), 43, 48–54, 55, 63, 67, 69, 74, 484
Western Zhou dynasty (1047–772 BCE), 40
Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), 43, 75–6, 88–93, 130
China Illustrata (Kircher), 97
China Inland Mission, 310, 311, 312
Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, 28
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32
Chinese Tibet (1950–), 2, 39, 60, 109, 126, 155, 472–82, 485–499
annexation (1950–51), see Annexation of Tibet
Barkhor protest (1992), 475
Belt and Road Initiative (2013–), 43, 64, 151
cement industry, 497
Chushi Gangdruk, 495, 505–6, 511, 515, 519
Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), see Cultural Revolution
Dalai Lama’s Beijing visit (1954), 482
diaspora, 155
Everest expedition (1960), 509–10, 511
Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (1954), 502, 503
foreign interference narrative, 481, 490, 498
G219 highway, 58, 59, 63, 506
genetics
research, 32–9
Han migration, 39
infrastructure projects, 151–2, 481, 482
Labour Day, 477
Lhasa Uprising (1959), 472, 475, 501, 502, 503, 509, 518, 519
Nyemo revolt (1969), 478–9
Panchen Lama, reincarnation of, 293
pro-independence protests (1987–1989), 474, 494
railways, 151–2
Riots (2008), 480, 494
roads in, 482, 502–3, 505, 507, 515, 519
self-immolation protests (2009–2017), 480–81, 498, 499
Seventeen-Point Agreement (1951), 489
‘Seventy Thousand Character Petition’ (1962), 496
Sino-Indian War (1962), 2, 13, 261–2, 263, 399, 415, 504–5, 515
surveillance, 498
tourism, 151, 479, 481, 497
Wencheng, story of, 50
wool trade, 482
chiru, 36
Chitrakar, Amar, 110
Chitral State (1320–1969), 358, 372, 390
Chittagong, Bengal, 281, 289
Cho La, 338
Cho Oyu, 465
Choekyi Dronma, 473
Choekyi Gyaltsen, 4th Panchen Lama, 134
Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama, 495–6
cholera, 184, 245, 260
Chomolungma, 11, 22–3, 25–6, 80, 215, 358–9
avalanche (2014), 520–25
British expeditions, see British Everest expeditions
Chinese claims to, 507, 510–11
Chinese expedition (1960), 509–10, 511
Chinese-Soviet expedition (1958–1959), 508–9
Douglas-Hamilton’s flight (1933), 421–3
Heron’s mapping of, 22
Hooker’s visit (1848), 337
Icefall, 464, 465, 521–3
Kagyu school and, 215
Messner’s expedition (1978), 362, 369
name, 369, 507, 510
potato growing, 329
Steck expedition violence (2013), 520
Swiss expedition (1952), 441, 464–5
Swiss expedition (1956), 25–6
tourism, 521–3
United States expedition (1963), 519, 521
Wilson’s ascent (1934), 420
Zawada expedition (1980), 520
Chone monastery, Gansu, 346, 348
Chongqing, China, 456, 487, 488, 492
Chopin, Frédéric François, 257
Christianity, 15–16, 45, 54, 55, 64, 74–8, 97
Anglicanism, 230, 268
Capuchins, 95, 123, 143, 166, 205, 208, 303–7, 309
Catholicism, see Catholicism
Jesuits, see Jesuits
Lazarists, 297, 309, 344, 380, 382
Methodists, 312
Nestorians, 49, 64, 74, 75
Orthodox, 159, 160
Papacy, 206, 303, 392
Presbyterianism, 143
Prester John, 74–5, 76
Protestantism, 310, 432
Chugong, Tibet, 40–41
Chukha, Bhutan, 142
Chumbi valley, Tibet, 169, 215, 312, 383, 399, 495
Chumi Shengo, Tibet, 391, 392
Chunak, Tibet, 65, 67
Church of England, 16
Churchill, Randolph, 385
Chusang, Tibet, 36
Chushi Gangdruk, 495, 505–6, 511, 515, 519
Chushul, Ladakh, 280, 504
cinchona trees, 327, 339
Cixi, Qing Dowager Empress, 394
Clerk, George, 251
climate, 3, 27–8
monsoon, see monsoon
Tibet, 36, 37, 38, 77
climate change, 3, 31
glacial retreat and, 29
Guge collapse and, 77
mosquitoes and, 84
Nanda Devi and, 416
Clive, Robert, 123, 124, 139, 211
Club Alpin Français, 463
Coapman, John, 517
cobras, 29, 85
Cohn, Harry, 429
coins, minting of, 83, 121, 163, 168, 169
Colebrooke, Henry, 216, 217, 218, 222, 223–4, 225
Colebrooke, Robert, 216–22
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 92–3, 102, 290, 294
College of Aeronautical Engineering, 422
Collie, Norman, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 368
Columbia Pictures, 429
Colville, John, 239
Coming Race, The (Bulwer-Lytton), 317
communism, 473, 479, 480, 496
in China, 438, 455–6, 460
in India, 106
in Nepal, 108, 109, 511, 515
in Tibet, see communism in Tibet
in United Kingdom, 405
in United States, 460, 495
see also Maoism
communism in Tibet, 404, 473, 478, 487–90, 495
iconoclasm, 56, 71, 453, 479
Lungshar and, 437
Panchen Lama and, 495–6
Tibetan Communist Party, 487–90
women’s rights and, 480
de la Condamine, Charles-Marie, 216
Confucianism, 54
Conrad, Joseph, 124, 324
Constantinople, 74, 207
continental drift, 21–5
Convention of Calcutta (1890), 311, 386
Conway, Martin, 358, 359–60, 362, 363, 365
Cooch Behar, 138–9, 148
Cook, James, 141, 322, 325
Cooper, Thomas Thornville, 382–3, 384
Copley Medal, 213
coral, 138
Corbett, Edward James ‘Jim’, 517
Corbett, Geoffrey, 7–8
Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, 168, 171, 268
Cosmic Consciousness (Besant), 374
Cosmos (Humboldt), 352
de Coubertin, Pierre, 409
cow’s mouth, 6, 16, 218, 222, 223
Crawford, Charles, 217–18
Cremorne Gardens, London, 256
Crimean War (1853–1856), 229, 284
crinoids, 25, 26
crocodiles, 29
Crosse, Cornelia ‘Yoï’, 454
Crowley, Aleister, 333, 365
Crown Brewery, 352
Csoma de Kőrös, Sándor, 378
Cuban missile crisis (1962), 261, 504
Cuillier-Perron, Pierre, 220
Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), 397, 453, 472–3, 478–9
belt buckle beatings, 477
Jokhang and, 496–7
iconoclasm, 56, 71, 91, 453, 479
Mount Kailas and, 60
Nyemo revolt (1969), 478–9
Samye monastery and, 56
Sherab Gyatso, death of (1968), 496
struggle sessions, 473
White Stupa and, 91
Cuncolim Revolt (1583), 76
Cunningham, Alexander, 280, 281
Curzon, George, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, 375, 386–7
Chandra Shamsher, relationship with, 387–8, 396, 444
Everest expeditions, 375, 395, 396, 400, 401
Nepal visit (1901), 387–8
resignation (1905), 393, 395
Russia, relations with, 388, 389
Trisul expedition (1907), 367, 395
Younghusband expedition (1903–1904), 375, 390–91, 392
D’Oyly, Charles and Elizabeth, 241
Daba, Tibet, 274–5, 277
Dacca, Bengal, 212, 453
Dadu, Yuan Empire, 90, 92
Dahachok, Nepal, 121
Dahal, Prakash, 525
Dahal, Pushpa Kamal, 525
Daily Mail, 392
Daily Telegraph, 358, 519
dakini, 473
Dakota aircraft, 470
Dal Mardan Shah, King of Patan, 118
Dalai Lamas, 39, 47, 56, 73, 133, 172
1st Gedun Drub, 132–3
2nd Gedun Gyatso, 133
3rd Sonam Gyatso, 133
4th Yonten Gyatso, 133–4
5th Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso, 83, 94, 134–5, 161, 210
6th Tsangyang G
yatso, 135
7th Kelzang Gyatso, 203, 305, 306, 376
8th Jamphel Gyatso, 98, 129, 145, 167, 169, 201
9th Lungtok Gyatso, 290, 292, 293, 300, 377
11th Khedrup Gyatso, 297–8
12th Trinley Gyatso, 287, 381, 388
13th Thubten Gyatso, see Thubten Gyatso
14th Tenzin Gyatso, see Tenzin Gyatso
Daldowie, Scotland, 140
Dalgleish, Andrew, 380
Dalhousie, Lord, see Broun-Ramsay, James
Dalrymple, Alexander, 211
Dämon des Himalaya, Der, 410
Danapur Treaty (1801), 173, 185, 217
Daoguang, Qing Emperor, 279, 282
Darchen, Tibet, 60
Darjeeling, Bengal, 226, 237, 341–3
Bhotia Boarding School, 289
British lease of (1835), 335
Calcutta’s summer capital, 342
Chushi Gangdruk in, 506
Dalai Lama in (1910–1913), 397, 398
Das in, 289
ethnic groups in, 342
Gajraj Singh Thapa in, 238–9
Gorkhaland, 18
Himalayan Research Institute, 432
Hodgson in, 333–4
Hooker in, 333–4, 336
Kishen Singh in, 288
Nepali migration to, 524
potatoes in, 328
St Joseph’s college, 342, 442
St Paul’s school, 342
Taylor in, 311
tea plantations, 239, 241, 335–6, 341–3
workers in, 342
World War II (1939–1945), 447
Dartsedu, see Kangding
Darwin, Charles, 268, 325, 326, 330, 351, 353
Das, Sarat Chandra, 289, 337, 385, 406
Dasang Damdul, see Tsarong Shap-pe
Dasnami, 136
Dattatreya, 15
Daumal, René, 321
David, Armand, 344–5
David-Néel, Alexandra, 313, 408
Davidia, 345
Davidia involucrata, 346
Davidson, William Edward, 362, 363
Davis, John, 282
Davis, Samuel, 150
Dayal, Harishwar, 490, 495
Dayal, Leela Row, 490
Daybul, 157
‘Deconstructing the Map’ (Harley), 210
deer, 29, 40, 41, 156–8, 190
Dehra Dun, Garhwal, 235, 270, 286, 287, 352, 442, 455, 456
Delavay, Jean-Marie, 345
Delhi
Aufschnaiter in, 459
British embassy, 460
Durbar (1903), 389
flooding in, 1
French embassy, 463
Hawley in, 501
Hodgson in (1819), 175
Metcalfe’s residency (1811–1818), 191
Ochterlony’s residency (1818–1820), 175
Partition (1947), 442
Siege (1804), 176
Siege (1857), 227, 228, 231, 234, 235
Smyth, 283
United States embassy, 504
Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526), 86, 113
Della Penna, Francesco Orazio, 305, 307
Deluc, Jean-André, 218
Deng Xiaoping, 488
Denisovans, 37
Dent du Géant, Alps, 355
Deosai plateau, 360
Derge Kingdom (c. 1400s–1956), 397
Desideri, Ippolito