by Jim Newton
15 Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
16 Warren to Douglas, June 14, 1965, LOC, MD, Douglas papers, correspondence files, Earl and Nina Warren, 1960-1976.
17 The fishing trip appears to have taken place on Saturday, July 10, 1965, as Nina Warren wrote to Drew Pearson on Monday, July 19, 1965, and noted details of the trip, which she said occurred on “Saturday morning.” Stevenson died on July 14, 1965, a Wednesday.
18 Nina Warren letter to Drew Pearson, July 19, 1965, LBJ Library, Pearson papers, Warren file.
19 President’s Daily Diary, diary backup, July 19, 1965, LBJ Library.
20 Oral history interview with Warren, Sept. 21, 1971, by Joe B. Frantz, LBJ Library, p. 20 (Internet copy).
21 Oral history interview with Goldberg, March 23, 1983, by Ted Gittinger, LBJ Library, Interview I, p. 1.
22 Ibid.
23 Laura Kalman, Abe Fortas, pp. 242-45.
24 Fortas letter to Johnson, July 19, 1965, LBJ Library, Presidential papers, Confidential file, Supreme Court folder.
25 Kalman, Abe Fortas, p. 245.
26 John Lewis, Walking with the Wind, p. 327.
27 Andrew Young, An Easy Burden, pp. 353-58.
28 Ibid., p. 361.
29 Elizabeth Black, Mr. Justice and Mrs. Black: The Memoirs of Hugo L. Black and Elizabeth Black, diary entry for March 12, 1965, p. 105.
30 Lyndon Johnson, Special Message to the Congress: The American Promise, March 15, 1965, Presidential Papers, 1965, p. 107.
31 Taylor Branch, At Canaan’s Edge, p. 115.
32 Lucas Powe, The Warren Court and American Politics, p. 259.
33 Robert Dallek, Flawed Giant, p. 220
34 United States Constitution, Fifteenth Amendment.
35 South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U.S. 301 (1966).
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid. (concurrence; dissent).
38 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, 383 U.S. 663 (1966) (Harlan dissent). Only four states imposed a poll tax in 1996: Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia.
39 Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964).
40 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, 383 U.S. 663 (1966).
41 Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641 (1966).
42 Powe, The Warren Court and American Politics, p. 262.
43 Lassiter v. Northampton Election Board, 360 U.S. 45 (1959).
44 Ibid., footnote 7.
45 End-of-term memo, 1965, Chambers of William J. Brennan, Jr., LOC, MD, Brennan papers, Part II.
46 Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641 (1966).
47 Ibid., footnote 10. See also end-of-term memo, 1965, Chambers of William J. Brennan, Jr., LOC, MD, Brennan papers, Part II. Powe provides a particularly lucid explanation of this case and the accompanying 1966 voting decisions in chapter 10 of The Warren Court and American Politics.
48 Griffin v. Illinois, 351 U.S. 12 (1956).
49 Author interviews with Kenneth Ziffren, Jan. 12, 2005, and Michael Smith, July 8, 2005.
50 Gary L. Stuart, Miranda: The Story of America’s Right to Remain Silent, p. 6.
51 Del Dickson, The Supreme Court in Conference, pp. 515-16.
52 These drafts, including Warren’s outline, are at the LOC, MD, Warren papers, Supreme Court file, Opinions of the Chief Justice, Miranda v. Arizona, Folder 1.
53 End-of-term memo, 1965, Chambers of William J. Brennan, Jr., LOC, MD, Brennan papers, Part II. Also author interview with Kenneth Ziffren, Jan. 12, 2005.
54 Brennan memo to Warren, May 11, 1966, LOC, MD, Warren papers, Supreme Court file, Opinions of the Chief Justice, Miranda v. Arizona, Folder 1.
55 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
56 Inbau and Reed, Criminal Interrogation and Confessions, 1962, cited in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), footnote 16.
57 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
58 Ibid. The question of whether Miranda constitutes a direct restraint of police or a doctrine of admissibility is a hotly contested one, and one that the Supreme Court has made more difficult with the passage of time. See, for instance, Steven D. Clymer, “Are Police Free to Disregard Miranda?” Yale Law Journal, vol. 112, pp. 447-552. What seems clear is that Warren, at least, viewed it as both and deliberately wrote it that way.
59 Dickson, The Supreme Court in Conference, p. 517.
60 New York Times, June 14, 1966.
61 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966) (Harlan dissent).
62 Ibid.
63 End-of-term memo, 1965, Chambers of William J. Brennan, Jr., LOC, MD, Brennan papers, Part II.
64 Ibid.
65 Author interview with Kenneth Ziffren, Jan. 12, 2005.
66 Author interview with Bernard Parks, June 22, 2005.
67 New York Times, July 23, 1966, cited in Powe, The Warren Court and American Politics, p. 399.
68 New York Times, June 14, 1966.
69 Their letters can be found at the LOC, MD, Warren papers, Supreme Court file, Subject file, Katzenbach-Bazelon correspondence folder.
70 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
71 Author interview with Bernard Parks, June 22, 2005.
72 Stuart, Miranda: The Story of America’s Right to Remain Silent, pp. 95-99.
73 Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000).
74 Dallek, Flawed Giant, p. 278. The conversation quoted was between Johnson and historian William E. Leuchtenburg.
75 Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957) (concurrence).
76 Ginzburg v. United States, 383 U.S. 463 (1966).
77 Author interview with Kenneth Ziffren, Jan. 12, 2005.
78 Memoirs v. Massachusetts, 383 U.S. 413 (1966).
79 Mishkin v. New York, 383 U.S. 502 (1966).
80 Ginzburg v. United States, 383 U.S. 463 (1966) (dissent).
81 Ralph Ginzburg, Castrated, p. 11.
82 Author interview with Michael Smith, July 8, 2005.
83 Landsberg interview with Warren, June 23, 1969, transcript provided to the author by Mitchell Landsberg, Morrie’s son.
84 Leonard Garment, The New Yorker, April 17, 1989. Garment, who worked with Nixon on the Hill case, described their discussions and preparations in this piece.
85 Richard Nixon’s reargument in Time, Inc. v. Hill, Oct. 19, 1966 (accessed at Oyez.org).
86 Time, Inc. v. Hill, 385 U.S. 374 (1967).
87 Garment, The New Yorker.
88 End-of-term memo, 1966, Chambers of William J. Brennan, Jr., LOC, MD, Brennan papers, Part II.
89 Fortas draft opinion, April 14, 1966, LOC, MD, Warren papers, Supreme Court file, Opinions of the Associate Justices, Time, Inc. v. Hill.
90 Elizabeth Black, Mr. Justice and Mrs. Black, diary entry for July 28, 1965, p. 119.
91 Brown v. Louisiana, 383 U.S. 181 (1966).
92 End-of-term memo, 1965, Chambers of William J. Brennan, Jr., LOC, MD, Brennan papers, Part II.
93 End-of-term memo, 1966, Chambers of William J. Brennan, Jr., LOC, MD, Brennan papers, Part II.
94 Fortas memorandum to the conference, June 14, 1966, PU, ML, Harlan papers, Time, Inc. v. Hill file.
95 Garment, The New Yorker.
96 Ibid.
97 Warren note to Douglas, June 24, 1999, LOC, MD, Douglas papers, correspondence files, Earl and Nina Warren folder.
98 Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967).
99 Ibid. That language today stands at the center of the nation’s gratuitous debate over gay marriage. Should that matter reach the United States Supreme Court—and there seems little likelihood that it will not—the above sentence will surely be cited in defense of the principle that invidious discrimination in the regulation of marriage has no place under the Constitution.
100 Kalman, Abe Fortas, p. 320.
101 Author interviews with Jesse Choper and Kenneth Ziffren.
102 Handwritten note from Warren to Johnson, Jan. 11, 1964, LOC, MD, Earl Warren papers, Personal file, Presidents Correspondence, 1964-1973.
103
Johnson letter to Warren, Jan. 14, 1964, LOC, MD, Earl Warren papers, Personal file, Presidents Correspondence, 1964-1973.
104 Warren letter to Johnson, April 6, 1966, LOC, MD, Earl Warren papers, Personal file, Presidents Correspondence, 1964-1973. Detail of the inscription comes from John Weaver, Warren: The Man, the Court, the Era, p. 336.
105 President’s Daily Diary, diary backup, March 23, 1966, LBJ Library.
106 Warren letter to Johnson, April 6, 1965, LOC, MD, Earl Warren papers, Personal file, Presidents Correspondence, 1964-1973.
107 Pearson letter to Johnson, Feb. 21, 1966, LBJ Library, Office files of White House aides, files of Henry McPherson, Supreme Court decisions folder.
108 Author interviews with Kenneth Ziffren and Michael Smith.
109 Dr. Buckley memo to Jack Valenti, Jan. 13, 1965, LBJ Library, Presidential papers, Confidential file, Supreme Court folder.
110 Johnson letter to Warren, Nov. 8, 1967, LOC, MD, Earl Warren papers, personal papers, Presidents’ correspondence, 1964-1973.
111 President’s Daily Diary, diary backup, Dec. 4, 1967, LBJ Library.
112 Author interview with Earl Warren, Jr., Nov. 25, 2003.
113 President’s Daily Diary, diary backup, June 13, 1967, LBJ Library.
114 Drew Pearson diary entry, Feb. 5, 1966, LBJ Library, Pearson papers, Warren #2 file.
115 Warren to Johnson, June 19, 1967, LBJ Library, Presidential papers, Name file, Warren, Earl.
116 Elizabeth Black, Mr. Justice and Mrs. Black, diary entry for Oct. 20, 1967, p. 178.
117 Author interviews with Lucas Powe, June 6, 2005, and Jeffrey Warren, Aug. 26, 2003.
118 Oral history interview with Thurgood Marshall, by T. H. Baker, LBJ Library, p. 18.
119 Ibid.
120 Author interview with Scott Bice, July 11, 2005.
121 Black, Mr. Justice and Mrs. Black, diary entry for June 17, 1968, p. 196.
122 Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History, p. 479.
123 Dallek, Flawed Giant, p. 474.
124 Karnow, Vietnam: A History, p. 512. Casualty figures courtesy National Archives, Combat Area Casualties Current File (CACCF).
125 Drew Pearson diary entry, Feb. 7, 1966, LBJ Library, Drew Pearson papers, Warren #2 file.
126 Drew Pearson diary entry, Oct. 26, 1966, LBJ Library, Drew Pearson papers, Warren #2 file.
127 Address delivered at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, Feb. 19, 1955, LOC, MD, Warren papers, Speech file.
128 Firing Line (publication of the American Legion), June 1966, included in PU, ML, Harlan papers, United States. v. O’Brien file. For this analysis of O’Brien, I am indebted to Larry Simon, who drafted the opinion at Warren’s instruction. The conclusions are mine, but Professor Simon helped explain the case’s history and theory. Author interview, June 10, 2006.
129 United States v. O’Brien, 391 U.S. 367 (1968). Also oral argument in United States v. O’Brien (accessed at Oyez.com).
130 Ibid. (both sources).
131 Ibid. (both sources).
132 Undated memo to Warren, LOC, MD, Warren papers, Supreme Court files, Opinions of the Chief Justice, United States v. O’Brien file.
133 United States v. O’Brien, 391 U.S. 367 (1968).
134 Ibid.
135 Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 364 U.S. 339 (1960) See also Powe, The Warren Court and American Politics, p. 325.
136 End-of-term memo, 1967, Chambers of William J. Brennan, Jr., LOC, MD, Brennan papers, Part II.
137 Tyrone Brown, “Clerking for the Chief Justice,” from The Warren Court: A Retrospective, p. 278.
138 Brooks v. Florida, 389 U.S. 413 (1967).
139 Dallek, Flawed Giant, pp. 516-517.
140 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).
141 Ibid.
142 End-of-term memo, 1967, Chambers of William J. Brennan, Jr., LOC, MD, Brennan papers, Part II.
143 Ibid.
144 Ibid.
145 Brennan memo to Warren, March 14, 1968, LOC, MD, Warren papers, Supreme Court file, Opinions of the Chief Justice, Terry v. Ohio.
146 Dallek, Flawed Giant, p. 527.
147 Elizabeth Black, Mr. Justice and Mrs. Black, diary entry, March 31, 1968, p. 190.
148 Warren letter to Johnson, April 2, 1968, LBJ Library, White House Central Files, Name File, Warren, Earl (Chief Justice).
149 Johnson letter to Warren, April 30, 1968, LBJ Library, White House Central Files, Name File, Warren, Earl (Chief Justice).
150 Martin Luther King, Jr., “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop,” April 3, 1968, Martin Luther King, Jr., Papers Project, Speeches.
151 Elizabeth Black, Mr. Justice and Mrs. Black, diary entry, April 5, 1968, p. 191.
152 President’s Daily Diary, diary backup, April 5, 1968, LBJ Library.
153 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968) (Douglas dissent).
154 Jim Jones memo to Johnson, June 11, 1968, LBJ Library, White House Central Files, Name File, Warren, Earl. Johnson’s reply is indicated by the notation: “Bring him in tomorrow.” In fact, the White House schedule shows that Warren came the day after that, June 13.
155 Elizabeth Black, Mr. Justice and Mrs. Black, diary entry, April 8, 1966, p. 191.
CHAPTER 24. THE END
1 William O. Douglas, The Court Years, p. 241.
2 Warren letter to Johnson, June 13, 1968, LOC, MD, Warren papers, Supreme Court file, Subject files, Retirement.
3 Second Warren letter to Johnson, June 13, 1968, LOC, MD, Warren Papers, Supreme Court file, Subject files, Retirement.
4 Memo, Aug. 19, 1968, LOC, MD, Warren papers, Articles file. If that article had run in 1968, it would have contributed to the controversy surrounding the confirmation of Warren’s successor. It is no wonder that Warren asked Pearson to pull it back. Warren also confided to his clerks that he was leaving so that Nixon would not have the chance to replace him. Author interview with Larry Simon, June 12, 2006.
5 Tyrone Brown, “Clerking for the Chief Justice,” from The Warren Court: A Retrospective, p. 277.
6 Author interview with William Brennan III, July 2003.
7 Elizabeth Black, Mr. Justice and Mrs. Black, diary entries for June 13-July 6, 1968, pp. 195-98.
8 Laura Kalman, Abe Fortas, p. 328.
9 New York Times, July 6, 1968.
10 Ibid.
11 The practice has continued since the Warren-Fortas episode in 1968. When she submitted her retirement in 2005, Justice Sandra Day O’Connor specified that her departure was contingent upon the confirmation of her successor, a condition that attracted scarcely any notice at all.
12 Author interview with Warren Christopher, June 2005.
13 Kalman, Abe Fortas, p. 337. Also author interview with Warren Christopher, June 2005.
14 Kalman, Abe Fortas, p. 338.
15 Memo to the President, June 3, 1968, LBJ Library, Subject files, Supreme Court folder.
16 Mallory v. United States, 354 U.S. 449 (1957).
17 Kalman, Abe Fortas, p. 340.
18 Lady Bird Johnson, A White House Diary, entry for Sept. 28, 1968, p. 712.
19 Author interview with Warren Christopher, June 2005.
20 Statement by President Johnson, Oct. 10, 1968, Public Papers of the President, Document 527. Obtained courtesy John Woolley and Gerhard Peter of The American Presidency Project, University of California at Santa Barbara, http://www.presidency.ucsp.edu.
21 Nixon to Republican National Convention, August 8, 1968. American Presidency Project.
22 Warren schedule, Nov. 5, 1968, LOC, MD, Warren papers, schedules, 1968 folder.
23 Oral argument in Tinker v. Des Moines, Nov. 12, 1968 (accessed at Oyez.com).
24 Ibid.
25 Tinker v. Des Moines School District, 393 U.S. 503 (1969).
26 Ibid. (Harlan dissent).
27 Ibid. (Black dissent).
28 Kalman, Abe Fortas, p. 290.
29 Author interview with Scott Bice, July 11, 2005.
30 Warren letter to Mr. and Mrs
. Clemencia, April 5, 1969, LOC, MD, Warren papers, Supreme Court file, Subject files, Personnel.
31 New York Times Magazine, Oct. 19, 1969 (interview conducted in September by Anthony Lewis).
32 Author interview with Jeffrey Warren, Aug. 26, 2003. Also undated speech by Jeffrey Warren, who provided a copy to the author.
33 Jack Harrison Pollack, Earl Warren: The Judge Who Changed America, p. 284. This meeting was confirmed for the author by Virginia Daly.
34 Warren statement to press, Dec. 4, 1968, LOC, MD, Warren papers, Supreme Court file, Subject files, Retirement.
35 Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486 (1969).
36 United States Constitution, Article 1, Section 2.
37 Oral argument in Powell v. McCormack, April 21, 1969 (accessed at Oyez.com).
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid.
40 Author interview with Scott Bice, July 11, 2005.
41 Alderman v. United States, 394 U.S. 165 (1969). The decision in Alderman was applied to two other pending cases, Ivanov v. United States and Butenko v. United States, both espionage prosecutions.
42 Brennan memo to Warren, March 18, 1969, LOC, MD, Warren papers, Correspondence files, Brennan folder, 1967-1974.
43 Memoirs, p. 340.
44 Ibid., p. 342.
45 Life, May 9, 1969. The story, written by William Lambert, ran beneath the headline “Fortas of the Supreme Court: A Question of Ethics. The Justice . . . and the Stock Manipulator,” and featured nearly full-page pictures of Fortas and Wolfson.
46 Bernard Schwartz, Super Chief, p. 762.
47 Warren schedule, May 7, 1969, LOC, MD, Warren schedules for 1969.
48 Elizabeth Black, Mr. Justice and Mrs. Black, diary entry for May 10, 1969, p. 220.
49 Kalman, Abe Fortas, p. 373.
50 Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969).
51 Ibid.
52 Warren letter to Jeffrey Warren, June 15, 1969, supplied to the author by Jeffrey Warren.
53 New York Times, June 24, 1969.
54 Ibid.
55 Brennan memo to the justices, May 29, 1969, LOC, MD, Brennan papers, Part II, Correspondence files, Earl Warren 1956-1967 folder. Other memos in the same file spell out the arrangements and guest list.
56 Warren schedules, Aug. 21-Sept. 20, 1969, LOC, MD, Warren papers, schedules for 1969.
57 G. Edward White, Earl Warren: A Public Life, pp. 315-16.
58 Author interviews.