Poussin, N., 151
Practica Chirurgiae (Roger of Parma), 16
Practice of Physick, The (Riverius), 16
Practice of Surgery, The (Roger of Parma), 122
Pribram, Karl, 272
Principia (Newton), 70
Principles of Psychology ( James), 275
Privatdozents (assistant professors), 78
Profile orientation, 147–149
Project Ozma, 156n4
Prussians, 78
Psychic pneuma, 82
Psychoacoustics
echolocation and, 247, 253, 255–256, 261
World War II and, 254–255
Psychology, 252
Bosch and, 119–122
cognitive ethology and, 257–260
conditioned reflex and, 268
enantiomorphs and, 134
grandmother cells and, 263–281
mirror images and, 131–156
pontifical cells and, 275–276
stone operations and, 17, 119–122, 126, 129
Psychophysics, 254
Psychosurgery, 117
art and, 119–129
Bosch and, 119–122, 126–129
trepanation and, 17, 122–129
Ptolemy, 54, 56–57
Ptolemy I, 27
Pulleys, 42–44
Punctate localization
cerebral cortex and, 93–95, 110–111, 202
electrical stimulation and, 110–111
phrenology and, 93–95, 202
Pyramid Age, 80
Pyramidal cells, 83
Quasi–neuron theory, 180
Quattuor magistri (medical text), 16
Quinton, René, 195
Racism, 5, 21n4, 78
Radar, 253
Radioactivity, 135, 144
Raffalovich, Marie, 190–191
Rakic, Pasko, 232–233
Ramón y Cajal, S., 1, 229
Rape of the Sabine Women, The (Poussin), 149, 152–153
Raphael, 144
Reading, 136
cultural bias and, 147
dyslexia and, 141–143, 155–156, 157nn17,18
mirror images and, 141–143
profile orientation and, 147, 149
Reading Woman ( Janssen), 144
Redfield, Alfred C., 248
Redfield, Mary Whitney, 247
Reflexology, 259
Religion, 45–46
Bosch and, 119
Calvinism and, 161
evil eye and, 62
Galen and, 42
Swedenborg and, 88–89
Rembrandt, 118
accuracy of, 172, 174
Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Joan Deijman, 161, 168–171, 174
Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicloaes Tulp, 166– 168, 171–172, 174
dissections and, 161, 163, 166–174, 176
mirror images and, 144
success of, 168
Renaissance, 1. See also Art
anatomy lessons and, 161, 163, 166–174, 176
Galen and, 32
poetry and, 65
trepanation and, 8, 10, 12–13, 17
Rete mirabile, 35
Retina
extramission theories and, 57, 59–60, 68
grandmother cells and, 266, 270, 275, 277
Reynolds, Joshua, 171
Richter, Curt, 196
Ristau, Carol, 257
Riverius, 16
Robin, Charles, 193
Rocca, J., 46
Rockefeller University, 234, 257
Roger of Parma, 16, 122
Rolleston, George, 107
Romanes, George, 258
Roman Empire, 8, 30
Rosvold, Hal, 33–34, 62, 149, 268
Roth, Philip, 264–266
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 185
Royal Commission, 99
Royal Society, 84, 106–108, 126, 204
Rubens, 144
Russia, 268, 272
Ruysch, Frederik, 84
Salinity, 194–196
Sarton, G., 32
Schlomoh d’Arles, Gershon ben, 47
Science, 1, 179–181
Bernard and, 183–198
goals of, 247
Ideologues and, 185
neurogenesis and, 229–242
Panizza and, 201–225
truth and, 205
Science journal, 68, 232
Scultetus, Johannes, 129
Seawater, 194–196
Secretin, 195
Sensation, 192
brain and, 26–30, 36–37, 46–47, 53, 88, 264, 272–274, 277–281
conditioned reflex and, 268
cultural bias and, 147, 149, 151
electrical stimulation and, 77–80 (see also Electrical stimulation)
extramission theories and, 53–73
feeling of being stared at, 68–69
grandmother cells and, 263–281
heart and, 28, 37–38, 46–47
hierarchical processing and, 270
inferior temporal (IT) cortex and, 272–274, 277–278
labeled line coding and, 274–276
medial temporal lobe and, 279, 281
mirror images and, 131–156
muscle spasms and, 80, 106, 109
reading and, 136, 141–143
sensory nerves and, 82
tongue and, 78
vision and, 53–73 (see also Vision)
Septimus Severus, 34
Seton, Ernest Thompson, 247–248
Seyfarth, Robert, 260
Sherrington, C. S., 110–111, 195, 268, 275–276
Sigerest, Henry, 194
Simulacra, 55
Skinner, B. F., 259, 268
Smith, A. M., 72
Society for the Protection of Animals from Vivisection, 99
Sonar, 253
Sophists, 33
Soul, 28, 37, 88
Spallanzani, Lazzaro, 251
Specific nerve energy doctrine, 275
Spina bifida, 172
Spinal cord, 36–37, 42, 82, 88, 97
Spurzheim, J. C., 89–90, 93, 202
Squealing pig demonstration, 38–41, 45
Squier, Ephraim George, 3–5, 21n1
Starling, E. H., 195
Steen, Jan, 17, 122
Stevens, S. S., 254
Stoics
cardiocentric view and, 28–29
Chrysippus and, 29, 37–38, 45
Marcus Aurelius and, 29
Plato and, 29
sensation and, 37–38
Zeno and, 28
Stomach, 25, 196–197, 249
Stone Operation, The (Bosch), 17, 120, 129
Stone operations, 17, 117, 119–122, 126, 129
Suga, Nobuo, 255
Sumerians, 60
Superior temporal face area (STS-FA), 278
Superstition, 19
evil eye and, 53, 60, 62, 65
feeling of being stared at, 68–69
Swammerdamm, Jan, 82
Swedenborg, Emanuel, 88–89, 180, 198, 238–239
Swedenborgian Church, 88
Symmetry. See Mirror images
Syria, 32, 34
Talmud, 62
Tamburini, A., 204
Tan, 95
Teleology
Aristotle and, 41–42
Creator and, 44
Galen and, 41–42, 45–46
Thymidine autoradiography, 230, 233
Timeaus (Plato), 28, 45, 53, 65
Titchener, E. B., 68
Transactions of St. Andrews Medical Graduates’ Association, 97
Tre fines, 8, 10
Trepanation
Africa and, 8, 17–20, 122
alternative medicine and, 18–19
anesthesia and, 12, 18, 20, 22n19
bleeding and, 11
Broca and, 5–6, 8
Chinese medicine and, 10, 12, 19
crown saw and, 8
definition of, 3
depressed fractures and, 5, 11�
��13, 19, 122
dural membrane and, 11–13, 18–19
as empirical procedure, 19
epilepsy and, 13, 16–17
gender and, 6
Greek medicine and, 8, 10–12, 16, 19
headaches and, 12, 17–19
heat and, 11
Hippocratic school and, 11, 122
history of, 3–23
hospitals and, 5, 13, 19, 126
humors and, 12, 16
infection and, 5, 13, 20
International Colloquium on Cranial Trepanation in Human History and, 19-20
International Trepanation Advocacy Group and, 18
Internet and, 18-20
intracerebral pressure and, 11, 13, 18-19
mental disease and, 13, 16-17, 119-122, 126, 129
methods of, 6-8, 11
Paleolithic period and, 122
prophylactic, 13
purpose of, 10
as relieving pressure, 11, 13, 18-19
in Renaissance art, 17, 122-129
scraping and, 6, 8, 18
Squier and, 3-5
stone operations and, 17, 117, 119-122, 126, 129
survival of, 5, 12-13, 18
timing of, 13
tre fines and, 8, 10
trepan vs. trephine terms and, 8-10
tumi knife and, 6
Western medicine and, 1, 10, 12-13, 20
Trepanation: History, Discovery, Theory (International Colloquium on Cranial Trepanation in Human History), 19
Trephine saw, 8
Trichromatic theory of color, 275
Tripartite soul, 28
Tropisms, 259
Tuareg nomads, 17
Tuber cinereum, 205, 209
Tuebingen, 89
Tulp, Nicolaes, 166-168, 171-174
Tumi knife, 6
Turkey, 30
Ultrasonic sound, 247, 251-252
United States, 13, 147
University of New Mexico, 232
University of Padua, 203
University of Paris, 5
University of Pavia, 203
Uterus, 25, 33
Vagus nerve, 38, 44
Valve of Tulpus, 172
Van Eyck, Jan, 72
Van Gogh, Vincent, 144
Vanvitelli, L., 72
Vayu principle, 34
Venous valves, 10
Vermeer, J., 72
Vertigo, 191
Vesalius, Andreas, 35, 37, 45, 169
Victoria, Queen of England, 99
Victoria Street Society, 99-100
Vision
action potential and, 275
Alhazen’s synthesis and, 56-57
color and, 55-57, 275
cultural bias and, 147, 149, 151
evil eye and, 53, 60, 62, 65
extramission theories and, 53–73
feeling of being stared at, 68–69
fire in eyes and, 53–54, 57, 59–60
Fritsch and, 78
Galen and, 33, 54, 56–57
geometry and, 54, 56–57
glance curve and, 149, 151
grandmother cells and, 263–281
hierarchical processing and, 270
history of science and, 56–57, 69–70
humor and, 57, 215
impetus theory and, 69
inferior temporal (IT) cortex and, 272– 274, 277–278
intromission theories and, 54–56
isomorphic images and, 55
Kepler and, 56–57
labeled line coding and, 274–276
medial temporal lobe and, 279, 281
mirror images and, 131–156
motion and, 67–70
naive understanding of, 66–69
night, 254
optic nerve and, 57, 59
parietal lobe and, 100
Perspectivism and, 72
phosphenes and, 53, 57, 59–60
photorealism and, 70, 72
Plato and, 53–54
Pressure on eye and, 57, 59–60
reading and, 136, 141–143
retina and, 57, 59–60, 68, 136, 266, 270, 275, 277
self-reflection and, 57
trichromatic theory and, 275
visual cortex and, 201–225
Winer-Cottrell studies and, 66, 69, 72
Visual cortex
animal experiments and, 203–225
cerebral peduncles and, 205, 209–210, 214–215, 218, 220–221
infundibulum and, 205, 214, 220, 225
optic thalamus and, 202–223, 226n20
Panizza and, 201–225
Vitalism, 190
Vivisection, 82
animals and, 36, 99–100, 185–186
antivivisectionists and, 99–100, 185–186, 190, 192
human, 82
Martin and, 190
Volta, Alessandro, 83
von Frisch, Karl, 256
von Gudden, J. B. A., 203
von Haller, Albrecht, 89, 95, 97, 201–202
Wald, George, 254
Waterman, Talbot, 251
Watson, J. B., 196, 252, 259
Wei dynasty, 12
Welsh, John, 249
West Riding Lunatic Asylum, 98, 102, 107
Weydmans, Nicolaes, 122
Wiesel, T. N., 270, 273
Wikipedia, 70
Willis, Thomas, 16, 84–87, 89, 126
Winer, G. A., 66, 69, 72
Wisdom of the Body, The (Cannon), 196
Wölfflin, H., 149, 151
Woodall, John, 10
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 248
Woolsey, C. N., 111
World War II era, 254–255
Wren, Christopher, 84
Wu, Chien-Shung, 134–135, 144
X–rays, 17
Yale Medical School, 232–233
Yellow Emperor’s Classic (Chinese medical text), 25
Yeo, G. F., 100
Young, Thomas, 275
Zeno, 28
Zola, Émile, 192
Zoology. See Animals
A Hole in the Head Page 31