Beyond Belief: The American Press And The Coming Of The Holocaust, 1933- 1945

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Beyond Belief: The American Press And The Coming Of The Holocaust, 1933- 1945 Page 45

by Deborah E. Lipstadt

Binghamton Press, 107

  Binghamton Sun, 106

  Birchall, Frederick T., 16–17, 51–52, 66, 82, 83

  Birkenau, 223, 233, 234, 263

  Bombing of death camps issue, 71–72, 263

  Boston American, 122

  Boston Evening Transcript, 49

  Boston Globe, 68, 119, 155, 214, 230

  Boston Post, 77

  Boston Transcript, 60

  Bouton, S. Miles, 22

  Boycotts, 17, 43, 52–53, 56

  Bremen incident, 58–60

  Brigham, Daniel, 236

  British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 162, 163, 170, 172, 190, 195, 198, 247

  British Foreign Office, 193, 195, 196

  Brodsky, Louis, 58

  Brooklyn Citizen, 77

  Broun, Heywood, 78, 127

  Brown Shirts, 35

  Brú, Federico Laredo, 116

  Brundage, Avery, 64–67, 69, 70, 72, 75

  Brutto, Frank, 152, 156

  Buchenwald, 243, 244, 255, 256, 258, 260, 268

  Buffalo Courier Express, 145, 153

  Bullitt, William, 129

  Business Week, 34

  Businessmen, 34–35

  Canterbury, Archbishop of (William Temple), 189, 190, 195, 204

  Canton (Ohio) Repository, 49

  Carlson, John Roy, 122

  Casablanca conference (1943), 47

  Catton, Bruce, 126

  CBS radio, 166, 175, 181

  Celler, Emanuel, 112, 210, 213, 214, 226

  Censorship, German policy on, 21

  Chamberlain, Neville, 53, 100

  Chandler, Norman, 33, 80, 268

  Charleston Post, 72

  Chattanooga Times, 55

  Chelmno, 162, 259

  Chicago Daily News, 22, 25, 28, 55, 104, 122, 160

  Chicago Herald American, 270, 271

  Chicago Tribune, 5, 14, 15, 17, 27–28, 36, 37n, 42, 51, 70, 90, 106, 145, 152, 154, 155, 165, 172, 174, 177, 181, 187, 211, 212, 215, 219, 226, 265

  Chichester, Bishop of, 191

  Childs, Marquis, 242–243

  Christian Century, The, 5, 17, 36–37, 45, 70, 76, 77, 93, 107, 114, 143, 184–185, 192, 202–203, 224, 230, 237, 241, 249–250, 274

  Christian Science Monitor, 5, 17, 35, 42–44, 51, 59, 60, 78, 107, 117, 148, 157, 175, 177–179, 181, 188, 198, 202, 203, 208, 210–214, 219, 221, 223, 225, 229, 230, 234, 235–237, 239, 252–253

  Church Peace Union, 199

  Ciechanowski, Jan, 103

  Cincinnati Enquirer, 42

  Cincinnati Post, 115

  Cincinnati Times Star, 107

  Citizenship restrictions, 56, 58–61

  Clapper, Raymond, 207, 209–210

  Cleveland News, 60, 71

  Cleveland Plain Dealer, 54, 101, 202

  Cockburn, Claud, 10

  Collier’s, 5, 197

  Columbia (South Carolina) State, 116–117

  Columbus Dispatch, 47

  Columbus (Ohio) Journal, 17

  Column Review, 76

  Committee on Fair Play in Sports, 76

  Committee on Public Information, 8

  Commonweal, 5, 26, 76, 230, 231, 275

  Concentration camps: see Annihilation program

  Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 199

  Congressional Record, 113

  Coughlin, Father Charles, 127

  Cowan, Howard, 258

  Cracow, 153

  Cranston, Alan, 102

  Creel, George, 8

  Cuba, 115–119

  Cunningham, Bill, 77

  Curley, James M., 76

  Currivan, Gene, 258

  Cynicism, 8, 9, 240; see also Skepticism

  Czech Jews, 219, 234, 253

  Dachau, 243, 252, 255, 258, 260

  Daily Mail, 163

  Daily Telegraph and Morning Post, 163, 164

  Daley, Arthur, 82

  Dallas News, 42, 181, 219

  Dallas Times Herald, 49

  Daly, John, 166

  Daniell, Raymond, 239

  Danish Jews, 218

  Das Schwarze Korps, 110

  Davis, Elmer, 265–266

  Davis, Jerome, 246–247

  Dawidowicz, Lucy, 146n

  Dawson, Geoffrey, 29

  Dayton (Ohio) News, 138

  De Luce, Daniel, 248

  Dearborn Independent, 109–111

  Death camps: see Annihilation program

  Death marches, 239

  Denny, Harold, 268–270

  Denver Post, 181

  Deportations, 156, 218–219

  first wave, 136, 142–145

  rationalizing, 176–180

  second wave, 151–152

  Des Moines Register, 70

  Destroyer-bases arrangement, 131

  Detroit Free Press, 85, 88, 241, 255

  Detroit News, 52, 92

  Dewey, Thomas E., 98, 129, 199, 231, 238

  Dieckhoff, Hans, 87–88, 98, 110, 123, 131

  Dies, Martin, 124

  Digby, Fred, 76

  Diplomatic corps, 31–32

  Discovering the News (Schudson), 9

  Division of Press Intelligence, 4–6

  Dodd, Martha, 26, 28, 33

  Dodd, William, 24, 29, 32, 50, 60, 61, 70, 72, 79, 84

  Dodds, Harold W., 213

  Downs, Bill, 246, 247

  Drummond, Roscoe, 209

  Duel, Wallace R., 55, 160

  Dulles, Allen, 25

  Dutch Jews, 174, 179, 187, 219

  Dyer, Braven, 81

  Early, Stephen, 5

  Ebbutt, Norman, 28–29

  Economist, 178, 179

  Eden, Anthony, 190, 204, 205, 208

  Editor & Publisher, 243

  Editorial boards, 31, 38, 110, 111

  Editorial Research Reports, 210–211

  Einsatzgruppen (Action Groups), 150

  Einstein, Albert, 43, 89, 107

  Einzelaktionen, 13, 32

  Eisenhower, Dwight, 254–255

  Elliott, John, 16, 17, 43

  Endreis, Guido, 52

  Espionage, 121–131

  Etheridge, Mark, 26

  Evian-les-Bains conference, 93–97

  Extermination, interpretations of term, 157–158; see also Annihilation program

  Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 121, 126

  Feingold, Henry, 205

  Fifth-column fears, 121–131

  Final Solution: see Annihilation program

  Finley, John, 171n

  Fish, Hamilton, 194

  Fluchtingshilfe, 235

  Folliard, Edward, 242

  Ford, Henry, 109–110

  Fort Oswego, New York, 230, 232

  Fortune, 115

  Fosdick, Harry Emerson, 76

  Frame, Walter C., 126

  Francis, Warren B., 77

  Frank, Hans, 153

  Frankfurter, Felix, 47, 84, 90, 171n

  Frankfurter Zeitung, 17

  Free port notion, 229–232

  Free World Association, 199

  French Jews, 147, 149, 177, 178, 197

  Freud, Sigmund, 88, 89, 107

  Friends of New Germany (FONG), 122–123

  Galicia massacre, 151

  Gallico, Paul, 81, 83, 84

  Gannon, Franklin, 28–29

  Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 63, 67

  Gary (Indiana) Post Tribune, 101

  Gas chambers: see Annihilation program

  Gedye, G. E. R., 23, 87

  Geist, Raymond, 24, 32

  Germany Puts the Clock Back (Mowrer), 57

  Germany Will Try Again (Schultz), 22

  Ghali, Paul, 178, 257–258

  Ghettoization, 148, 157

  Gillette, Guy M., 225, 231

  Givner, Joan, 30n

  Goebbels, Joseph, 21, 27, 30, 52, 72, 73, 83, 123, 161, 176

  Goering, Hermann, 18, 19, 27, 30, 33, 123, 138n

  Gordon, George, 20

  Gould, Alan, 79, 83


  Government responsibility, question of, 48–51

  Grafton, Samuel, 229–231

  Graham, Kay, 228n

  Gratke, Charles E., 252–253

  Greek Jews, 218, 219

  Green, William, 37, 199

  Greensboro (North Carolina) Press, 118

  Grigg, Joseph, 159–160

  Guggenheim, Paul, 194

  Gunther, Franklin Mott, 194

  Gunther, John, 31

  Halberstam, David, 170, 171n

  Hamilton (Ohio) Journal News, 49

  Hanfstaengl, Ernst, 18

  Harper’s, 5, 37, 47

  Harriman, Averell, 242

  Harrison, Earl, 226

  Harrison, Leland, 218

  Hart, Moss, 200

  Hawkins, Eric, 211

  Hearst, William Randolph, 225, 275, 276n

  Hearst papers, 138, 139n, 157, 224–227, 230, 238, 255, 257

  Hecht, Ben, 187, 200, 203

  Helldorf, Wolf von, 50, 55

  Henry, Bill, 73

  Hess, Rudolf, 27

  Heydrich, Reinhard, 170, 171, 253

  Hilberg, Raul, 260, 270

  Himmler, Heinrich, 27, 178, 198

  Hindus, Maurice, 246–248

  Historical hindsight, 146n

  Historical record, press and, 9–10

  Hitler, Adolf, 19, 27, 29, 37n, 43; see also Annihilation program

  “conciliatory” speech (1933), 45, 46

  economic recovery of Germany and, 34

  Kristallnacht and, 100, 104

  Mein Kampf, 31, 102

  Olympic Games and, 63, 84–85

  Roehm, murder of, 54, 55n

  as viewed by press, 48–52

  Holt, E. Berg, 208

  Holyoke Times Telegraph, 93

  Homosexuality, 37n

  Hoover, Herbert, 98–99, 103, 109

  Hoover, J. Edgar, 125, 126

  Hottelet, Richard C., 23, 140, 268

  House Un-American Activities Committee, 124, 129

  Houston Post, 42

  Howe, Louis, 4

  Howe, Quincy, 166

  Hull, Cordell, 20, 22, 25, 43, 60, 88–90, 202, 205, 208, 212, 277

  Hungarian Jews, 221–223, 231, 235–239

  Hutchinson, Paul, 37

  Ickes, Harold, 99

  Il Tempo, 239

  Illustrated magazine, 148

  Immigration issue, 86, 88–92, 106–109, 111, 211, 225, 226, 230–232

  Evian-les-Bains conference, 93–97

  fifth-column fears and, 128–131

  legislation, 112–115

  St. Louis, voyage of, 116–120

  Indianapolis Star, 78

  Innocence, German protestations of, 18–19

  Inside Europe (Gunther), 31

  Inter-Allied Information Committee, 186, 211

  Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees, 225

  Intermarriage, 58–60

  International Church Movement Ecumenical Refugee Commission, 234–235

  International Olympic Committee (IOC), 63, 64

  Interventionist sentiment, 131

  Irgun, 200

  Isolationism, 9, 32, 137

  Jackson (Michigan) Citizen Patriot, 91

  Jahncke, Ernst, 77–78

  James, Edwin L., 19, 128, 261

  Jefferson, Thomas, 1

  Jewish Agency, 181

  Jewish Frontier, The, 165n, 166n

  Jewish National Committee, 219

  “Jews as cause of” theory of antisemitism, 42–48

  Johnson, Edwin C., 200

  Journalism Quarterly, 17

  Justice Department, 121, 126

  Kansas City Star, 181, 234

  Kiev massacre, 151, 156–157, 219, 245–247

  Kirchwey, Freda, 206, 213, 275

  Kirkpatrick, Helen, 259

  Knauth, Percy, 24, 136n, 260

  Knickerbocker, H. R., 14, 18, 22, 24, 28, 147

  Knox, Frank, 22, 25, 31

  Kochan, Lionel, 98

  Koestler, Arthur, 241, 242, 275

  Kölnische Zeitung, 153

  Kristallnacht, 38, 53, 86, 97–109, 253

  Krock, Arthur, 4, 171n

  Kuhn, Fritz Julius, 123

  Kurfürstendamm riots (1935), 41, 50, 53, 54, 56

  La Guardia, Fiorello, 58, 199

  Laird, Tom, 77

  Landau, Ida, 213

  Landon, Alf, 99

  Lansing Journal, 71

  Laqueur, Walter, 195

  Latvia, 159–160, 172

  Lauterbach, Richard, 248–249

  Law, Richard, 204, 207

  Lawrence, Bill, 245–248, 261

  Leiper, Henry Smith, 76

  Lend-Lease Act, 131

  Lerner, Max, 231, 275

  Leutchenberg, William, 125

  Levszaky, 253

  Levy, Joseph, 222

  Lewald, Theodor, 72

  Lewis, Sinclair, 18

  Lewis, Ted, 265

  Ley, Robert, 198

  Lichtenberg, Bernard, 155

  Lidice massacre, 171, 253, 277

  Life, 5, 128, 143, 144, 248, 254n, 271, 275n, 276n

  Lindbergh, Charles, 80

  Lippmann, Walter, 45–47, 109, 175

  Literary Digest, 5, 43, 49, 57, 65, 80, 82, 123

  Lithuania, 160, 165

  Lochner, Louis, 21, 23–24, 28–30, 46n, 152, 155–156, 160–161

  London Daily Herald, 15

  London Evening Standard, 161

  London Times, 28–29, 46, 163, 179, 189–191, 195

  Long, Breckinridge, 131, 208, 213, 215–216, 225–226

  Look, 5, 123

  Los Angeles Examiner, 5, 122, 181, 182, 187, 219, 247

  Los Angeles Times, 5, 16, 17, 36, 51, 59, 61–62, 73–74, 76, 77, 81, 143, 161, 164–165, 175, 176, 181, 184, 186, 187, 191, 198, 202, 203, 211, 219, 224, 229, 233–235, 247, 253, 255, 268

  Louisville Courier Journal, 264, 265

  Lubell, Samuel, 128

  Lublin, 168, 185, 267

  Ludlow Amendment, 108n

  Luther, Hans, 47

  Lutheran Companion, 44

  Lvov ghetto, 156

  Lvov massacre, 150, 168

  Mahoney, Jeremiah T., 77, 78

  Maidanek, 258, 259, 261, 267, 270

  Manchester Guardian, 22, 25, 104, 164, 177, 190, 195, 204

  Mandell, Richard, 64

  Massacres, 185–186

  Galicia, 151

  Kiev, 151, 156–157, 219, 245–247

  Latvia, 159–160

  Lidice, 171, 253, 277

  Lvov, 150, 168

  Odessa, 151

  Vilna, 160, 161, 172, 176

  Mauthausen, 152, 154

  Mayer, Arno, 276n

  Mayer, Helen, 72

  Mayer, Milton, 244

  McCaleb, Kenneth, 245, 269

  McCall’s, 126

  McCardell, Lee, 272

  McCloy, John, 71–72, 229n, 263

  McCormick, Anne O’Hare, 52, 201, 237

  McCormick, Robert R., 27–28, 36, 37n

  McDermot, J., 183

  McGill, Ralph, 77

  McKelway, Ben, 268

  McKenzie, Vernon, 240, 269

  Mein Kampf (Hitler), 31, 102

  Memphis Commercial Appeal, 116

  Messersmith, George, 15, 21, 24–26, 32, 70

  Meyer, Eugene, 228n

  Miami Herald, 5, 113–114, 165, 181, 202, 219

  Miller, Douglas, 24, 32, 35

  Milwaukee Herald, 70

  Milwaukee Journal, 55, 91

  Minneapolis Star, 71

  Minneapolis Tribune, 37

  Mischlinge, 60

  Mobile (Alabama) Register, 73

  Moffat, Pierrepont, 105–106

  Moley, Raymond, 209

  Montreal Daily Star, 164

  Moody Bible Institute Monthly, 44

  Morgenthau, Henry, 227, 229n

  Moscow Declaration, 251

  Mowrer, Edgar Ansel, 22, 24, 25, 28, 33, 57, 146, 227


  Mowrer, Lilian, 33

  Muni, Paul, 200

  Munich Illustrated Press, 143

  Munich pact, 53, 98, 100

  Murray, Phillip, 208

  Murrow, Edward R., 187–188, 244, 259

  Mussolini, Benito, 65

  Mutual radio, 175, 181

  Myler, Joseph, 265

  “Nansen” passport system, 214

  Nashville Banner, 14–15

  Nation, The, 5, 19, 31, 33, 78, 99, 114, 128, 130, 192, 201, 216, 224, 226, 230, 232, 237, 238, 243, 275, 276n

  NBC radio, 175, 181

  Nelson, W. R., 133

  Neurath, Konstantin von, 19

  Neutrality Act, 108

  New Orleans Item Tribune, 76

  New Orleans Times Picayune, 181

  New Republic, The, 5, 31, 95–96, 130, 143, 192, 214, 216, 224–231, 237, 238, 275, 276n

  New Statesman and Nation, 244

  New York Daily News, 100

  New York Evening Post, 14, 18, 28, 38

  New York Herald Tribune, 5, 16, 17, 20, 28, 43, 49, 58, 77, 95, 104, 106, 116, 128, 130, 148, 149, 154–157, 166, 171, 175, 181, 182, 186, 187, 201, 202, 206, 211, 213, 214, 219, 221n, 224, 225, 229, 230, 233, 236, 248, 264

  New York Journal American, 5, 126, 130, 139, 151, 154, 155, 161, 165, 181–183, 211, 216, 219, 247

  New York Post, 50, 55, 122, 126, 150, 192, 201, 214, 216, 224, 226, 227, 229, 230, 232, 238, 241, 275

  New York Sun, 5, 58, 106, 157, 201

  New York Times, 5, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21n, 25, 26, 28, 31, 44, 51, 52, 54, 55, 61, 66, 75, 77, 82–84, 87, 94, 102, 104, 105, 108, 118, 120, 124, 128, 137, 142, 143, 151, 153–155, 161, 164, 168–173, 178–179, 181–184, 186, 187, 191, 197, 201–204, 206, 208, 211, 213, 215–217, 219–224, 226, 229–231, 233–237, 247, 248, 253n, 255, 264, 273, 276n

  New York Times Magazine, 241, 268

  New York World Telegram, 5, 28, 68, 126, 127, 154, 165, 174, 181, 186, 191, 198, 202, 206, 213, 219, 233

  New Yorker Staatzeitung und Herald, 99, 102

  Newark Star Ledger, 145

  Newsweek, 5, 20, 35, 51–53, 59, 64, 91, 94, 96, 100, 104, 105, 147, 174, 187, 199, 203, 232, 270, 271

  Nichol, David M., 167

  Niebuhr, Reinhold, 192

  Norfolk (Virginia) Pilot, 67–68

  Norwegian Jews, 187, 218–219

  “Nothing but” theory of antisemitism, 56–57, 60, 62

  Nuremberg Laws, 57–62, 73

  Oakland Tribune, 54

  Odessa massacre, 151

  Oeschner, Frederick, 28, 138, 144, 151–152, 160

  Office of Public Opinion Research of Princeton, 6

  Office of War Information, 5, 192, 251–253

  Ogden, Rollo, 171n

  Ohrdruf, 260, 270

  Olsen, Sidney, 253–254

  Olympic Games (1936), 37, 41, 63–85

  Overseas News Agency, 198

  Owens, Jesse, 63, 83–84

  Paassen, Pierre van, 28

  Palestine, 117, 210, 214, 224, 225n, 237–238, 251, 276n

  Paul, Richard, 266–267

  Pearson, Drew, 193

  Pegler, Westbrook, 73–74, 83, 128, 230

  Pehle, John, 228, 251, 263, 265–266

  Petain, Marshal, 147

  Peters, C. Brooks, 21n, 24

 

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