8 Watson, Ring of Steel, p. 312.
9 Cowley (ed.), Great War, p. 329.
10 Ibid., p.328.
11 Ibid., p. 324.
12 Liddell Hart, Through the Fog of War, p. 258
13 Ibid., p. 328.
14 Herwig, First World War, p. 313.
15 Ibid.
16 Stevenson, 1914–1918, p. 169.
17 Haig, The Man I Knew, p. 159.
18 Beach, Haig’s Intelligence, p. 197.
19 Sheffield and Bourne (eds.), Haig’s War Diaries and Letters, p. 191
20 Cowley (ed.), Great War, p. 336.
21 Ibid., p. 323.
22 Pugsley, p. 5.
23 Marble, ‘Wire Cutting’, Stand To!, pp. 36–9.
24 Cowley (ed.), Great War, p. 328.
25 Watson, Ring of Steel, p. 311.
26 Keegan, Face of Battle, pp. 238–40.
27 Beach, Haig’s Intelligence, p. 196.
28 Ibid., p. 322.
29 Sheffield, The Somme, p. 34.
30 Marble, ‘Wire Cutting’, Stand To!.
31 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 485.
32 MacDonald, Z Day, p. 620.
33 Beach, Haig’s Intelligence, p. 324.
34 Ibid., p. 322.
35 Ibid., p. 199.
36 Ibid., p. 200.
37 Sassoon, Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, p. 45.
38 Sheffield and Bourne (eds.), Haig’s War Diaries and Letters, 16 June 1916.
39 The Western Front Association Bulletin, No. 76, p. 12.
40 Beach, Haig’s Intelligence, p. 201.
41 Charteris, John, At G.H.Q (1931)
42 Ibid.
43 Sassoon, Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, p. 30.
44 Ibid., pp. 32–3.
45 Ibid., p. 35.
46 Ibid., p. 45.
47 Sheffield, The Somme, p. 27.
48 Nicholson, The Fighting Newfoundlander, p. 252.
49 Ibid.; Horne (ed.), Source Records Vol. 4, p. 244.
50 Ibid.
51 Hastings, Catastrophe, p. 338.
52 Philpott, Bloody Victory, p. 464.
53 Strachan, First World War, p. 286.
CHAPTER THREE
1 Nichols, The 18th Division, p. 36.
2 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. vii.
3 IWM 7990, 82/1/1, pp. 52–60.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 315.
8 Sheffield, The Somme, p. 35.
9 Ibid., p. 36.
10 Harris, Covenant with Death, p. 315.
11 IWM 17105, 09/47/1.
12 Emden, Tommy’s War, p. 209.
13 Ibid.
14 Nichols, The 18th Division, p. 37.
15 Brown, British Logistics, p. 125.
16 Emden, Tommy’s War, p. 210.
17 Ibid., p. 211.
18 Watson, Ring of Steel, p. 316.
19 Englund, The Beauty and the Sorrow, p. 498.
20 Stewart and Sheen, Tyneside Scottish, p. 96.
21 Sheffield, The Somme, p. 36.
22 Mead, Victoria’s Cross, p. 127.
23 Stevenson, 1914–1918, p. 170.
24 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 486.
25 Watson, Ring of Steel, p. 316.
26 Ibid.
27 Middlebrook, The First Day, p. 88.
28 Barnett, Lords of War, p. 101.
29 Keegan, The Face of Battle, p. 205.
30 IWM 8600, 99/56/1.
31 IWM 8600, 99/56/1.
32 Watson, Ring of Steel, p. 317.
33 MacDonald, Z Day, p. 620.
34 Ibid., p. 621.
35 Watson, Ring of Steel, p. 317.
36 Horne (ed.), Source Records, Vol. 4, p. 243.
37 Ibid.
38 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 485.
39 Stevenson, 1914–1918, p. 169.
40 Harris, Covenant with Death, p. 209.
41 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 461.
42 Watson, Ring of Steel, p. 313.
43 Jünger, Storm of Steel, p. 76.
44 Marble, ‘Wire cutting’, Stand To!, pp. 36–9.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid., passim.
47 Keegan, The First World War, p. 269.
48 Marble, ‘Wire cutting’’, Stand To!, pp. 36–9.
49 Sassoon, Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, p. 49.
50 Ibid., p. 51.
51 Stevenson, 1914–1918, p. 169.
52 Horne (ed.), Source Records, Vol. 4, p. 246.
53 Reynolds, The Long Shadow, p. 333.
54 Horne (ed.), Source Records, Vol. 4, p. 246.
55 Ibid., p. 248.
56 Jünger, Storm of Steel, pp. 76–7.
57 Englund, The Beauty and the Sorrow, p. 273.
58 Emden, Tommy’s War, pp. 215-16.
59 IWM 8600, 99/56/1.
60 Emden, Tommy’s War, p. 216.
61 Ibid.
62 IWM 7990, 82/1/1, pp. 52-60.
63 IWM 4910, 96/17/1.
64 Emden, Tommy’s War, p. 217.
65 IWM 12105, 66/96/1.
66 Ibid., p. 10.
67 Ibid., p. 11.
68 Sassoon, Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, p. 46.
69 Bardgett, Lonsdale Battalion, p. 23.
70 Sassoon, Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, p. 30.
71 Ibid., p. 45.
72 IWM 4910, 96/17/1.
73 IWM 7990, 82/1/1 pp. 52–60.
74 Ibid.
75 Ibid.
76 Sassoon, Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, p. 41.
77 Emden, Tommy’s War, p. 218.
78 IWM 4910, 96/17/1.
79 Emden, Tommy’s War, p. 220.
80 Sassoon, Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, p. 45.
81 Cowley (ed.), Great War, p. 123.
CHAPTER FOUR
1 Middlebrook, The First Day on the Somme, p. 104. Poem published two days before the Somme Offensive, in which Hodgson was killed at Mametz aged twenty-three.
2 IWM 12105, 66/96/1, p. 12.
3 Sassoon, Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, p. 53.
4 IWM 7990, 82/1/1, pp. 52–60.
5 Nichols, The 18th Division, p. 38.
6 IWM 11597 01/45/1.
7 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 485.
8 Ibid., p. 315.
9 Emden, Tommy’s War, pp. 219–20.
10 Sheffield, The Somme, p. 40.
11 IWM 11597, 01/45/1.
12 Ibid.
13 IWM 11597 01/45/1.
14 Nicholson, The Fighting Newfoundlander, p. 259.
15 MacDonald, Z Day, p. 617.
16 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 313.
17 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 314, n.1.
18 Stewart and Sheen, Tyneside Scottish, p. 95.
19 Mayhew, Wounded, p. 74.
20 Cowley (ed.), Great War, p. 337.
21 IWM 8600, 99/56/1.
22 Nicholson, The Fighting Newfoundlanders, pp. 265–6.
23 MacDonald, Z Day, p. 607.
24 Ibid., p. 616.
25 Stewart and Sheen, Tyneside Scottish, p. 97.
26 Cowley (ed.), Great War, p. 323.
27 Stewart and Sheen, Tyneside Scottish, p. 98.
28 Cowley (ed.), Great War, p. 337.
29 Nichols, The 18th Division, p. 38.
30 Middlebrook, The First Day, p. 121.
31 IWM 4910, 96/17/1.
32 Andrew Stuttaford in The New Criterion, Vol. 33, No. 2 (October 2014), p. 11.
33 Middlebrook, The First Day, p. 87.
34 Nichols, The 18th Division, p. 38.
35 Cowley (ed.), Great War, p. 323.
36 Middlebrook, The First Day, p. 58.
37 Ibid., p. 125.
38 Ibid., p. 156.
39 Ibid., p. 123.
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid., p. 316.
42 Cowley (ed.), Great War, p. 327.
43 Ibid., p. 326.
44 Ibid., pp. 327–8.
45 Harris, Covenant with Death, p. 441.
46 Edmonds, Military Operations, pp. 392–3.
47 MacDonald, Z Day, p. 618.
48 Ibid.
49 Middlebrook, The First Day, p. 128.
50 Ibid., p. 184.
51 Horne (ed.), Source Records IV, p. 246.
52 Churchill, World Crisis, Vol. 3, Part 1, p. 195.
53 Mead, Victoria’s Cross, p. 124.
54 Middlebrook, The First Day, Appendix 4, pp. 317–24.
55 Mead, Victoria’s Cross, p. 138.
56 Ibid., p. 133.
57 Ibid., p. 138.
58 Middlebrook, The First Day, p. 129.
59 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 393.
60 Middlebrook, The First Day, p. 148.
61 Ibid., p. 163.
62 Mead, Victoria’s Cross, p. 131.
63 Lewis (ed.), Mammoth Book, p. 336.
64 Ibid.
65 IWM 17105, 09/47/1.
66 Jünger, Storm of Steel, p .53.
67 Ibid., p. 54.
68 Ibid., p58.
69 Ibid., pp. 58–9.
70 Ibid., p. 63.
71 Ibid., p. 71.
72 Ibid., p. 80.
73 Ibid., p. 84.
CHAPTER FIVE
1 Middlebrook, The First Day, p. 134.
2 Sheffield and Bourne (ed.), Haig’s War Diaries and Letters, p. 195.
3 Sym, ‘Learning Curve’, p. 13.
4 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 461.
5 Sheffield and Bourne (ed.), Haig’s War Diaries and Letters, p. 196.
6 Sym, ‘Learning Curve’, p. 13.
7 Sheffield, The Somme, p. 37.
8 IWM 7990, 82/1/1, pp. 52–60.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 485.
13 Ibid., p. 485.
14 Sheffield, The Somme, p. 47.
15 Middlebrook, The First Day, p. 151.
16 Harris, Covenant with Death, p. 500.
17 The Western Front Association Bulletin, No. 76, p. 12.
18 Sheffield, The Somme, p. 48.
19 Middlebrook, The First Day, p. 134.
20 Christie, For King and Empire, p. 13.
21 MacDonald, Z Day, p. 618.
22 Nicholson, The Fighting Newfoundlanders, p. 267.
23 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 404.
24 Ibid., p. 405.
25 Sheffield, The Somme, p. 51.
26 IWM 6477, 97/16/1.
27 Ibid.
28 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 400.
29 Sheffield, The Somme, p. 51.
30 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 400.
31 Cowley (ed.), Great War, p. 326.
32 Bardgett, Lonsdale Battalion, p. 20.
33 Ibid., p. 21.
34 Ibid., p. 24.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid., p. 27.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid., p. 22.
40 Ibid., p. 28.
41 Sheffield, The Somme, p. 52.
42 Bryant, Grimsby Chums, p. 56.
43 Ibid.
44 Ibid., p. 57–8.
45 Ibid., p. 59.
46 Ibid., p. 67.
47 Stewart and Sheen, Tyneside Scottish, p. 8.
48 Ibid., p. 99.
49 Ibid.
50 Ibid.
51 Ibid., p. 101.
52 Ibid.
53 Ibid.
54 Ibid., p. 104.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid.
57 Ibid., p. 106.
58 Ibid., p. 107.
59 Ibid., p. 108.
60 Cowley (ed.), Great War, p. 325.
61 Sheffield, The Somme, p. 59.
62 IWM 7397, 76/226/1, Letterbook, p. 19.
63 IWM 7397, 76/226/1, Letterbook, pp. 22–3.
64 Cowley (ed.), Great War, p. 336.
65 IWM 4910, 96/17/1.
66 Sheffield and Bourne (eds.), Haig’s War Diaries and Letters, p. 195.
67 Keegan, The First World War, p. 270.
68 Cowley (ed.), Great War, p. 330.
69 Horne (ed.), Source Records IV, p. 246.
70 Robertshaw, Somme, p. 67.
71 IWM 8600, 99/56/1.
72 Ibid.
73 Brooke, Rupert, ‘Finding’, in Collected Poems, (New York: John Lane, 1916).
74 Sheffield, The Somme, p. 59.
75 Nichols, The 18th Division, p. 43.
76 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 345, n.1.
77 Nichols, The 18th Division, p. 42.
78 Sheffield, The Somme, p. 64.
79 Cowley (ed.), Great War, p. 332.
80 IWM 11597, 01/45/1.
81 Ibid.
82 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 342
83 Cowley (ed.), Great War, p. 330.
84 Sheffield, The Somme, p. 65.
85 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 343.
86 Ibid.
87 Cowley (ed.), Great War, p. 328.
88 Haig, The Man I Knew, p. 160.
89 Sheffield and Bourne (eds.), Haig’s War Diaries and Letters, p. 196.
90 Times Literary Supplement, 16 September 2005, p. 4.
91 Haig, The Man I Knew, p. 159.
92 MacDonald, Z Day, p. 609.
93 Ibid., p. 607.
94 Bourne, ‘The BEF on the Somme’, pp. 2–14.
CHAPTER SIX
1 Roberts, Andrew (ed.), Letters from the Front (2014), p. 79.
2 Middlebrook, The First Day, p. 229.
3 Harris, Covenant with Death, pp. 478–9.
4 Bardgett, Lonsdale Battalion, p. 30.
5 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 483; Mace and Grehan (eds.), Slaughter on the Somme p. x.
6 Mace and Grehan (eds.), Slaughter on the Somme, p. x.
7 Middlebrook, The First Day, Appendix 5, p. 331.
8 Haig, The Man I Knew, p. 160.
9 Cowley (ed.), Great War, p. 326.
10 Max Hastings, Catastrophe, p. 181.
11 Middlebrook, The First Day, p. 316.
12 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 484.
13 Stewart and Sheen, Tyneside Scottish, p. 107.
14 Middlebrook, The First Day, p. 328.
15 Stevenson, 1914–1918, p. 170.
16 Mace and Grehan (eds.), Slaughter on the Somme, p. x.
17 Reynolds, The Long Shadow, p. 335.
18 The Western Front Association Bulletin, No 76, p. 12.
19 Englund, The Beauty and the Sorrow, p. 300. f.78.
20 Reynolds, The Long Shadow, p. 336.
21 Ibid., p. 335.
22 Mayhew, Wounded, pp. 1–7.
23 Ibid., p. 168.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid., p. 52.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid., p. 74.
28 Ibid., p. 78.
29 Ibid., p. 79.
30 Emden, Meeting the Enemy, p. 195.
31 Keegan, The First World War, pp. 275–6.
32 Keegan, The First World War, p. 276.
33 Emden, Meeting the Enemy, p. 195.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid., pp. 196–7.
37 IWM 11597, 01/45/1.
38 Emden, Meeting the Enemy, pp.198–9.
39 Emden, Meeting the Enemy, p.199.
40 Sheffield and Bourne (eds.), Haig’s War Diaries and Letters, p. 197.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid.
43 IWM 4910, 96/17/1.
44 Mace and Grehan (eds.), Slaughter on the Somme, p. x.
45 Barnett, The Lords of War, p. 92.
46 Ludendorff, War Memories, vol. I, p. 307.
47 Beach, Haig’s Intelligence, p. 203.
48 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 319.
49 Bourne, ‘The BEF on the Somme’, pp. 2–14.
50 Ibid.
51 Ibid.
52 Stevenson, 1914–1918, p. 170.
53 Horne (ed.), Source Records, vol. 4, p. 246.
54 Stevenson, 1914–1918, p. 170.
55 Gilbert, Somme, pp.186-8.
56 Horne (ed.), Source Records, vol. 4, p. 252.
57 Mace and Grehan (eds.), Slaughter on the Somme, p. ix.
58 Englund, The Beauty and the Sorrow, pp. 306–7.
59 Nigel Jones in Literary Review (July 2006), p. 12.
60 Keegan, The First World War, p. 280.
61 Ibid., p. 274.
62 Jay Winter in Times Literary Supplement (16 June 2006), p. 14.
63 The Western Front Association Bulletin, No 76, p. 12.
64 Churchill, Great Contemporaries, p. 167.
65 Barnett, The Lords of War, p. 89.
66 Ibid., p. 104.
67 Emden, Meeting the Enemy, p. 208.
68 Stevenson, 1914-1918, p. 171.
69 Ibid.
CHAPTER SEVEN
1 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. vi.
2 Jünger, Storm of Steel, p. 69.
3 MacDonald, Z Day, p. 608.
4 Richard Holmes in Sheffield, The Somme, p. x.
5 MacDonald, Z Day, p. 620.
6 Reynolds, The Long Shadows, p. 356.
7 MacDonald, Z Day, p. 611.
8 National Archives WO95/863.
9 Keegan, The First World War, p. 270.
10 The Western Front Association Bulletin, No. 76, p. 12.
11 IWM 8600, 99/56/1.
12 Jünger, Storm of Steel, p. 78.
13 Mace and Grehan (eds.), Slaughter on the Somme, p. 92.
14 Barnett, The Lords of War, p. 91.
15 Lee, ‘Some Lessons’, p. 80.
16 Ibid., p. 81.
17 Sym, ‘Learning Curve’, p. 15.
18 Lee, ‘Some Lessons’, p. 81.
19 Ibid., p. 84.
20 Ibid., p. 86.
21 MacDonald, Z Day, p. 616.
22 Ibid., p. 618.
23 Richard Holmes in Sheffield, The Somme, p. ix.
24 Sheffield, The Somme p.x
25 Sheffield, The Chief, p. 380.
26 Barnett, The Lords of War, p. 136.
27 Ibid.
CONCLUSION
1 Middlebrook, The First Day, p. 315.
2 Ibid., p. 316.
3 Keegan, The First World War, p. 280.
4 Sheffield, The Somme, p. 155.
5 Barnett, The Lords of War, p. 83.
6 Gilbert, Somme, p. 115.
7 Ibid., pp. 221–2.
8 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 484.
9 Ibid.
10 Nigel Jones in Literary Review (July 2006), p. 12.
11 Edmonds, Military Operations, p. 486.
12 Ibid.
13 Barnett, The Lords of War, p. 96.
14 Jay Winter in Times Literary Supplement (16 June 2006), p. 15.
15 Reynolds, Long Shadows, p. 424.
16 Barnett, The Lords of War, p. 292.
17 Emden, Tommy’s War, p. 365.
APPENDIX: ORDER OF BATTLE
Details for this chapter taken from Middlebrook, The First Day, pp. 317–24.
Elegy Page 21