Tong Wars
Page 38
Meihong Soohoo: Him Mark Lai, “China and the Chinese American Community: The Political Dimension,” in Chinese America: History and Perspectives, 1999, ed. Marlon K. Hom (San Francisco: Chinese Historical Society of America, 1999), 7.
Rhinelander Waldo: “Col. Waldo, 50, Dies of Septic Poisoning,” NYT, Aug. 14, 1927.
Edward P. Mulrooney: “Edward Mulrooney, 85, Dead; Police Commissioner 1930–33,” NYT, May 1, 1960.
Joab H. Banton: “Indict Actors on Charge of Giving Indecent Play,” IS, March 3, 1927; “Star in ‘Sex’ Goes to Jail,” IS, April 20, 1927.
Warry Charles: “Warry Charles, Chinese ‘Lifer,’ Dies in Prison,” BJ, Aug. 10, 1915; “To Ship Body of Warry Charles to Brooklyn,” BJ, Aug. 13, 1915.
Mock Duck: Ancestry.com, “1920 United States Federal Census Online Database,” http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=6061; “1930 United States Federal Census Online Database,” http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=6224; “1940 United States Federal Census Online Database,” http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2442, all accessed Aug. 4, 2015.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anbinder, Tyler. Five Points: The 19th-Century New York City Neighborhood That Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Became the World’s Most Notorious Slum. New York: Free Press, 2001.
Asbury, Herbert. The Gangs of New York: An Informal History of the Underworld. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2001. Original work published 1928.
Beck, Louis J. New York’s Chinatown: An Historical Presentation of Its People and Places. New York: Bohemia, 1898.
Bonner, Arthur. Alas! What Brought Thee Hither? The Chinese in New York, 1800–1950. Madison, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1997.
Chan, Sucheng. Chinese American Transnationalism: The Flow of People, Resources, and Ideas Between China and America During the Exclusion Era. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006.
Chang, Iris. The Chinese in America: A Narrative History. New York: Viking Press, 2003.
Chen, Shehong. Being Chinese, Becoming Chinese American. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002.
Coolidge, Mary Roberts. Chinese Immigration. New York: Henry Holt, 1909.
Costello, Augustine E. Our Police Protectors: History of the New York Police from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. New York: by author, 1885.
Crouse, Russel. Murder Won’t Out. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran, 1932.
Dillon, Richard H. The Hatchet Men: The Story of the Tong Wars in San Francisco’s Chinatown. New York: Coward-McCann, 1962.
Freeland, David. Automats, Taxi Dances, and Vaudeville: Excavating Manhattan’s Lost Places of Leisure. New York: New York University Press, 2009.
Fronc, Jennifer. New York Undercover: Private Surveillance in the Progressive Era. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.
Gardner, Charles W. The Doctor and the Devil; or, Midnight Adventures of Dr. Parkhurst. New York: Vanguard, 1931.
Gilfoyle, Timothy J. A Pickpocket’s Tale: The Underworld of Nineteenth-Century New York. New York: W. W. Norton, 2006.
Gong, Eng Ying, and Bruce Grant. Tong War! The First Complete History of the Tongs in America; Details of the Tong Wars and Their Causes; Lives of Famous Hatchetmen and Gunmen; and Inside Information as to the Workings of the Tongs, Their Aims and Achievements. New York: N. L. Brown, 1930.
Gyory, Andrew. Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
Hall, Bruce Edward. Tea That Burns: A Family Memoir of Chinatown. New York: Free Press, 1998.
Ho, Chuimei, and Soo Lon Moy. Chinese in Chicago. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 2005.
Huie Kin. Reminiscences. Peiping, China: San Yu Press, 1932.
Jeffers, H. Paul. Commissioner Roosevelt: The Story of Theodore Roosevelt and the New York City Police, 1895–1897. New York: J. Wiley & Sons, 1994.
Johnson, Marilyn. Street Justice: A History of Police Violence in New York City. Boston: Beacon Press, 2003.
Kelly, Raymond W. The History of the New York City Police Department. New York: New York City Police Department, 1993.
Kinkead, Gwen. Chinatown: A Portrait of a Closed Society. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.
Kwong, Peter. Chinatown, New York: Labor and Politics, 1930–1950. New York: New Press, 2001.
Lai, Him Mark. Chinese American Transnational Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010.
Lardner, James, and Thomas A. Reppetto. NYPD: A City and Its Police. New York: Henry Holt, 2000.
Leong, Gor Yun. Chinatown Inside Out. New York: B. Mussey Books, 1936.
Lin, Yutang. My Country and My People. London: William Heinemann, 1936.
Ling, Huping. Chinese Chicago: Race, Transnational Migration, and Community Since 1870. Redwood City, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2012.
Lui, Mary Ting Yi. The Chinatown Trunk Mystery: Murder, Miscegenation, and Other Dangerous Encounters in Turn-of-the-Century New York City. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007.
McAdoo, William. Guarding a Great City. New York: Harper, 1906.
McIllwain, Jeffrey Scott. Organizing Crime in Chinatown: Race and Racketeering in New York City, 1890–1910. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2004.
McKelway, St. Clair. True Tales from the Annals of Crime and Rascality. New York: Random House, 1951.
McKeown, Adam. Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, Hawaii, 1900–1936. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.
Moss, Frank. The American Metropolis: From Knickerbocker Days to the Present Time: New York City Life in All Its Various Phases: An Historiograph of New York. Vol. 2. New York: P. F. Collier, 1897.
Ostrow, Daniel. Manhattan’s Chinatown. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 2008.
Qin, Yucheng. The Diplomacy of Nationalism: The Six Companies and China’s Policy Toward Exclusion. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2009.
Riis, Jacob A. How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York. New York: Dover, 1971. Original work published 1890.
Riordon, William L., and George Washington Plunkitt. Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A Series of Very Plain Talks on Very Practical Politics. New York: Signet Classics, 1995. Original work published 1905.
Roosevelt, Theodore. An Autobiography. New York: Macmillan, 1913.
Sloat, Warren. A Battle for the Soul of New York: Tammany Hall, Police Corruption, Vice, and Reverend Charles Parkhurst’s Crusade Against Them, 1892–1895. New York: Cooper Square, 2002.
Song, Jingyi. Shaping and Reshaping Chinese American Identity: New York’s Chinese During the Depression and World War II. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2010.
Tchen, John Kuo Wei. New York Before Chinatown: Orientalism and the Shaping of American Culture, 1776–1882. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
Tow, Julius Su. The Real Chinese in America; Being an Attempt to Give the General American Public a Fuller Knowledge and a Better Understanding of the Chinese People in the United States. New York: Academy Books, 1923.
Tsai, Shih-shan Henry. The Chinese Experience in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986.
Tung, William L. The Chinese in America, 1820–1973: A Chronology and Fact Book. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana, 1974.
Van Norden, Warner M. Who’s Who of the Chinese in New York. New York: by author, 1918.
Wang, Xinyang. Surviving the City: The Chinese Immigrant Experience in New York City, 1890–1970. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001.
Yu, Renqiu. To Save China, to Save Ourselves: The Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance of New York. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992.
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to
scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader. Note: Italic page numbers refer to illustrations.
Anti-imperialist Alliance, 259
Asbury, Herbert, xii
Astor, John Jacob, IV, 202
Astor, Vincent, 201–2
Au Yang Ming, xvii, 24
Baker, William F., 157, 173, 185, 186, 203, 212
Baldwin, John, 87, 88, 268
Baldwin, William H., Jr., 71
Baltimore, Maryland, 223, 231, 232
Baltimore American, 120–21
Banton, Joab H., vii, viii, xvii, 233–34, 240, 264, 275
Bayard Street, 90, 93, 140, 266
Beck, Louis J., 64
Beecher, William C., 141
Bin Ching Union. See Gamblers’ Union
Bingham, Theodore A.
assignment of plainclothesmen in Chinatown, 152
and Chinese New Year banquet of 1906, 133
firing of, 156, 157, 159, 185
and investigation of Sigel murder, 156
as New York City commissioner of police, xvii, 129, 203
racism of, 129
shakeup of police department assignments, 151, 156
and Tracy, 130
Black Hand, 84, 122
Bloody Angle of Chinatown, 167, 268, 277
Boise, Idaho, 223
boo how doy, xv, 150, 277
Boston, Charlie
arrests of, 42, 151, 184, 185, 186, 190, 237, 267, 274
assault on Warry Charles, 42
Atlanta penitentiary record of physical examination of, 187
buildings owned by, 72, 173, 196
and Chinese New Year dinner of 1910, 171
death of, 243–44, 259
and ending of Third Tong War, 201
federal trial of, 186–88
and Fourth Tong War, 229
gambling house of, 207, 266
grave of, 264
Hip Sing Tong’s bounty on, 94
incarceration, 187, 188, 190
As “mayor of Chinatown,” 243–44
nickname origin, 42
as On Leong officer, xvii, 58, 168, 229, 244
opium smuggling of, 42, 182–84
papers confiscated in opium raid, 182, 183, 185, 187
in Philadelphia, 151
testimony in Bow Kum’s murder trial, 168–69
Boston, Massachusetts
and battles between Hip Sing Tong and On Leong Tong, 150, 151, 152, 158, 164, 165, 225, 231, 232, 241, 242, 253
Chinese settlement in, 1
and ending of Third Tong War, 201
and Four Brothers’ War in New York, 165, 166
and Fourth Tong War, 225, 231, 232, 241, 242, 253
Hip Sing Tong in, 151, 152, 167, 232, 273
On Leong Tong in, 149, 223, 232, 233
opium trade in, 182, 183
Oxford Place massacre, 151
trial and execution of Hip Sing shooters, 152, 158, 164
Boston Herald, 23
Bowery
as Chinatown battleground, ix
Chinese Theatre on, 246, 250
and First Tong War, 67, 87, 88, 96
Hip Sing Tong’s headquarters on, 87, 88–89, 114, 129–30, 268
key locations on, 266, 268
Bow Kum
burial of, 162, 264
murder of, xvii, 158–63, 164, 173, 267, 273
portrait of, 161
trial of assassins of, 165, 168–69, 170, 171, 209, 274
Boxer Rebellion, 66
Bronx, New York, 141–42
Brooklyn, New York
Chinese businesses in, 5, 142
Chinese population in, 3
and Fourth Tong War, 225, 228, 239, 240–41
gambling parlors in, 39
Red Hook neighborhood of, 141
Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 248
Brooks, Nicholas, xviii, 37, 54
Buckner, Emory R., viii, xviii, 235, 236
Buffalo Express, 120
Butte, Montana, 223
Byrnes, Thomas, 54
Caldwell, I. S., 243
California, 1, 2, 9, 115, 143, 149, 162
See also San Francisco’s Chinatown
Callahan, Mike, 72, 268
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 240
Cameron, Donaldina, 160
Canada, 30, 39, 184, 188, 257
Cantor, Jacob A., 289n
Capone, Al, 141
Carpenter, Cora, 202
Carr, Patrick, 91
Chan, Wah S., 230
Chang, Ziang-Ling, 226–27, 230, 234, 238
Chang Lee Kee, 233, 238
Chang Wah Hung, 246
Charles, Warry S.
in Boston, 152
Charlie Boston’s assault on, 42
death of, 264
as Hip Sing functionary, xviii
Lee Toy’s assault on, 41, 116, 152
marriage of, 144
and Theodore Roosevelt, 55
Chatham Square, ix, 37, 40, 72, 140, 164, 166, 167, 191, 266, 268
Chee Kung Tong, 13, 157, 186, 195, 216, 263, 277. See also Loon Yee Tong.
Cheong Fook, 244, 245, 246
Chiang Kai-shek, 259
Chicago, Illinois
Chinese settlement in, 1
and ending of Third Tong War, 201
and Fourth Tong War, 225–26, 229–30, 231, 234, 239, 240, 241, 242, 246
Hip Sing Tong in, 149, 154, 190, 223, 232
Mock Duck in, 99, 154
Moy clan in, 229–30
On Leong Tong in, 149, 190, 223, 224, 225, 232
Chin, Tai Yow, xviii, 144–47, 145, 199, 265
China
Boxer Rebellion in, 66
corrupt officials in, 33
famine relief in, 34, 186
flooding of Yellow River, 34
Guomindang Party’s capture of Nanjing, 240
Japan’s invasion of, 252, 258, 259, 260, 263
legal system of, 92, 134–35
Manchu government of, 6, 7, 13, 24, 188–89
Republican government of, 188, 189, 274
Chinatowns
of East and Midwest, ix, xiv, 1, 38, 149, 223, 232
sensationalized coverage of, xiii
See also New York’s Chinatown; San Francisco’s Chinatown
Chinese Americans
history of, ix–xii, xiii
identity of, 201, 258
stereotypes of, xii–xiv
in World War I, 218
See also Chinese immigrants
Chinese Christians, 46, 56, 89, 90, 104, 228
Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association. See Chung Hwa Gong Shaw
Chinese consul in New York
on First Tong War, 86, 123, 131
on Four Brothers’ War, 174, 178
on Fourth Tong War, 226, 230, 234, 241, 242, 245, 246, 247, 255
role of, 29, 135
on Third Tong War, 200, 202
and Froman Tong, 130–31, 133
Chinese criminal syndicates, 39, 182, 188
Chinese Delmonico Restaurant. See Mon Lay Won.
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 2, 11, 14, 26, 34, 38, 136, 256, 271
Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance, 259
Chinese Hospital, 85, 86
Chinese immigrants
arrest statistics on, 120
citizenship eligibility of, 2, 10, 11, 14, 26, 136–37, 218, 254
clothing and dress of, 4, 6
dialects spoken by, xv, 7
ethics of, 64
illegal e
ntry via smuggling industry, 39, 56, 228, 257
laundry business associated with, 4, 13, 28, 96, 257, 260
mutual aid societies of, 7–9, 39, 135, 243
prejudice against, xi, xii, 2, 76, 79–80, 92, 110, 120–21, 122, 136–37, 147–48, 157, 258
ratio of men to women, 73–74, 136
registration of, viii, 136, 232, 235, 237, 241
returning to China, ix, 1, 4, 8, 10, 26, 74, 86, 136,
and rule of law, 92, 134–37, 170, 180
and saving face, ix, 133, 134, 165, 180–81, 191, 205, 256, 259
stereotypes of, xii, xiii, 2, 3, 5, 12, 28, 76
targeting of, viii–ix
U.S. population of, 38, 257–58
Chinese Journal, xi
Chinese laborers, ix, 1, 2, 4, 6, 34, 136, 271
Chinese language, dialects of, xv, 7
Chinese Merchants Association
and negotiations in Third Tong War, 200, 201, 202, 205, 206
and On Leong Tong, 58, 75, 85, 293n, 307n
Chinese Theatre
and First Tong War, 113–15, 118, 119, 123, 124–25, 151, 167, 180, 268, 273
and Four Brothers’ War, 163, 166, 167
photograph of, 114
Chinese women
buying and selling of, 143, 144, 160
ratio of men to women, 73–74, 136
Ching Gong, 95–96
Chin Hing, 230
Chin Jack Lem
arrests of, 225, 227, 275
defection to Hip Sing Tong, xviii, 223–25, 245, 256, 275
extradition fight of, 229
incarceration in Ohio Penitentiary, 230, 261
killings related to, 240–41
murder of, 261
On Leong Tong’s bounty on, 225, 230
photograph of, 226
trial of, 230
Chin Lem
death of, 262
as laundryman, xviii, 160
murder report of, 158–61
portrait of, 169
testimony in Bow Kum’s murder trial, 169–70
Chin Mung, 144–45
Chin Song, 230
Chin Tin, 24, 41, 42, 267
Chintong, George, 253
Chong Pon Sing, 133, 189–90, 193–94
Chow Yong, 109
Christian Science Monitor, 243
Chu, Y. K., xi
Chuck, James, 221
Chu Company, 205
Chu family, 61, 158
Chu Fong, xviii, 56, 158
Chu Gain, 156, 158