Chu Gong
gathering evidence on Hip Sing gambling houses, 111–12
Hip Sing Tong’s assault on, 97, 98
Hip Sing Tong’s bounty on, 94
identity of, xiii
as On Leong Tong treasurer, xviii, 58, 97
and Louie Way, 97, 98, 126, 198
Chu Hen, 172–73, 175, 176, 180
Chu Hin, 176, 178, 268
Chu Lock, xix, 61, 158, 165, 205, 267
Chu Moy Yen, 172, 173, 266
Chung, Ah, 23, 267
Chung Fook, 172, 175, 180
Chung Hwa Gong Shaw
as governing body, 9, 85, 135, 277
headquarters of, 63, 85, 293n
Tom Lee’s procession in honor of Republic of China, 189
Tom Lee’s renovations to, 62
notice of cease-fire in Four Brothers’ War, 178
and peace agreements in Fourth Tong War, 225, 227, 228, 230–31, 233, 234, 238, 246
photograph of, 63
police raids of, 237
and truce between tongs for Chinese New Year of 1906, 127–28
See also Joss House
Chu On, 176, 266
clan societies, 8, 61, 135, 153, 157–58, 165
Cleveland, Grover, 34
Cleveland, Ohio
and extradition of Chin Jack Lem, 229, 230
and Fourth Tong War, 239
Hip Sing Tong in, 223, 224, 225, 229
On Leong Tong in, 149, 190, 223, 224–25, 232
Cleveland Plain Dealer, 98
Commercial Advertiser, 29
Committee of Fifteen, 71–75, 73, 238, 263, 291n
Comstock, Anthony, 21
Confucius, 13, 189
Conlon, Aaron J., 206
Connors, Chuck, 121–22
Conway, James L., 141
Coppo, Father Ernest, 140, 192–93
corruption
law-abiding Chinatown residents protesting police detectives, 102–4, 107
Tom Lee’s payments to police, 34, 37, 43, 48, 49, 136
Lexow Committee’s investigation of police, 45, 51, 52–53, 57, 59, 75, 271
police paying Tammany Hall for promotions, 17, 20, 36, 69
and police power over Chinese merchants, xiv, 17–18, 84, 137
and police salaries, 34, 204
social reformers combating, 43–45, 54, 71, 83, 84, 291n
of Tammany Hall, 43–44, 271
Cowan, James, 11, 22
Cowing, Rufus B., 70
Crain, Thomas C. T., xix, 210–11, 245, 247
Cropsey, James C., 203
Cuba, 4, 39, 257
Cypress Hills Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York, 115, 162, 215, 217, 244, 260, 262, 264, 275
Daly, John, 191
Dayton, Ohio, 225
Democratic Party, 10–11, 34, 35, 45, 62, 75
See also Tammany Hall
Denver, Colorado, 154, 168, 223
Detroit, Michigan, 223, 225
Dinkel, John A., 12
Dong Fong, xix, 49–50, 58–59, 61, 96, 111
Dooley, Robert F., 151
Doyers Street
Bloody Angle, 167, 268, 277
as Chinatown battleground, ix
Chinese Theatre on, xviii, xx, xxvi, 56, 62, 113–15, 114, 116, 118, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126, 138, 151, 163, 166–67, 176, 180
and First Tong War, 67
gambling houses on, 48, 83
key locations on, 68, 266, 268
as neutral territory, 132, 167
opium dens of, 44
police raid of gambling houses on, 191
underground arcade connected to Mott Street, 163, 176–78, 191–92, 266, 268
Eastman, Monk, 97
Eastman Gang, 118–19
Eggers, William
as acting police captain, xix, 106
arrest of Tom Lee, 109
and McAdoo, 110, 128–29
monitoring of tong activity, 123, 124
On Leong Tong’s diversion of, 117, 118
raid on Chinatown gambling houses, 106–8, 112
Eldridge Street Police Station, 90
Elizabeth Street Police Station, xvii, xix–xxi, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, 21, 37, 41, 54, 55, 57, 66, 82, 84, 90–91, 97, 107, 110, 111, 117, 124, 126, 128, 151, 158, 171, 173, 175, 192, 208, 211, 227,
Ellis Island, viii, 119, 235
Eng Hing
execution of, 211, 220, 274
grave of, 264
shooting of Lee Kay, xix, 191, 192, 199, 267
trials of, 208–11, 245
English language
Chinese immigrants’ knowledge of, 4, 18, 20, 137, 258
Gin Gum’s knowledge of, 94, 110
Tom Lee’s knowledge of, 6, 10, 18, 20, 104
Mock Duck’s knowledge of, 98, 194, 251
Warry Charles’ knowledge of, 55
Wong Chin Foo’s knowledge of, 10
Wong Get’s knowledge of, 42, 46
Eng Ying Gong
on Fourth Tong War, 229, 247, 255
memoir of, xi, xix, 196, 245
and Patriotic League of Chinese, 252
photograph of, 253
Enright, Richard E., xix, 173, 175, 226–27, 234
Evergreens Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York, 254
face, ix, 133, 134, 165, 180–81, 191, 205, 256, 259
Falconer, John L., xx, 211, 212, 213
Fales, William E. S., xiv
fan tan, 27, 33, 44, 48–50, 64, 85, 90–91, 106
Farrington, John, 49
federal government
and deportation of tong men, viii–ix, 224, 234, 235–38, 240, 241, 247, 257, 275
federal customs agents’ sting operations, 182–84, 274
and grand jury inquiry, 254, 255, 276
and raid on Hip Sing headquarters, 222
request for protection of Chinese, 157
Federal Trade Commission, 238–39
Fee, Ah
Mock Duck’s trials for murder of, 76–81, 98, 99, 152
as Newark tailor, xx
Sue Sing’s murder of, xxiv, 67–68, 69, 70, 78, 80, 84, 171, 262, 267, 272
Feinberg, Israel L., 172
First Tong War
attempted attack on Tom Lee, 116–17
and Bayard Street raid, 90–91, 93
and Chinese New Year shooting of 1906, 126–27, 151, 268
death toll of, 120
and Hip Sing Tong’s Chinese Theatre massacre, 113–15, 116, 118, 119, 123, 124–25, 151, 167, 180, 273
Huie Fong shooting, xxi, 93–94, 267
impact of, 121
and Lee Sing’s trial, 91–92
Tom Lee’s press statement on, 68
On Leong Tong’s attacks on Huie family, 117–18, 123
On Leong Tong’s invitation for talks with Hip Sing Tong, 86–87
and police detectives, 102–4
and shooting of Mock Duck, xiii, 56, 82–85, 87, 94
shootout at Hip Sing Tong headquarters, 87
and treaty of 1906, 131–34, 139, 143, 150, 154, 155, 164, 171
weapons of, 66–67, 85
Five Points Gang, 119, 141
Five Points neighborhood, ix, 1–2, 121, 139
Foley, Thomas F., 154, 216
Fong Foo Leung, 201, 220
Fong Shee, 143
Foster, Warren W.
and celebratory dinner of Hip Sing and On Leong tongs, 150, 155
and Chinese delegation’s request for mediation, 130–31, 133, 142, 273
and Chinese merchants’ request for mediation, 174
and Ch
inese New Year banquet of 1902, 75, 130
and Chinese New Year dinner of 1910, 172
as judge, xx
and mediation in Third Tong War, 200, 201, 248
portrait of, 132
Four Brothers’ Society
as clan society, 8, 61, 157–58, 165, 181, 278
factions in, 174–75, 179
gambling houses of, 61, 205
headquarters of, 158, 174, 267
and Hip Sing Tong, 158, 167–68, 272
and On Leong Tong, 158
On Leong Tong expelling Four Brothers’ Society members, 165, 179
schism within, 174–75
support of revolutionaries in China, 188
war chest depleted by legal fees, 178
Four Brothers’ War
and Bow Kum’s murder, 158–63, 179, 273
and Chinese Theatre, 163, 166, 167, 176
and Hip Sing Tong, 158, 167–68
length of, 163, 179
mediation attempts, 174–75, 178, 179
and Mott Street, 172–73, 176, 178
and On Leong Tong, 162–63, 164, 165–66, 167, 172, 174, 178, 188
and Pell Street, 163, 165–66, 168, 176, 180
and recruitment of hatchet men, 164–65
treaty of 1910, 174, 178–79, 181, 274
Fourth Tong War
and defection of Chin Jack Lem, xviii, 223–25, 245, 256, 275
ending of, 256, 276
hostilities of, 226, 228, 229–34, 236–37, 239–41, 245–47, 253–54, 275–76
peace agreements in, 226–27, 228, 230, 232–33, 275
peace banquet of October 1925, 239
treaty of March 1925, vii, 230–31, 233
treaty of September 1925, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241
treaty of June 1930, 245, 246
treaty of September 1930, 247–48
treaty of August 1933, 254–55
truce of August, 1929, 242
Freemasons, 12, 13
Galvin, Michael J.
and Chin Lem, 159, 161
and cleaning up Chinatown, 163–64, 167, 173–74
on Four Brothers’ war, 171
and Ah Hoon’s protection, 166
and Sam Lock, 165
as police captain, xx, 159, 163, 208
transfer to Coney Island, 173, 263
Gamblers’ Union, 29–30, 36–38, 267, 271, 277
Gambling Commission, 32–33
gambling houses of New York’s Chinatown
Chinese Merchants Association’s initiative against, 205–6
Chu Lock’s gambling house, xix, 61
Committee of Fifteen’s report on, 74–75
on Doyers Street, 48, 83
Galvin’s closing of, 163, 164, 167, 174
Hip Sing Tong informing on location of gambling houses, 39, 41, 51, 74, 90, 95, 171
Hip Sing Tong’s gambling houses, 111–12, 205, 206, 207
Hip Sing Tong’s protection of, 51, 64, 74, 86, 88, 133, 238
law-abiding residents critical of police relations with, 102–4
Tom Lee on Mock Duck’s role in, 104–5
Tom Lee’s operating of, 21, 24, 26, 29, 34, 36, 37, 40, 42–43, 48–49, 85
Tom Lee’s protection of, 29, 33, 34, 36, 37, 40, 44, 85, 108
Tom Lee’s taxing of, 21–23, 24, 48–49, 136
list provided to Committee of Fifteen, 73
McAdoo’s raiding of, 83, 84, 107, 191
Mock Duck’s gambling houses, 189, 190, 191, 193, 205, 274
number of, 85
On Leong Tong’s gambling houses, 205, 206, 207
On Leong Tong’s protection of, 57, 74, 85, 86–87, 88, 90, 108, 133, 238
on Pell Street, 42, 44, 189
police difficulty in obtaining convictions, 89–90
police protection of, 32–33, 43, 103
police raid of Easter 1905, 106–8, 109, 111, 112, 113, 272
police raid of 1912, 191
police raids on, vii, 20–21, 69, 138, 207–8, 212, 213–14, 257, 272, 274
popularity of, 26–28, 48
reputation of, 120
Society for the Prevention of Crime’s raiding of, 44, 83, 89, 107, 272
and Third Tong War, 189–90
and treaty of 1906, 133, 134
Waldo’s list of, 204–5, 206
and white tourists, 137
Wo Kee’s gambling parlor, 3, 24
Wong Get’s gambling house raided by police, 42, 49, 50, 56–57, 193
Gardiner, Asa B., 69
Garvan, Francis P., 69–70, 71, 88, 171
Gaynor, William Jay, 185–86, 199, 203, 206, 262
Geary Act (1892), 136, 271
Gerry, Elbridge, 146
Gerry Society, 146–48, 263–64
Gilroy, Annie, 72–73, 266
Gin Gum
California perjury conviction of, 211
and Chinese New Year dinner of 1910, 171
on Chinese Theatre massacre, 115
and Chin Lem, 162
death of, 214–15, 244, 251, 259, 267
on Four Brothers’ Society, 165
grave of, 264
and Gun Kee, 163, 266–67
Hip Sing Tong’s bounty on, 94, 97
informing on Hip Sing gambling houses, 112
and Jerome, 100
and meeting with Chinese delegation, 130–31
and peace agreement in Third Tong War, 201
and police search of Tom Lee’s property, 110–11
and reward notice for bombing of On Leong headquarters, 196–97
as right-hand man to Tom Lee, xx
Josephine Toy as wife of, 200
and Tracy, 124, 129
warning Tom Lee of attack by Mock Duck, 117
Glaze, George W., 59, 76, 78
Glynn, Martin H., 210, 211
Goldfogle, Henry M., 202
Gong, Eddie. See Eng Ying Gong
Gong, Ji. See Chu Gong
Gong, Joe. See Chu Gong
Gong Wing Chung, 66, 67, 68
Gould, Charles W., 239
Grant, Bruce, xi
Great Depression, 218, 242, 243, 248, 249, 258
Gruber, Abraham, 202
Guan Gong, 13, 196, 278
Gun Kee, 163, 164, 266–67
Ha Oi, xx, 145–48, 263–64, 268, 273
Harburger, Julius, 202
Harris, Moe, 197
Harrison, Benjamin, 34
Hart, George H., 10
Harte, Bret, 76
Hartford, Connecticut, 223
hatchet men, 97, 129, 150, 153, 163, 165, 229, 255
Henry, Patrick, 138
He Shen, 33, 278
highbinders
comparison with other ethnic criminal gangs, 84
Hip Sing Tong’s reputation as, 40, 64, 75, 86, 89, 94
as term for Chinese desperadoes, xiv, 278
Hip Sing Tong
and arrest of Lee Toy, 49–50
arrests of members, 87, 112, 114–15, 127, 212
assassination of members, viii
battles with On Leongs, x, xii, 48, 49, 205
bounty on Tom Lee, 69–70, 94–95, 97, 98, 117
charges against On Leong Tong for unfair competition, 238–39
charter of, 57–58
Chinese New Year banquet of 1906, 133, 138
Chinese New Year dinner of 1910, 172
and Chinese New Year shooting of 1906, 126, 127–28, 268
Chinese Theatre massacre of, 113–15, 116, 118, 119, 124, 151, 167, 180, 273
Chin Jack Lem’s defection to, x
viii, 223–25, 245, 256, 275
cooperation with Parkhurst Society, 55–65, 72, 82–83, 88–89, 95–96, 103, 111–12, 129, 139, 172, 210, 238, 272
decline of, 167
and First Tong War, 66, 67
and Four Brothers’ Society, 158, 167–68, 273
and Fourth Tong War, 227–30, 234, 240, 247, 252
gambling houses of, 111–12, 205, 206, 207
generational shift in leadership of, 244, 259
headquarters of, 87, 107, 109, 114, 124, 199, 222, 237, 248, 267, 268
informing on location of On Leong gambling houses, 39, 40, 41, 51, 74, 90, 95, 171
and Kim Lan Association, 186
and Lee Sing’s assault on Tom Lee, 16
and meeting with Chinese delegation, 130–31
Mock Duck as leader of New York branch, xxiii, 56, 59, 76, 94, 118, 123, 129–30, 138
Mock Duck as silent member of, 158, 168
New York convention of 1931, 248–51, 249, 276
On Leongs compared with, 64–65
On Leong Tong’s gambling house prank on, 90–91
On Leong Tong’s invitation for talks with, 86–87
and opium trade, 184, 222
Philbin’s campaign against, 69, 70
protection of gambling houses, 51, 64, 74, 86, 88, 133, 238
proxy war with On Leong Tong, 50–51
recruitment of allies, 22
reputation as highbinders, 64, 75, 86, 89
reputation as reformers of Chinatown, 50, 56, 57–59, 64, 72, 84, 86, 89, 129
and Theodore Roosevelt, 55
support of revolutionaries in China, 188
territorial boundaries of, 40, 132
treaty with On Leongs of 1906, 132–34, 139, 143, 150, 154, 155, 164, 171
treaty with On Leongs of March 1925, vii, 230–31, 233
weapons of, 199, 212, 221, 222, 228
Hoa, Louis Ling, 196
Hodgins, William H., xx, 175, 176
Hong Kong, 227–28, 278
Hongmen, 12–14, 29, 278
Hoon, Ah, xii, xx, 166, 167, 176, 268, 273
Hop Lee, 116, 127, 180, 273
Hor Pooh, 213
Howe, George, 254, 255
Huie family, 117–18, 123, 267, 273
Huie Fong, xxi, 93, 96, 117, 267
Huie Gow, 130–31, 133
Hung Far Low Restaurant, 71, 81, 133, 267, 278
Hun Kem Yun, 197, 268
Hylan, John F., 218
Hyland, Maurice, 11
Ing Mow, 152–53, 267
intermarriage of Chinese men with women of other races, 6–7, 10, 144, 157
Irish immigrants, ix, 2, 11, 16, 122
Italian immigrants, ix, 2, 11, 119, 122, 212
Italian Mafia, 84, 122
Jerome, William T.
as associate counsel to Lexow Committee, xxi, 45, 99
Tong Wars Page 39