Tong Wars
Page 40
on Chinese gambling houses, 89–90, 111
and Chinese New Year banquet of 1902, 75
and Chinese New Year celebration of 1905, 97
on crime wave of 1905, 119
death of, 262
Mock Duck indicted by, 98, 99–100, 102, 105
and Parkhurst, 44
photograph of, 101
request for meeting with tong leaders, 100–101, 110
on tong wars, 123
Jewish immigrants, 2, 118–19, 122, 212
Joe, Charlie, 116
Johnstown, Pennsylvania, flood of, 34
Joss House
Tom Lee’s renovations to, 62
and Loon Yee Tong, 13, 35
on Mott Street, 63, 85, 267
and Third Tong War, 195–96
Jow Chuck, 197–98, 267
Jung Hing, 171, 195, 199, 268, 274
Kear, Francis J., xxi, 84, 97
Keller, John W., 289–90n
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 246
Kelly, Paul, 119
Kernochan, J. Frederic, 116, 117, 124
Kim Lan Association, 186, 195, 199, 200, 201, 268, 274, 278–79
Kline, Ardolph L., 206, 211
Ko Low, xxi, 220–22, 275
La Guardia, Fiorello, 257
Lah, Ah, 90–91
laundry business, 4, 13, 28, 96, 257
Lau Shong, 162–64, 168, 170, 171
Lauterbach, Edward, 202
Lau Tong, 160–64, 168–69, 170, 171
Lee, Frank William, xxi, 7, 76, 78, 215, 261
Lee, Howard, 255
Lee, Minnie Rose Kaylor, xxi, 6–7, 10, 70, 143
Lee, Tom
arrest of, 109, 111, 272
arrival in New York City, 1, 5, 7
attempted attack on, 117
banquet for Lee Toy, 55–56
burial in China, 261
businesses of, 7, 19, 22, 26, 40, 94, 129, 191, 266
and celebratory dinner for treaty of 1906, 155
and Chinese New Year banquet of 1902, 75–76
and Chinese New Year banquet of 1906, 133
and Chinese New Year celebration of 1905, 94–95, 97
and Chinese New Year dinner of 1910, 171–72
and Chinese Theatre massacre inquest, 124
dealings with opium dens, 24, 30, 32, 34, 183
death of, 215–16, 244, 259, 261, 275
on decline of Chinatown, 212–13, 218
as deputy sheriff of New York County, 14–16, 20, 21–22, 26, 46, 48
dinner for Tammany Hall, 62, 64, 272
as emissary of Six Companies, 7, 9, 14, 271
and Foley, 154
and Four Brothers’ War mediation, 174
funeral of, 215–17, 216
and funeral of Yuck brothers, 115
and Galvin, 165
gambling houses of, 21, 24, 26, 29, 34, 36, 37, 40, 42–43, 48–49, 85
Hip Sing Tong’s bounty on, 69–70, 94–95, 97, 98, 117
and Hodgins, 175
as leader of New York’s Chinatown, xxii, 7, 9, 10, 12, 24, 25, 34, 35, 40, 47, 66, 129
and Lee Kay’s shooting, 192
Lee Sing’s beating of, xiii, xxii, 15, 16
Minnie Rose Kaylor Lee as wife of, xxi, 6–7, 10, 143
Meyers’s accusations against, 20–21, 22, 23, 24
on Mock Duck, 97–98, 104–5, 188
on murder of Ah Fee, 68
photograph of, 213
and police raid on Decoration Day 1905, 112
portrait of, 15
as president of On Leong Tong, 58
property owned by, 19, 21, 23, 40, 48, 63, 266, 267
public image of, 34, 75
pulmonary hemorrhage of, 35
relationship with Hip Sing Tong, 39
relationship with police department, 18, 21, 24, 29, 30, 33, 34, 36, 45–46, 48–49, 50, 69–70, 111
relationship with white power elite, 5, 9–12, 14, 24, 25–26, 142
retreat from Chinatown for safety, 158
in San Francisco, 5–6, 9, 19
on Sigel’s murder, 157
support of revolutionaries in China, 188–89
and Third Tong War, 190, 201
wealth of, 19, 85–86
Western dress adopted by, 6, 10, 16
Wong Get’s testimony before Lexow Committee against, 46–48
Lee, Tom, Jr., 7, 215
Lee, William P., 230
Lee Bow, 254, 268
Lee Dock
execution of, 211, 220, 274
grave of, 264
killing of Lee Kay, xxi, 191, 192, 199
trials of, 208–11, 245
Lee Frank, 206
Lee Gee Min, 234, 238
Lee Kay, xix, xxi, 191, 192, 199, 208–9, 211, 274
Lee Lang, 77
Lee Loy, xxi, 58, 93–94, 97, 111–12, 118
Lee Po Ming, 192
Lee Quon Jung. See Boston, Charlie
Lee Sing (boardinghouse keeper), xxii, 14
arrest of, 21
beating of Tom Lee, xiii, xxii, 15, 16, 82
and Chinatown factions, 24
and Chinatown gambling houses, 22–23
Lee Sing (laundryman, assassin)
arrest in police raid, 109
shooting of Mock Duck, xxii, 56, 82–85, 87, 94, 96, 272
in Tombs awaiting trial, 91–92
Lee Tow, 228
Lee Toy
arrests of, 50, 123, 267
assault on Warry Charles, 41, 116, 152
assault on Hop Lee, 116
assault on Wong Get, 43, 46, 49–50, 55, 116
Chinese New Year of 1906 shooting of, 126
and Chinese Theatre massacre, 115
as enforcer for Tom Lee, xxii, 40–41, 48
gambling house of, 40, 267
Tom Lee’s banquet for, 55–56
photograph of, 41
weapons of, 123
as witness in Chin Tin case, 42
Lee Wah, 163, 267
Lee Yee Hong, 221, 222
Lee Yick You, 214
Lee Yu, 96, 111
Leong Gor Yun, Chinatown Inside Out, xi, 74, 153, 154, 181, 255, 259–60
Levy, Abraham, 70, 76
Lexow, Clarence, 45
Lexow Committee
investigation of police corruption, 45, 51, 52–53, 57, 59, 75, 271
Jerome as associate counsel to, xxi, 45, 99
Moss as associate counsel to, xxiii, 44, 46, 47, 79
Wong Get’s testimony before, 46–49, 50, 56, 57, 72
Liang You, 189, 190
Lim, Tom, 100
Ling, Leon, 156–57, 158
Lin Yutang, 180–81
Liu Jin, 33, 279
Lloyd, David Frank, 110–11, 116–17, 155, 171, 172
lobbygows, 121–22, 171, 279
Lock, Sam, xxii, 165, 168, 172
Long Wong Chue, 228
Loon Yee Tong
and funeral of retired general, 35, 286n
headquarters of, 13, 267
lack of members’ loyalty, 24
Tom Lee’s establishment of, 12, 24, 66, 216, 271
secret rites of, 13–14
See also Chee Kung Tong
Lord, Frank A., 108, 112–13
Lou Fook, 218
Low, Seth, 75, 83
Lu Chow, 92
Lui Sing, 244
Lung Gow, 97, 98
Lung Kin, 66–67, 68, 71, 267, 272
McAdam, Thomas, 289n
McAdoo, William
and
arrest of Tom Lee, 109
and Eggers, 128–29
and letter from law-abiding Chinese resident concerning police, 102–3, 107
meeting with Tom Lee and Mock Duck, 110
as New York City commissioner of police, xxii, 83
portrait of, 108
racism of, 122–23
and raids on gambling houses, 83, 84, 107, 191
resignation of, 129, 262
on tongs, 122–23
and Tracy, 124, 128
McClellan, George B., Jr., 83, 129, 140, 185
McClintock, Thomas L.
and arraignment of Lee Sing, 82–83
and arrest of Tom Lee, 109
and arrest of Mock Duck, 139
and Chinese New Year banquet of 1906, 133
and Dong Fong, 96, 111
on Hip Sing Tong, 89
on On Leong Tong, 86–87
and raids on gambling houses, 83–84, 90, 107
as superintendent of Parkhurst Society, xxii, 43–44, 82
McCullagh, John H., Jr., xxiii, 36, 37, 54
McIntyre, O. O., 241
Mack, Grace, 209–10
McKay, Douglas Imrie, xxiii, 211–12, 213
McKeon, John, 21–22
McKinley, William, 69
McManus, Terence J., 168, 169–70, 174, 209–10
Mafia, 84, 122
Maher, Tommy, 26
Manchester, Connecticut, 239
Matteawan Asylum for Insane Criminals, 67
Mazzocci, Mary, 67, 70, 77
Medalie, George Z., 254
Mexico, 39, 257
Meyers, Charles, 20–21, 22, 23, 24
Milholland, Inez, 202
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 225
Ming dynasty, 13, 33, 278, 279
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 223, 231, 246
Mitchel, John P., 203, 211, 213, 217, 218
Mock Duck
ambush of Sin Cue, 67, 71, 268
arrests of, 98–100, 102, 114–15, 120, 125, 138–39, 142, 143, 144, 147, 151, 152, 190, 273, 274
Tai Yow Chin as first wife of, xviii, 144–47
and Chinese Theatre massacre, 115, 124–25, 138, 273
death of, 264–65
defense attorneys of, 75, 76, 99, 142
disappearance and reemergence of, 244, 251–52
gambling houses of, 189, 190, 191, 193, 205, 274
and Gin Gum’s death, 215, 251
and Ha Oi, 145–48
indictment for murder, 70
as leader of Hip Sing Tong, xxiii, 56, 59, 76, 94, 118, 123, 129–30, 138
leaving New York City periodically, 70, 87–88, 96–97, 99, 154, 158, 273
Tom Lee on, 97–98, 104–5, 188
Lee Sing’s shooting of, xiii, 56, 82–85, 87, 94, 96, 267, 272
photograph of, 193
physical appearance of, 61, 98
portrait of, 60
press accounts of, xii–xiii
protection money collected by, 86
quitting of Hip Sing Tong, 152, 167
reputation of, 119–20
as silent member of Hip Sing Tong, 158, 188, 252, 259
and Society for the Prevention of Crime, 74, 82–83, 100, 238
and Sue Sing, 262
support of revolutionaries in China, 188
Frances Toy as wife of, 200, 215, 264
and treaty of 1906, 138, 143, 155
at trial of Lau Tong and Lau Shong, 168
and trial of Lee Sing, 92
trials for gambling allegation, 193–95
trials for murder of Ah Fee, 76–81, 98, 99, 272
Mon Far Low Restaurant, 99, 266, 279
Mon Lay Won (Chinese Delmonico), 56, 62, 64, 177, 195, 220, 268, 279
Mon Moon, 116
Morning Star Mission, 145
Moss, Frank
as associate counsel of Lexow Committee, 45, 46, 47–48, 49, 59, 99
as attorney for Eng Hing and Lee Dock, 210–11
and Warry Charles, 264
on conviction of Lee Toy, 55
as counsel for Hip Sing Tong, xxiii, 50, 88–89, 92, 130, 210–11, 262
death of, 262
and Dong Fong, 58–59, 96
as Mock Duck’s defense attorney, 76, 78–79, 99
and Parkhurst, 44
on police protection of gambling, 43
portrait of, 79
as prosecutor for Bow Kum’s murder trial, 168, 170
and Robert Young, 57
Mott Street
as Chinatown battleground, ix
Chinese immigrants leasing buildings on, 5
Church of the Transfiguration on, 32, 106, 140, 152, 192–93
fights among residents on, 14
and First Tong War, 67
and Four Brothers’ War, 172–73, 176, 178
gambling houses of, 83, 106–7, 108, 164
key locations on, 266–67, 266
Tom Lee’s businesses on, 19, 40, 94, 129, 191
Tom Lee’s house on, 7, 9, 12, 19
Tom Lee’s real estate on, 19, 21, 23, 40, 48, 63, 83, 110, 271, 293n
Loon Yee Tong headquarters on, 13, 267
murder of Ing Mow on, 152–53
On Leong Tong on, 40, 57, 132, 178, 193
photograph of lower Mott Street, 63
police raid of Easter 1905, 106–7, 109, 111, 112, 113
police raid of 1912, 191
underground arcade connected to Doyers Street, 163, 176–78, 191–92, 266, 268
Moy, Frank, 240
Moy, Henry, 229, 234, 237
Moy clan, 229–30
Moy Park Sue, 29, 30
Mulberry Bend, 121, 139–40
Mulrooney, Edward P., xxiii, 244–45, 247, 264
Newark, New Jersey, 212, 223, 225, 231, 239, 241, 242
New Jersey, 3, 5
New York Age, 119
New York City
Chinese population in, 3, 38, 96, 256–57
consolidation of metropolis, 62
crime wave of 1905, 119
economic growth of, 1–2
gang wars of, ix, 118–19
See also New York’s Chinatown; Tammany Hall; specific boroughs
New York Globe, 102
New York Herald
on Chinese immigrant population, 3, 5
on Ha Oi, 148
on Tom Lee’s appointment as deputy sheriff, 14
on Tom Lee’s dinners, 10
on McCullagh, 36, 37
on Third Tong War, 198
New York Police Department
attitudes toward Chinatown, 122, 129, 137
and Bow Kum’s murder, 159–60, 161, 162, 163
commissioners of, 16, 17, 37, 52–53
and convictions of Chinatown gambling bosses, 89–90
and Eggers’s raid on Chinatown gambling houses, 106–7
and Four Brothers’ War, 179
Gaynor’s approach to law enforcement, 185–86, 203
harassment of Chinatown businesses, 213–14
and Huie Fong shooting, 93
Tom Lee’s payments to, 34, 37, 43, 48, 49, 136
and Tom Lee’s protection, 94, 95, 192
Tom Lee’s relationship with, 18, 21, 24, 29, 30, 33, 34, 36, 45–46, 48–49, 50, 69–70, 111
Lexow Committee’s investigation of, 45, 51, 52–53, 57, 59, 75, 271
merchants sponsoring officers, 17–18
Mock Duck’s payments to, 138–39
Moss on police treatment of Hip Sings, 88–89
On Leong Tong’s relationship with, 57, 61, 65, 85, 87
a
nd opium trade involvement, 182–83
organization of, 16, 17, 284n
prostitutes’ payoffs of, 74
protection of gambling houses, 32–33, 43, 103
response to shootout at Hip Sing Tong headquarters, 87, 88
Theodore Roosevelt’s administration of, xxiv, 53–54, 69
salaries of, 16–17, 204, 217
See also corruption
New York Post
on deportation of tong men, 236, 238
Tom Lee’s interview with, 104
on McAdoo, 128
on Mock Duck, 98
New York’s Chinatown
Banton’s efforts to stop tong war in, vii–viii
Beck’s book on, 64
boardinghouses of, 3–4, 5
brothels of, 21, 24, 73–74, 137, 183, 212
changes in, 212, 248, 256
Chinese immigration to, 1–4
Chinese New Year celebration of 1933, 252–53
Chinese New Year celebration of 1934, 260, 276
Chinese New Year parade of 1930, 244, 275
crime levels in, 120, 123
deportation dragnet in, viii–ix, 234, 235–38, 240, 241, 247, 257, 275
development of, 2–3, 9
escape tunnels in, 91
factions within, viii, 16, 24, 40, 110
forms of vice in, 24, 27–28, 30–32, 72–75, 183
and Great Depression, 243, 248, 258
key streets in, ix, 266–68, 266
law-abiding residents of, 102–4, 107, 121, 214
Tom Lee as leader of, xxii, 7, 9, 10, 12, 24, 25, 34, 35, 40, 47, 66
Tom Lee’s real estate in, 19, 20, 21, 23, 40, 48, 63, 83, 110, 271, 293n
merchants’ relationship with police, 18, 213–14
New York World’s proposal for, 139–42, 140
police attitudes toward, 122, 129, 137
police detectives posted in, 158, 159, 163
police raids on, 235, 236, 237
population of, 3, 38–39, 73, 96, 173–74, 212, 248, 257
reputation of, 120, 121
role of clan associations in, 135
Six Companies’ emissary to, 7, 9, 14, 271
white property owners in, 5, 141, 214
white tourists in, xiv, 107, 119, 121, 122, 122, 131, 137, 154, 157, 174, 212, 248, 259
See also gambling houses of New York’s Chinatown; opium dens of New York’s Chinatown
New York Sun
on changes in New York’s Chinatown, 212, 248
on Chinese New Year dinner of 1910, 172
on Chinese New Year of 1906, 128
on corruption of police detectives, 103–4
on First Tong War, 87
on Foster, 150
on Fourth Tong War, 247–48
on Hip Sing Tong, 50, 59, 90, 109
on Italian warfare methods, 196
on Tom Lee, 10, 16, 20, 50–51, 188
McClintock on Hip Sing Tong, 89