Steven Solomon
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Romulus and Remus, 44, 76
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 321, 338–43, 358, 381, 481
Roosevelt, Theodore, 381, 481; Panama Canal and, 306–9, 310–16, 318, 321; western water development and, 328, 329, 331, 339, 358
Roosevelt Dam, 331
Royal Navy, 197, 207
Royal Society (London), 221
rudder, 62; sternpost, 114, 178
Rumsey, James, 288
rural electrification, 343
Russia, 13, 146, 209, 259, 375. See also Soviet Union
Rustichello of Pisa, 118
Rwanda, 396
Ryan, James, 466
Sacramento, 299
Sacramento River, 323, 326, 338, 341, 342, 457
Sadat, Anwar el-, 388, 391–92, 394
Safe Drinking Water Act (1974), 356
Sagres, 182
Sahara Desert, 14, 134–35, 136; aquifers and, 415–16, 434
Said Pasha, 235
sailing ships, 62, 63, 114, 120, 135–36, 178, 300, 487; last major battle fought by, 210; long-range artillery and, 192–93; winds and, 180
St. Lawrence River, 205
St. Peter’s Basilica, 94, 160
sake, 253
Salamis, Battle of (480 BC), 68–70
salinization, 42–43, 55, 147, 326, 348, 350, 361, 377, 397, 427–28, 440
salt, 20, 104, 106, 107, 113, 176, 179. See also desalinization
Salton Sea, 454, 455
Salton Sink, 333
Salt River, 326, 331
Salween River, 426, 443
Samarkand, 108, 109, 145
Samos, 86
sandhogs, 466
San Diego, 330, 453, 455, 457, 458
Sandstone Aquifer, 416
San Fernando Valley, 335
San Francisco, 299, 300
San Francisco Bay, 198, 457
sanitary revolution, 249–65, 295–99, 353, 441, 457, 488
sanitation, 2, 3, 4, 16, 224, 357; ancient cities and, 54, 87–88
San Joaquin delta, 457
San Joaquin River, 323, 326, 341, 342
San Jose, 458
Sanmenxia Dam, 432–34
Sanskrit, 54, 145
Saratoga, Battle of (1777), 270, 272, 273
Sargon, 39, 44–45, 76
Sassanians, 130–31, 143
Saudi Arabia, 400, 402, 409, 413–15, 459
savanna, 11, 153
Savannah (steamboat), 230
Savery, Thomas, 218
sawmills, 169, 281, 285, 299
Scandinavia, 62, 160
Scheldt River, 164
schistosomiasis, 251, 371, 398
Scotland, 254–55, 263; Enlightenment in, 219, 254
Scramble for Africa, 238–39
screw propeller, 230, 287
scurvy, 190
seafaring societies, 22, 59–95; characteristics of, 59–60, 65
sea level rises, 10, 399, 478, 479
Sea Peoples, 35, 64
sea power: asymmetrical advantage of, 69–70; blockades and, 71–72; modern era of, 180–81; ocean control and, 154; Thayer theory of, 305–7. See also naval battles; under specific countries
Seine River, 165, 168, 224–25, 230, 254, 292
Semites, 65, 129
Senegal, 239
Senegal River, 153, 184, 185
Sennacherib, King, 48, 49, 50
Serageldin, Ismail, 372
Sergovia aqueduct bridge, 86
Seven Hills of Rome, 76, 139
Seven Wise Men, 66
Seven Wonders of the World, 50, 74
Seven Years’ War, 205, 206, 273, 277
Severn River, 226
sewage, 87, 414, 425; purification/recycling of, 264, 406, 407, 451, 456, 457–60. See also sanitary revolution; toxic wastes
sewers, 54, 63, 76, 87, 94, 165; London, 256, 261, 263; New York City, 297
shadoof, 33, 143
Shandong, 433–34
Shang dynasty, 101, 102, 253
Shanghai, 124, 438, 440
Sharon, Ariel, 241, 402, 405
Shasta Dam, 338, 342
Sheba, Queen of, 393–94
Shiites, 132, 148, 405, 410, 412
Shintoism, 18
Siberia, 13, 374
Sichuan, 103, 104, 119; earthquake (2008) in, 439
Sicily, 62, 66, 70, 71, 77–78, 79, 81, 93, 132, 160
Sidon, 65
Siemens, Werner, 286
Sierra Club, 352
Sierra Leone, 184, 185
Sierra Nevada, 334, 341, 342
Silent Spring (Carson), 354
silk, 107–8, 116, 170, 222
Silk Roads, 58, 108–9, 110, 116, 126, 132, 174; map of, 99
silt, 52, 55, 76, 147, 352, 361, 439; Colorado River and, 332, 333, 350; Mississippi River and, 275; Nile and, 26, 28, 388, 390, 397; Yellow River and, 98, 103, 432, 433, 436
silver, 35, 174, 188, 196, 198, 202
Sinai Desert, 33
Sinai Peninsula, 60, 241, 242, 402
Sinbad the Sailor, 135
Sindhis, 428
Sindh River, 427
Singapore, 458, 459–60
Singh, Manmohan, 421–22, 429
Sistani, Ayatollah Ali al-, 411
Six-Day War (1967), 402–3, 405
Sixtus V, Pope, 95, 199
slash-and-burn farming, 19, 20, 56, 161
Slater, Samuel, 281, 282, 283
slave labor, 79, 133, 183; African trade and, 154, 183, 186; mechanical devices vs., 85, 173
sluices, 25, 38, 42, 115, 238
smallpox, 188
Smeaton, John, 225
Smith, Adam, 180, 217, 219, 379, 381
snow, 10, 13
Snow, John, 259, 261
snowmelt, 11, 55, 252, 323, 456, 457, 478
soil, 10, 11, 12, 13. See also erosion; salinization; silt
Solomon, King, 49, 393–94
Somalia, 371
Song dynasty, 117
South, U.S., 283
South America, 25, 198, 200; giant dam and, 359; Spain and, 180, 188; United States and, 304, 315; voyage around, 300, 308; water wealth of, 375. See also specific countries
Southeast Anatolia Project, 359, 408–9
Southern Pacific Railroad, 333, 334
South Korea, 482
South Platte River, 456
South-to-North Water Diversion Project (China), 431, 443–45, 446, 478
Soviet Union, 320, 358; collapse of, 265; environmental damage and, 264–65, 354, 356–57, 377–78, 445; Nasser and, 239–43, 389
Spain, 49, 208, 471; decline in power of, 200; imperial ambitions of, 152–53, 188–89, 196–200, 276–77, 278, 307–8; Islamic expansion and, 132, 134, 144, 145, 170, 174; Mediterranean and, 62, 63, 65; Ottoman Turks and, 194–95, 196; Romans and, 79, 85; Voyages of Discovery and, 180–89, 194, 195; water management and, 144, 148, 149
Spanish-American War, 307–8
Spanish Armada (1588), 70, 120, 152–53, 197–200; English defeat of, 199–200, 202, 232
Spanish Main, 196, 198
Spanish Netherlands, 196, 197
Sparta, 64, 68, 71–72
Spice Islands, 58, 135, 151, 194, 209
spice trade, 36, 109, 199; all-water route of, 151, 186; Dutch monopoly and, 202–3; long-distance route of, 135; Portugal and, 36, 183, 194
spiked gangplank, 78, 81
spinning machine, 107–8, 116, 170, 221–22, 283
springs, 128, 129, 252, 296
Sri Lanka. See Ceylon
stagnant water, 18, 251
Stalin, Joseph, 358
standardization, 283
steamboats, 124, 227, 229–30, 244, 267, 287–88, 290, 292, 300; canal-linked rivers and, 293, 294; gunboats and, 232, 239, 269, 305; paddle-wheels and, 288
steam engine, 3, 17, 107, 123, 211–12, 218–34, 236, 281, 478; basic designs of, 218; Hero of Alexandria model of, 74, 218; high-pressure, 225, 283; horsepower limit of, 243; new energy sources replacing, 243–45; patent infringemen
ts and, 223; significance of, 1, 157, 218–21, 227–31, 476, 488; waterpower vs., 285; Watt improvement of, 1–2, 17, 23, 74, 219–21, 223–24, 225
steam pumps, 1–2, 218, 219, 224, 225, 254–55
steam railroad. See railroads
steam shovel, 318
steam turbine. See turbines
steel, 47, 116, 267, 286, 294, 305, 470, 487
Steinbeck, John, 346
steppe, 11, 22, 96, 147
stepwells, 57
Stonehenge, 62
stone megaliths, 62
Strait of. See key word
streams, 10, 12, 267, 281; English vs. European, 221
streetcar, electric, 286
strikes, 284
Study of History, A (Toynbee), 15
submarines, 232–33, 288, 319
Sudan, 32, 137, 237, 389–400, 415, 416; drought/famine and, 390–91; Fashoda
Incident and, 238–39; genocide and, 371, 396; White Nile sources and, 28, 387, 388
Sudd swamps, 237, 238, 388, 395, 400
Suez Canal, 231–32, 234–42, 250, 302, 388, 391; French engineering of, 216, 234, 235–36, 239, 310, 316; Nasser nationalization of, 241, 243; opening (1869) of, 36, 230, 231, 236; Panama Canal and, 308, 309–11; precursors of, 36, 151, 183, 234–35
Suez Crisis (1956), 239–43, 401, 402
Sui dynasty, 110, 111
Süleyman the Magnificant, 152
Sumatra, 83, 194, 202
Sumerian civilization, 20, 31, 39, 41–44, 45, 46, 54
Sundra, Strait of, 202
Sung dynasty, 113, 115–16, 118–19, 123
Sunnis, 132, 415
Sun Yat-sen, 436
Susa, 51
Sutter, Johann, 299, 300
swamps. See drainage
“Swimming” (Mao), 437
Syracuse, 66, 77, 78
Syr Darya, 51, 377
Syria, 72, 80, 194, 401, 402, 408, 409–11; Israel and, 405–6, 483; water politics and, 410; water projects and, 359, 411
Tabqa Dam, 411
Tai, Lake, 439–40, 461
taiga, 11
Taiping Rebellion, 125
Tajikistan, 359, 483
Talas River, 109
Talas River, Battle of (751), 132, 145
Taliban, 428
Talleyrand, Charles-Maurice de, 279
Tana, Lake, 388
Tanganyika, 13
T’ang dynasty, 110–11, 113–14, 115, 132
Tanzania, 190
Taoism, 100–101, 103, 445
Tarbela Dam, 359, 428
Tartars, 117, 118
Tartessus, 174
tea, 252, 270, 296
Tea Water Pump, 296
Tehran, 49
Tel Aviv, 402
telegraph, 285; transatlantic, 230, 233
temperate zones, 10, 11, 160; global warming and, 479
Tennessee River, 275, 331, 342–43, 477
Tennessee Valley Authority, 342–43, 401
terrorism, 385, 410, 415, 416, 482
Texas, 304, 322, 345–48, 347, 458; water rights and, 453, 468–69
Texas Water Plan, 348
textile manufacture: Britain and, 116, 170, 212, 221–24, 281, 282; China and, 107–8, 116, 442; dyes and, 175; steam power and, 1, 222, 223, 224, 281; United States and, 281–84; water power and, 104, 116, 144, 170, 212, 221–22, 281–82, 283–84
Thales, 66, 67
Thames River, 165, 232, 292; new sewer system for, 261; sewage and, 249–51, 256–61, 263, 265; water supply from, 225, 255, 262
Thar Desert, 55
Thebes, 32, 33
Themistocles, 68–70
thermal power plants, 17, 244, 245, 469–70
Thermopylae, 68
thirst, 17
Three Gate gorge, 432–34
Three Gorges Dam, 359, 432, 436–39, 444; “hidden dangers” of, 438–39, 442
threshing machine, 226
Tiananmen Square massacre (1989), 437
Tianjin, 444
Tiberius, Emperor, 108
Tiber River, 76, 77, 83, 87, 91, 93, 94, 95, 140
Tibet, 443, 483
Tibetan plateau, 98, 426, 435, 443, 444, 446
tidal waves, 64
Tien Shan Mountains, 108
Tigris and Euphrates rivers, 20, 24, 33, 36, 41–49, 72, 128; Baghdad site and, 143, 147; characteristics of, 37–38; conflicts over, 410–11; course shifts of, 44, 45, 55, 62, 147; dam cataracts for, 51; failed maintenance of, 131, 147; Fertile Crescent and, 19, 37; first water war and, 44; floating water mills and, 144; giant dams and, 361; hydroelectric plants and, 359; irrigation waters from, 42–43, 50, 147; as military weapon, 46, 50, 61, 410; modern conflicts over, 409–11; source and course of, 39, 408, 412; Turkey and, 408–11, 483; unpredictable flooding of, 38, 42; upstream vs. downstream position and, 39
tin, 63, 101, 174, 217
Tiran, Strait of, 241
toilet paper, first, 116
toilets: flush, 257–58; indoor, 54, 63, 87; low-flow, 456, 463
Tokyo, 88
toll collection, 292
Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494), 189
torpedo, 232–33
Tower of Babel, 50
toxic wastes, 245, 252, 254, 260–61, 353–54, 426, 475
Toynbee, Arnold, 15
trade: antiquity’s three main sea routes for, 60, 62; Atlantic coastal, 173–76, 178–79, 182, 202; deserts and (see camel caravans); east-west sea routes for, 58, 75; free commercial towns and, 163; map of Islamic routes, 127; map of medieval routes, 159; Silk Roads and, 58, 108–9; volume (2000) of, 361; water Haves and Have-Nots and, 375. See also Indian Ocean; Mediterranean Sea; seafaring societies specific countries
trade fairs, 163, 173
trade winds, 178, 180, 185, 186, 190
Trafalgar, Battle of (1805), 70, 208–9, 304
“tragedy of the commons,” 377, 472
Trajan, Emperor, 36, 91
transition zones, 11
transoceanic sailing. See ocean voyages
Trenton, Battle of (1776), 270, 271
Trent River, 217
Trevelyan, George Macaulay, 197, 214
Trevi Fountain, 89
Trevithick, Richard, 229
Tripoli, 303
trireme, 36, 68, 69, 77
Trojan War, 64
tropics, 11–12
Troy, 64
tsunami of 2004, 18
tubers, 10
tundra, 11, 19
Tunis, 65, 303
Tunnel No. 1, 2, and 3 (N.Y.C.), 298, 463–67
turbines, 3, 227, 243–45, 264, 267, 285, 286, 287, 331, 480
Turkey (modern), 37, 39, 48, 359, 406, 408–12, 483
Turks, 118, 132, 147, 151. See also Ottoman
Turks
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 325, 328
Tuscany, 76
Tu Shih, 107
Twain, Mark, 323
typhoid fever, 252, 262, 263
Tyre, 65
Uganda, 237
Umayyads, 132, 142–43, 144
Umma, 44
Unilever, 469, 470
Union Carbide, 426
Union Pacific Railroad, 300
United Nations, 372, 402, 410; Millennium Development Goals, 485, 486; “Our Common Future,” 356; peacekeeping force, 242; Watercourses
Convention, 411, 443
United States, 59, 76, 260, 266–301; canal boom and, 217, 289–94, 488; coastlines of, 280, 282; daily water use in, 371; disparate hydrological regions of, 266, 322, 323, 375–76; eastern region of, 268 (map); Far West of, 322–63, 324(map), 452–56; global primacy of, 267; Panama Canal and, 234, 267, 302–3, 305–20; sea power of, 232–34, 267, 303–5, 307–8, 315, 319–21; Suez Crisis and, 239, 240–41, 242; water engineering and, 263–65, 267, 269, 321, 322–63 (see also dams, giant); water productivity and, 450, 452–56; water resources of, 3, 13, 245, 265, 267, 269, 280, 281, 282, 322. See also specific place names
University of Glasgow, 219
&
nbsp; Ur, 39, 41, 42–43, 45, 46
urbanization. See cities
Uruk, 39, 41
Uzbekistan, 108
vaccines, 262
Valencia water court, 148, 485
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 300–301
Venice republic, 36, 59, 75, 94–95, 118, 164, 165; Amsterdam compared with, 201–2; Constantinople sacking and, 141; origins of, 176; sea power of, 95, 142, 152, 174–78, 192; sea trade and, 109, 114, 137, 151, 173, 176–78, 194–95; water-challenged environment of, 176, 253
Verdi, Giuseppe, 236, 387
Versailles, 224–25
Victoria, Lake, 183, 237
Victoria, Queen, 124, 262
Vienna, Ottoman sieges of (1529, 1683), 151, 152
Vietnam, 115
Vikings, 22, 160, 163
vinegar, 253
Virgo aqueduct, 89, 95
virtual water. See food imports
Visigoths, 92, 132
Vistula River, 354
Vivaldi brothers, 184
volcanoes, 64, 312
Volga River, 117, 358
Voltaire, 215
Voyages of Discovery, 120, 122, 142, 178, 180–95, 232, 252, 319; as historical turning point, 157; maps of, 191
Wadi Gaza, 404
wadis, 126
wage labor, 222, 223, 250, 284–85, 294
Walker, William, 301
War of 1812, 303–4, 307
War of the Pacific, 305
Washington, George, 206, 269–74, 277, 293; Potomac River project and, 279–80, 287–89
wastewater. See sewage; toxic wastes
water clock, 74, 116, 117, 146
Watercourses Convention (1997), 411, 443
water court, 148, 485
water cycle, 10, 13, 362, 374
waterfalls, 283–87
Water for Life decade (2005–2015), 356, 486
water innovations, 195, 363, 368, 406, 475–81; historic turning points and, 487–88
water-lifting devices, 33–34, 37, 49, 51, 105–6, 115, 143
Waterloo, Battle of (1815), 209
watermark, 170
water pollution, 4, 249–52, 256, 362, 414, 460–61; agricultural runoff and, 353, 354, 373, 398, 472, 473, 476; China and, 418, 430, 434, 439–41, 444; cholera and, 259, 361; environmentalism and, 354–57; India and, 418, 425–26; Pakistan and, 428; recklessness and, 377; Thames recovery from, 463; U.S. control laws and, 356, 469, 470, 475. See also salinization; toxic wastes