9.
Dallin, German Rule p. 119ff. On the assassination of Pieracki and the subsequent careers of Lebed and Bandera, see Mykola Lebed, U.S. Army INSCOM Dossier No. C 804 3982, obtained by the author via FOIA. Note particularly “Memorandum for the Officer in Charge, Subject: Mikola Lebed,” September 30, 1948 (secret), 7970th Counter Intelligence Corps Group, Region IV; “Personality Report, Subject: LEBED, Mykola,” by CIC Special Agent Randolph Carroll, December 29, 1947; and “Personality Card, LEBED, Mykola,” Ref. D 82270 memo, July 22, 1948 (Document 08).
10.
Wolodymyr Stachiw to Adolf Hitler, June 23, 1941, Reich Chancery registry No. RK 9380A, U.S. government’s evidentiary exhibit, U.S. v. Bohdan Koziv, U.S. District Court Southern Florida and 11th Circuit Court of Appeals docket no. 79–6640-CIV-JCP, copy in author’s collection.
On funding and arms for OUN, see Dallin, German Rule, pp. 115ff.; 621–27.
11.
Dallin, German Rule, pp. 115ff., 621–27. For self-acknowledgment by nationalist sources of recruiting among Nazi-sponsored militia groups, see Lev Shankowsky, “Ten Years of UPA Struggle,” in Ukrainian Insurgent Army, p. 26. Shankowsky’s account asserts that the UPA “operate[d] on a large scale against Nazi Germany,” a position that is at best a one-sided presentation of the facts. This volume is generally regarded as the “official” history of the UPA by Ukrainian nationalists in the United States, and it fails to discuss the role of the group in anti-Semitic pogroms and pro-Nazi activities.
12.
Dallin, German Rule, pp. 625, 645–46, 654.
13.
On Operation Sonnenblume, see Otto Skorzeny, “Consolidated Interrogation Report No. 4,” loc. cit, pp. 38–39. See also “General Situation Report No. 2, 15 July to 1 September 1945,” Office of Strategic Services Mission for Germany (top secret), p. 5, for further details drawn from an interrogation of prisoner Bruno A. C. Nikoll.
14.
Ukrainian Insurgent Army, p. 40.
15.
Village Voice reporter Joe Conason, working independently from the author, published an extensive expose of the Lebed affair, including the Kosakivs’kyy account, as this book was in preparation. See Joe Conason, “To Catch a Nazi,” Village Voice (February 11, 1986), p. 1. For a reply to these charges from the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council with which Lebed is affiliated, see “Statement from the Foreign Representation of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council,” America (March 3, 1986), p. 2ff. Also Mykola Lebed interviews, October 9 and December 10, 1985. For an authoritative account of the atrocities at the Zackopane Gestapo school near Krakow, see Urteil vom 15 August 1968 in der Strafsache gegen Wilhelm Karl Johannes Rosenbaum, Landgericht Hamburg Schwurgericht (50) 21/67 (judgment in the Wilhelm Rosebaum war crimes case), p. 22ff.
16.
Mykola Lebed, INSCOM Dossier No. C 804 3982. St. J. Paprocki, op. cit, cites Lebed as security chief of the OUN and “the man pulling the strings within the [OUN] party” (p. 44). Yaroslav Bilinsky also notes Lebed as “an outstanding organizer and the chief of the OUN security service”; see Yaroslav Bilinsky, The Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine After World War II (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1964), p. 122.
17.
[German] Army Field Police Group Report No. 1, July 7, 1941, published in Raschhofer, op. cit., p. 41ff.
18.
On events in Lvov, see Leon W. Wells, The Death Brigade (The Janowska Road) (New York: Holocaust Library and Schocken Books, 1978), and Philip Friedman, Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust: The Destruction of the Jews of Lwow 1941–1944 (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1979). See also MacPherson, op. cit., p. l0lff. According to captured SS records, a later purge of Jews in Lvov (one of several) yielded “20,952 kilograms of golden wedding rings … 35 wagons of furs … 11.73 kilograms of gold teeth and inlays,” and a long list of other items, each of which was dutifully tallied up and turned over to the SS “Special Staff Reinhard.” See International Military Tribunal, Trials of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, Germany: 1947), vol. 3, p. 532. See also N. M. Gelber, The Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora vol. 1, Lwow, (Jerusalem: n.p., 1956), in Hebrew.
Lebed’s account discussed in the footnote is based on Mykola Lebed interview, December 10, 1985, and Lebed’s correspondence with the author, March 1, 1985. For U.S. Army account, see Mykola Lebed INSCOM dossier no. C 804 3982.
19.
Mykola Lebed, INSCOM Dossier No. C 804 3982. Note particularly “Memorandum for the Officer in Charge, Subject: Mikola Lebed”; “Personality Report, Subject: LEBED, Mykola”; and “Personality Card, LEBED, Mykola.” A second INSCOM dossier concerning Lebed, No. D-201967 24B2190, includes copies of Lebed’s postwar appeals to U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall and a complete copy of Lebed’s own account of the UPA during the war, which unfortunately is presently available only in the Ukrainian language. See Lebed, op. cit.
20.
Mykola Lebed INSCOM Dossier No. C 804 3982, “Personality Card, LEBED, Mykola.”
21.
Lebed interview, December 10, 1985.
22.
Mykola Lebed INSCOM Dossier No. C 804 3982, “Extract from par 2, MOIC Sub-Region MARBURG, file III-M-1928 Subject: Formation of a Ukrainian Government in Exile,” July 7, 1948 (secret); Document 43 in the Lebed dossier.
23.
Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, Section 7 [50 USC 403h]. On Lebed’s life in Germany, see Lebed INSCOM dossier.
24.
Agency correspondence with author: INS, June 5, 1984, and Office of the Attorney General, June 25 and December 31, 1984. For denial of congressional request, author’s interview with former Congresswoman Elizabeth Holtzman, June 7, 1983. In June 1985 the CIA released a small group of heavily censored records concerning the 100 Persons Act in response to an FOIA request by the author. They acknowledge in passing that the CIA and the INS “have cooperated on mutual problems for many years” and that the authority to sponsor aliens for 100 Persons immigration had been delegated by the CIA director to Deputy Director Marshall Carter in 1962. Author’s FOIA request No. F84–0414.
25.
1985 GAO Report. Mykola Lebed is the anonymous “Subject D” discussed in this study.
26.
U.S. Displaced Persons Commission, List of Organizations Considered Inimical to the United States Under PL 774 (Frankfurt: U.S. Displaced Persons Headquarters, n.d.) (secret), pp. 29–30.
27.
On procedures and the transmittal of information concerning Lebed, see 1985 GAO Report p. 34. Also Lebed interviews, October 9 and December 10, 1985. On archives, see INSCOM Dossier No. ZF010016.
28.
Newsweek (March 19, 1951), and Mykola Lebed, “Ukrainian Insurgent Army,” speech at Yale Political Union, February 13, 1951, in Vital Speeches of the Day, April 1, 1951, p. 370ff.
29.
1985 GAO Report, p. 34.
30.
“SHANDRUK, General Paul,” CIC Region III report, May 14, 1951, in INSCOM Dossier 148204 25 B/679 (secret), Documents 042–045. On Shandruk’s wartime career see also Final Interrogation Report: The Polish-Ukrainian Military Staff, U.S. Seventh Army Interrogation Center, August 28, 1945 (confidential), Box 721A, Entry 179, MIS-Y Enemy POW Interrogation Files, RG 165, NA, Washington, D.C.
31.
Shandruk was living in Trenton, New Jersey, as of 1959. See Pavlo Shandruk, Arms of Valor, tr. Roman Olesnicki (New York: Robert Speller & Sons, 1959), p. xxxiv. The U.S. Army was well aware that Shandruk had lied on his application for a U.S. visa; see “Memo for Major Abraham, Visa Section” from Captain Charles Hoagland, June 29, 1950[?] (confidential), which states: “Subject’s case file seems to indicate that SZYNDRUK [a standard transliteration of Shandruk] supplied false information in connection with his visa applications … [and] it would appear that CIC may be subject to criticism if it became general knowledge that SZYNDRUK was allowed to emigrate to the United States in spite of
his SS background.… For example, the Soviet line of propaganda could center upon a U.S. move, say, to harbor from justice a ‘famous Nazi collaborator’” (Documents 049–050 in Shandruk INSCOM dossier). Shandruk nevertheless entered the United States and remained there without difficulty.
32.
On registers of Ukrainians willing to fight in guerrilla operations, see JCS 1844/144, “Civil Affairs and Military Government Plan in Support of the Joint Outline Emergency War Plan for a War Beginning 1 July 1952” (top secret), available on microfilm through University Publications of America title Records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Part 2: The Soviet Union, Reel 7, Frame 1078ff.; see particularly original document, p. 1308. See also Powers, op. cit., p. 52.
33.
Intelligence Research Report, “Nature and Extent of Disaffection and Anti-Soviet Activity in the Ukraine,” March 17, 1948 (secret), pp. 12–13. This report is available on microfilm through A Guide to OSS/State Department Intelligence and Research Reports, and its underlying microfilm collection published by University Publications of America, at Reel VIII, Item 7.
34.
On the CIA’s stockpiles of explosives mentioned in text, most of the CIA’s own documentation concerning its sabotage and guerrilla operations in Eastern Europe remains classified. Recent amendments to the Freedom of Information Act suggest that these records may well remain buried forever—or, more likely, selectively leaked to sympathetic scholars—despite their obvious relevance to present-day American policy debates over U.S.-Soviet relations. The quotes here are drawn from army staff records: P&O 040 CIA 1949–1950, correspondence of December 27, 1949, and January 4, 12, and 19, 1950 (top secret), RG 319, NA, Washington, D.C.
35.
Rositzke, op cit., p. 169. Lindsay interview, January 25, 1985; Rositzke interview, January 16, 1985.
36.
For army estimates of numbers of Soviet guerrillas, see top secret decimal File 370.64 1951–1954, Army Chief of Special Warfare Brigadier General Robert McClure, “Memorandum to Asst. Chiefs of Staff G-3, subject: Staff Studies;” June 12, 1951, Box 15, RG 319, NA, Washington, D.C:, and Paddock, op cit., p. 125.
37.
Lindsay interview, January 25, 1985.
38.
On airdrops of agents, see United Nations, Official Records of the General Assembly, Eleventh Session, Annexes, vol. II, November 12, 1956, to March 8, 1957, New York, Agenda Item 70 (hereinafter cited as “UN Debate Item 70”) pp. 1–14; William J. Jorden, “Soviet Assails U.S., Produces 4 ‘Spies,’” New York Times, February 7, 1957, p. 1; Rositzke, op. cit., pp. 18–38, 168–74; Rositzke interview, January 16, 1985; Mosley, op. cit., p. 289 (comments by Howard Roman), pp. 325, 346, 374 (comments by Richard Bissell), p. 495 (comments by Kim Philby); Philby, op. cit., p. 164; Dvinov, Politics of the Russian Emigration, pp. 188–89; Ohletz interrogation, loc. cit; Cookridge, op. cit., pp. 237–64; Powers, op. cit., pp. 46ff. and 404; and Thomas Bell Smith, The Essential CIA (self-published [?], n.d. [1976?]) available through the Library of Congress at JK468.I6554.
39.
“UN Debate Item 70,” p. 3. See also Jorden, op. cit.
Chapter Thirteen
1.
Benno W. Varon, “The Nazis’ Friends in Rome,” Midstream (April 1984), Charles Allen, “The Vatican and the Nazis,” Reform Judaism (Spring-Summer 1983), and Gitta Sereny, Into That Darkness (New York: Vintage, 1983). See particularly: Vincent La Vista, “Illegal Emigration Movements in and Through Italy,” May 15, 1947 (top secret), FW 800.0128/5–1547, RG 59, NA, Washington, D.C, hereinafter cited as La Vista. Charles Allen deserves credit for first unearthing the La Vista records. The identities of prelates who were reported to have been involved in illegal emigration, in some cases including Nazi smuggling, appear in La Vista Appendix “A.” Appendix “B” was written by U.S. Army CIC Special Agent Leo J. Pagmotta in December 1946 in connection with Operation Circle, an investigation into a mass escape of prisoners from the Rimini POW camp north of Rome. The prisoners were reported to have fled Europe with Vatican assistance. Further documentation on those events can be found in Case No. 4111, CIC Rome Detachment, Zone Five: “Operation Circle: Investigation of Illegal Emigration Movements,” December 26(?), 1946 (secret). Also Ivo Omercanin interview, January 9, 1986. See also Tomas Eloy Martinez, “Perón and the Nazi War Criminals,” Colloquium Paper of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., April 26, 1984, p. 2.
2.
For official confirmation concerning the CIA’s role in RFE, RL, and the ACEN, see Price, op. cit.
For notes on prominent Intermarium personalities, see Ferenc Vajda, U.S. Army INSCOM Dossier No. XE232094I9C003, Document 55, “Prominent Members of Intermarium,” and Documents 49–51, “Memorandum for the Officer in Charge, Subject: Intermarium,” June 23, 1947 (secret). On role of prominent Intermarium personalities to Christian Democratic Union of Central Europe (CDU / CE), see Freedom, Prerequisite to Lasting Peace (New York: CDU/CE, 1957), p. 121ff., and Charles R. Dechert, “The Christian Democratic International,” Orbis (Spring 1967), p. 106ff. For CDU/CE’s relationship with the Free Europe Committee, see NCFE, President’s Report, particularly for 1953 and 1954, chapters headed “Division of Exile Relations.” See also Zygmunt Nagorski, “Liberation Movements in Exile,” Journal of Central European Affairs (July 1950), pp. 139–40. Also, Charles Dechert interview, April 16, 1984.
3.
On the role of clerical-Fascist parties in the Holocaust, see Levin, op. cit, pp. 507–17 (on Ustachis in Croatia) and 527–47 (on Slovakia). Yeshayahu Jelinek’s “Storm Troopers in Slovakia: The Rodobrana and the Hlinka Guard,” Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 6, no. 3 (1971), p. 97ff., is a good review of Slovakian clerical-Fascist history, including its complex internal political feuds; see particularly pp. 97–98, 103–04, and 111ff. on Catholic ideology and role of Hlinka Guards in Holocaust. For postwar U.S. government acknowledgment of Hlinka collaboration, see U.S. Displaced Persons Commission, op. cit., p. 6. On renewed killings of Jews in Slovakia, see Levin, op. cit., and Dawidowicz, op. cit, pp. 509–17 and 527–30.
For text and commentary on 1941 Vichy document concerning Vatican position on treatment of Jews discussed in footnote, see L. Poliakov, “The Vatican and the Jewish Question,” tr. Rosa Mencher, Commentary (November 1950), pp. 444–45. Poliakov was at the time of the article research director for the Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine in Paris.
For useful summaries of examples of Vatican efforts on behalf of European Jewry, see Poliakov, op. cit., pp. 440–43, and A. Rhodes, The Vatican in the Age of Dictators (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1973). See also Alexander Ramati, The Assisi Underground (New York: Stein & Day, 1978).
4.
Benno W. Varon, “The Nazis’ Friends in Rome,” Midstream (April 1984), p. 13.
5.
La Vista, Appendix A.
6.
Ibid., pp. 2, 10.
7.
For notes on Intermarium personalities, see VAJDA, Ferenc, INSCOM dossier no. XE232094I9C003, Documents 45, 49–51.
On the rescue of the Ukrainian Waffen SS Division discussed in the footnote, see Shandruk, op. cit., pp. 290–96, with correspondence from Archbishop Buchko reproduced on pp. 295–96. Also based on author’s interview with Buchko’s former secretary Wacyl Lencyk, July 30, 1984. On the activities of the Ukrainian SS division, see Stein, op. cit., pp. 185–88. On the Ukrainian division’s enlistment of concentration camp guards and Einsatzkommandos, see pp. 258–64. See also Basil Dmytryshyn, “The Nazis and the SS Volunteer Division ‘Galicia,’” American Slavic and East European Review, vol. 15 (February 1956), pp. 1–10, and “The Polish-Ukrainian Military Staff,” Final Interrogation Report, Ref. No. SAIC/FIR/34, August 28, 1945 (confidential), Enemy POW Interrogation File, Box 721, RG 165, NA, Washington, D.C.
On Archbishop Ivan Buchko (sometimes transliterated as Buczko), see U.S. Army INSCOM Dossier No. XE232094I9C003, Document 55, concerning Buchko’s role in Intermari
um and as “leader of UK [Ukrainian] resistance movement.” La Vista’s note concerning Buchko is in La Vista, Appendix A, and includes address of refugee relief agency in Rome. Walter Dushnyck’s glowing “Archbishop Buchko—Arch-Shepherd of Ukrainian Refugees,” Ukrainian Quarterly (Spring 1975), pp. 32–43, written shortly after Buchko’s death, is the most comprehensive review of his life available in English at present; see p. 41 for Dushnyk’s account of Buchko’s role in halting Operation Keelhaul. See also Armstrong, op. cit., pp. 60–61.
8.
Ferenc Vajda, INSCOM Dossier No. XE232094I9C003, Documents 49–51, “Memorandum for the Officer in Charge, Subject: Intermarium,” June 23, 1947 (secret).
9.
For Intermarium’s program, see “The Ideological Basis of the Confederation of Central-Eastern Europe,” and Gustav Celmin, “From the Idea of Intermarium to Its Realization,” both in Intermarium Bulletin (Rome), no. 5 (January 1947); quote on crushing Soviet military is from the latter article. For map of desired territories, see Miedzymorze (Rome: 1946). For examples of repression of the group in Eastern Europe, see “Political Aspirations of Emigrants and Their Homeland Reactions,” Intermarium Bulletin, no. 9 (1948), pp. 9–10.
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