by Sylvia Nasar
Chapter IX: Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, Vol. 2: The Economist as Savior 1920–1937 (London: Macmillan, 1992); D. E. Moggridge, Maynard Keynes: An Economist’s Biography (London, Routledge, 1992); Irving Norton Fisher, My Father: Irving Fisher (New York: Comet Press, 1956), Robert Loring Allen, Irving Fisher: A Biography (Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1993); Milton Friedman, Money Mischief: Episodes in Monetary History (New York: Harcourt Jovanovich Brace, 1992).
Chapter X: Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, Vol. II: The Economist as Savior 1920–1937 (London: Macmillan, 1992); D. E. Moggridge, Maynard Keynes: An Economist’s Biography (London, Routledge, 1992); Irving Norton Fisher, My Father: Irving Fisher (New York: Comet Press, 1956), Robert Loring Allen, Irving Fisher: A Biography (Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1993); Milton Friedman, Money Mischief: Episodes in Monetary History (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992).
Chapter XI: Nahid Aslanbeigui and Guy Oakes, The Provocative Joan Robinson: The Making of a Cambridge Economist (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2009); Marjorie Shepherd Turner, Joan Robinson and the Americans (Armonk, N.Y.: ME Sharpe, 1989).
Chapter XII: Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, Vol. 3: Fighting for Freedom, 1937–1946 (New York: Viking, 2001); David Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People and in Depression and War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999); Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman, Two Lucky People (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), Herbert Stein, Presidential Economics: The Making of Economic Policy from Roosevelt to Clinton (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1994); Stephen Kresge and W. W. Bartley III, eds., The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, vols. 1–17 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989).
Chapter XIII: Seymour Harris, Joseph Schumpeter: Social Scientist (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951); Wolfgang F. Stolper, Joseph Alois Schumpeter: The Public Life of a Private Man (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Robert Loring Allen, Opening Doors: The Life and Works of Joseph Schumpeter, vol. I (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991); Richard Swedberg, Joseph A. Schumpeter: His Life and Work (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991); Thomas K. McCraw, Prophet of Innovation: Joseph Schumpeter and Creative Destruction (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007).
Act III Prologue: James McGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, 1940–1945 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970).
Chapter XIV: Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, Vol. 3: Fighting for Freedom (New York, Viking, 2000).
Chapter XV: Alan Ebenstein, Hayek’s Journey (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005); Hans Jorg Hennecke, Friedrich von Hayek (Hamburg: Junius Verlag GmbH, 2010); Werner Erhard, Germany’s Comeback in the World Market (New York: Macmillan, 1954).
Chapter XVI: Richard Reeves, President Kennedy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993); Herbert Stein, Presidential Economics: The Making of Economic Policy from Roosevelt to Clinton (Washington, D.C: American Enterprise Institute, 1994).
Chapter XVII: John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009); Marjorie Shepherd Turner, Joan Robinson and the Americans (Armonk, N.Y.: ME Sharpe, 1989).
Chapter XVIII: Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999); Amartya Sen, The Idea of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009).
PREFACE: THE NINE PARTS OF MANKIND
1. John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958).
2. Edmund Burke, “A Vindication of Natural Society Or, a View of the Miseries and Evil Arising to Mankind from Every Species of Artificial Society, In a Letter to Lord **** by a Late Noble Writer, 1756,” Writings and Speeches (New York: Little Brown and Co., 1901), 59.
3. Patrick Colquhoun, A Treatise on the Wealth, Power, and Resources of the British Empire (London: Jay Mawman, 1814(1812)), 49.
4. James Heldman, “How Wealthy is Mr. Darcy—Really? Pound and Dollars in the World of Pride and Prejudice,” Persuasions (Jane Austen Society), 38–39.
5. Author’s calculation based on data from Colquhoun, Wealth, Power, and Resources; Harold Perkin, The Origins of Modern British Society (London: Routledge), 20–21; and Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson, Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 92.
6. Jane Austen to Cassandra Austen, Jane Austen’s Letters, Deirdre le Fay, ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995) and Anonymous, How to Keep House! Or Comfort and Elegance on 150 to 200 a Year (London: James Bollaert, 1835, 14th edition).
7. Claire Tomalin, Jane Austen, A Life (New York: Knopf, 1997).
8. Burke, Vindication, 59.
9. Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009).
10. James Edward Austen Leigh, A Memoir of Jane Austen (London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1871), 13.
11. Clark, A Farewell to Alms.
12. Robert Giffen, Notes on the Progress of the Working Classes (1883) and Further Notes on the Progress of the Working Classes, Essays in Finance (London: Putnam & Sons, 1886), 419.
13. Burke, Vindication, 60.
14. Tomalin, Jane Austen, 96.
15. Patrick Colquhoun, A Treatise on Indigence (London: J. Hatchard, 1806).
16. Leigh, A Memoir of Jane Austen, 13.
17. Giffen, 379.
18. Alfred Marshall, The Present Position of Economics: An Inaugural Lecture (1885), 57.
19. John Maynard Keynes, “Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren,” Essays in Persuasion (London: Macmillan, 1931), 344.
20. John Maynard Keynes, Toast on the occasion of his retirement from the editorship of The Economic Journal, 1945, quoted in Roy Harrod, The Life of John Maynard Keynes (London: Harcourt Brace, 1951), 193–94.
ACT I: PROLOGUE: MR. SENTIMENT VERSUS SCROOGE
1. G. Kitson Clark, “Hunger and Politics in 1842,” Journal of Modern History, 24, no. 4 (December 1953), 355–74.
2. Thomas Carlyle, Past and Present (London: Chapman and Hall, 1843), 26.
3. Charles Dickens, Daily News (London), January 21, 1846.
4. Asa Briggs, ed., Chartist Studies (London: Macmillan, 1959).
5. Carlyle, Past and Present, 335.
6. Thomas Carlyle to John A. Carlyle, Chelsea, London, March 17, 1840. The Carlyle Letters Online, 2007, http://carlyleletters.org (accessed January 2, 2011).
7. John Stuart Mill to John Robertson, London, July 12, 1837 in The Earlier Letters of John Stuart Mill, vol. 1, 1812–1848, ed. Francis E. Mineka (University of Toronto Press, 1963), 343 (paraphrasing Carlyle’s description of Camille Desmoulins in The French Revolution: A History, [1837]).
8. Quoted in Michael Slater, Charles Dickens: A Life Defined by Writing (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2009), 143.
9. Thomas Carlyle, “Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question,” Fraser’s Magazine for Town and Country 40 (February 1849), 672.
10. Edmund Burke, A Vindication of Natural Society: or, a View of the Miseries and Evils Arising to Mankind from Every Species of Artificial Society (1756), Frank N. Pagano, ed. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, Inc., 1982), 87.
11. Thomas Robert Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers (London: J. Johnson, 1798), 30.
12. Ibid., 139.
13. Ibid., 31.
14. Leviticus 19:18, Romans 13:9.
15. Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist, vol. 1 (London: Richard Bentley, 1838), 25.
16. Nicholas Bakalar, “In Reality, Oliver’s Diet Wasn’t Truly Dickensian,” New York Times, December 29, 2008.
17. Charles Dickens, American Notes for General Circulation, vol. 2 (London: Chapman and Hall, 1842), 304.
18. Charles Dickens to Dr. Southwood Smith, March 10, 1843, in The Letters of Charles Dickens, vol. 3, 1842–1843, eds. Madeline House, Graham Storey, Kathleen Mary Tillotson, Angus Eanon, Ni
na Burgis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 461.
19. James P. Henderson, “ ‘Political Economy is a Mere Skeleton Unless . . .’: What Can Social Economists Learn from Charles Dickens?,” Review of Social Economy, 58, no. 2 (June 2000): 141–51.
20. Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol; in Prose: Being a Ghost Story of Christmas (London: Chapman Hall, 1843).
21. Henderson, “Political Economy,” 146.
22. Dickens, A Christmas Carol, 96.
23. Thomas Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population: Or, a View of Its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness: With an Inquiry Into Our Prospects Respecting the Future Removal or Mitigation of the Evils Which It Occasions, 2nd ed. (London: J. Johnson, 1803), 532.
24. Dickens, A Christmas Carol, 94.
25. Michael Slater, introduction and notes to Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol and Other Christmas Writings (London: Penguin, 2003), xi.
26. Anthony Trollope, The Warden (London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1855), chap. 15.
27. Charles Dickens, “The Bemoaned Past,” All the Year Round: A Weekly Journal, With Which is Incorporated Household Words, no. 161 (May 24, 1862).
28. Sir Robert Peel to Sir James Graham, August 1842, quoted in Clark, “Hunger and Politics in 1842.”
29. Charles Dickens, “On Strike,” Household Words; A Weekly Journal no. 203 (February 11, 1854).
30. Ibid.
31. Joseph A. Schumpeter, The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism, ed. Richard Swedberg (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), 290. Schumpeter coined this phrase to describe Alfred Marshall’s view that economics “is not a body of concrete truth, but an engine for the discovery of concrete truth.” Alfred Marshall, The Present Position of Economics: An Inaugural Lecture (London: Macmillan and Co., 1885), 25.
32. John Maynard Keynes, introduction to Cambridge Economic Handbooks, I (London: Nesbit and Co. and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1921).
I: PERFECTLY NEW: ENGELS AND MARX IN THE AGE OF MIRACLES
1. Walter Bagehot, Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market (New York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co., 1873), 20.
2. Friedrich Engels to Karl Marx, November 19, 1844, Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/letters/44_11_19.htm.
3. Ibid.
4. Friedrich Engels to Arnold Ruge, June 15, 1844, quoted in Steven Marcus, Engels, Manchester and the Working Class (New York: Random House, 1976), 82.
5. Friedrich Engels, writing as “X,” four-part series on political and economic conditions in England, Rheinische Zeitung, December 8, 9, 10, and 25, 1842.
6. Edwin Chadwick, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (1842).
7. Friedrich Engels, Rheinische Zeitung, December 8, 1842.
8. Charles Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby, chap. 43.
9. Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, With a Preface Written in 1892, trans. Florence Kelley Wischnewetzky (London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1892).
10. Quoted in David McLellan, Friedrich Engels (New York: The Viking Press, 1977), 22.
11. Friedrich Engels, “Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy,” Deutsch-Französiche Jahrbücher 1, no. 1 (February 1844).
12. Karl Marx, preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859) in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Selected Works (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1951).
13. Karl Heinzen, Erlebtes [Experiences], vol. 2 (Boston: 1864), 423–24.
14. Isaiah Berlin, Karl Marx: His Life and Environment, London: Thompson Butterworth, 1939), 26.
15. George Bernard Shaw, “The Webbs,” in Sidney and Beatrice Webb, The Truth About Soviet Russia London: Longmans Green, (1942).
16. Arnold Ruge to Ludwig Feuerbach, May 15, 1844, in Arnold Ruge, Brief-wechsel und Tagebuchblatter aus den Jahren 1825–1880 [Correspondence and Diaries from the Years 1825–1880], vol. 1 (Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhand-lung, 1886), 342–49.
17. Karl Marx to Arnold Ruge, July 9, 1842, in ed., Marx/Engels Collected Works, vol. 1, 398–91.
18. Karl Marx, “A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,” Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher 1, no. 1 (February 1844).
19. Karl Marx to Arnold Ruge, September 1843; Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher 1, no. 1 (1844), www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/letters/43_09-alt.htm.
20. Gertrude Himmelfarb, The Idea of Poverty: England in the Early Industrial Age (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984), 278.
21. Friedrich Engels to Karl Marx, November 19, 1844, in Der Briefwechsel Zwischen F. Engels und K. Marx, vol. 1 (Stuttgart, 1913), Marxist Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/letters/44_11_19.htm.
22. Friedrich Engels to Karl Marx, January 20, 1845, in Der Briefwechsel Zwischen F. Engels und K. Marx, vol. 1 (Stuttgart, 1913), Marxist Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/letters/45_01_20.htm.
23. Engels, Condition of the Working Class in England, 296.
24. Friedrich Engels to Karl Marx, Paris, January 20, 1845. Marxist Internet Archive, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/letters/45_01_20.htm (accessed March 15, 2011).
25. Karl Marx, Preface to Das Kapital (1867), Friedrich Engels, ed., trans. S. Moore and E. Aveling (New York: Charles H. Kerr & Company, 1906), 14.
26. Henry Mayhew, letter 47, The Morning Chronicle, April 11, 1850. The Morning Chronicle Survey of Labour and the Poor: The Metropolitan Districts, vol. 4 (Sussex or London: Caliban Books, 1981), 97.
27. Asa Briggs, Victorian Cities (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 311.
28. William Lucas Sargant, “On the Vital Statistics of Birmingham and Seven Other Large Towns,” Journal of the Statistical Society of London 29, no. 1 (March 1866): 92–111.
29. Roy Porter, London: A Social History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), 187.
30. Engels, Condition of the Working Class in England, 23.
31. Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son (London: Bradbury and Evans, 1846–1848).
32. Niall Ferguson, The House of Rothschild, vol. 1 (New York: Penguin Books, 2000), 401.
33. Bagehot, Lombard Street, 4.
34. Ferguson, The House of Rothschild, vol. 12, 65.
35. Peter Geoffrey Hall, The Industries of London (London: Hutchison, 1962), 21.
36. Francis Sheppard, London 1808–1870: The Infernal Wen (London: Secker and Warburg, 1971), 158–59.
37. George Dodd, Dodd’s Curiosities of Industry (Henry Lea’s Publications, 1858), 158.
38. Hall, The Industries of London, 6.
39. Henry Mayhew, The Daily Chronicle, October 19, 1849, in The Unknown Mayhew: Selections from the Daily Chronicle 1849–1850 (London: Penguin Books 1884), 13.
40. John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London: Macmillan, 1919), 9.
41. Henry James, Essays in London and Elsewhere (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1893), 19.
42. George Augustus Sala, Twice Around the Clock; or the Hours of the Day and Night in London (London: Richard Marsh, 1862), 157.
43. Henry Mayhew and John Binney, The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life (London: Griffin, Bohn and Co., 1862), 28.
44. The Economist, May 19, 1866.
45. Harold Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society 1780–1880 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969), 91. Sala, Twice Around the Clock, 157.
46. Mayhew and Binny, The Criminal Prisons of London, 28.
47. Ibid., 32.
48. Henry James, “London,” Century Illustrated Magazine, December 1888, 228.
49. Charles Dickens, Bleak House (London: Chapman and Hall, 1853), 1.
50. Friedrich Engels to Karl Marx, Paris, November 23–24, 1847. Marxist Internet Archive, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/letters/44_11_19.htm (accessed March 14, 2011). Friedrich Engels, “Introduction to English Edition of The Commun
ist Manifesto,” (1888), in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, Gareth Stedman Jones, ed. (London: Penguin Books, 2002).
51. David McLellan, Karl Marx: His Life and Thought (London: Macmillan, 1973), 169.
52. Friedrich Lessner, quoted in David McLellan, ed., Karl Marx: Interviews and Recollections (London: Barnes & Noble, 1981), 45.
53. The Rules of the Communist League, adopted by the Second Congress of the Communist League in December 1847, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1930).
54. Friedrich Engels, “The Book of Revelation” (1883), in Marx and Engels on Religion (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1957), 204.
55. Karl Marx, preface to The Poverty of Philosophy (1847), trans. H. Quelch (Chicago: Carles H. Kerr & Company, 1920).
56. Anonymous [Robert Chambers], Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (London: John Churchill, 1844).
57. Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto, 223.
58. Friedrich Engels, “The English Constitution,” Vorwaerts!, no. 75 (September 1844).
59. Angus Maddison, Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1–2008 AD, www.ggdc.net/maddison/.
60. Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto, 224.
61. Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007); Roderick Floud and Bernard Harris, “Health, Height and Welfare: Britain 1700–1800,” in Health and Welfare During Industrialization, eds. Richard H. Steckel and Roderick Floud (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 91–126.
62. Charles H. Feinstein, “Pessimism Perpetuated: Real Wages and the Standard of Living in Britain During and After the Industrial Revolution,” Journal of Economic History vol. 58, no. 3 (September 1998), 630.
63. Thomas Carlyle, Past and Present (London: Chapman and Hall, 1843), 4.
64. Arnold Toynbee, Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England (London: Rivingtons, 1884), 84.
65. John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women (London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, 1869), 29–30.