by Sylvia Nasar
Samuelson at, 415–19
Schumpeter at, 334–37, 374
Society of Fellows, 416–17
Hawkes, Albert, 401
Hayek, Friedrich von, 173, 201–202, 208, 262, 263, 274–80, 329, 348, 374–79, 390–91, 392, 394, 399–405, 408, 432, 455, 456, 462
deafness of, 375
on economics, 278–80, 332–34, 355, 374–79, 386, 399–405
Great Depression and, 332–34
LSE lectures, 332–34
Monetary Theory and the Business Cycle, 279–80
Prices and Production, 334
The Road to Serfdom, 202, 372, 376–79, 390, 399–402, 405
Roosevelt and, 400
in United States, 278–79, 399–402
World War II and, 354–55, 372, 374–79, 386
Hazard, Rowland III, 145
Hazlitt, Henry, 403
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm, 17, 23–24
Philosophy of History, 57
Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig von, 155
Henderson, James, 7
Hereditary genius, 190
Hicks, John, 374, 436
Value and Capital, 451
Hilferding, Rudolf, 175, 216
Hill, James J., 156
Himmelfarb, Gertrude, 16, 58, 59, 104, 106
Hindus, 450
Hitler, Adolf, 220, 265, 336, 340, 353, 354, 356–57, 359, 366, 375, 391, 393, 396
Mein Kampf, 378
Hobsbawm, Eric, 41
Ho Chi Minh, 237
Hofstadter, Richard, 149
Holmes, Charles, 199, 200
Hoover, Herbert, 210, 211, 223, 246, 252–53, 305, 400, 415
Depression-era policies, 307–308, 313–18, 325, 328, 332
public works program, 315, 316
Hoover Dam, 315
Horthy, Miklós, 227
Howard, Elizabeth Jane, Cazelet Chronicles, 385
Hughes, Charles Evans, 244, 245
Hull, Cordell, 392
Human rights, 433, 446
Hungary, 208, 210, 211, 218, 222, 223, 226–27, 230, 231, 402
Hunger, xii, 3–10, 16, 205, 339, 447
1840s British, 3–10, 13–18, 26–32, 33, 293
1880s–90s British, 103–104
1890s American, 155–56
1926 British coal strike, 290
Panic of 1866, 48–52
post–World War I, 209–213, 219, 225, 235, 246–50, 253, 257, 264–65
See also Famine
Hungry Forties, 3–10, 13–18, 26–28, 33, 293
Hussein Kamel, Sultan, 181
Hutchins, Robert, 420
Huxley, Thomas, 97
I
Icebreaker Mission, 436
Imperialism, 129, 180–82, 184, 220, 430, 441
decline of, 436
Imports, 33, 236, 285
Income, 140–41, 155, 161, 174, 192, 221, 284, 330, 439, 458
falling prices and, 321
Friedman on, 365–66
Great Depression, 321, 326–27
national income accounts, 365–66
of 1920s, 296
per capita, 296, 410, 438, 459
of self-employed, 366
Indexing, 302–304
Index Number Institute, 303, 312, 314
Index Visible, 302–303, 312
India, xv, 55, 167, 181, 240, 241, 345–46, 428, 438, 446–60
British rule, 447, 448, 449–50
famine, 443, 447–48, 450, 454–55, 459
government, 447–48, 449, 459–60
independence, 450, 459
postcolonial, 459
poverty, 438–39, 443, 447–51, 455
society, 450, 459–60
Individual rights, 457, 458
Industrial Revolution, xiii, 9, 12–14, 17, 21, 24, 41, 44, 61, 63, 64, 81–82
Industry, 9, 12–14, 440
accidents, 9–10, 132, 133
American, 74, 76, 90, 140–44, 145, 147, 153, 155, 157, 295–97, 315, 361–64, 410–13
Austrian, 174, 212–14, 220, 228, 232, 276
Egyptian, 180–82, 186
German, 214, 335
Great Depression and, 315, 321
Marshall on, 80–90
nineteenth-century British, 12–14, 17–23, 24–34, 43, 44, 45, 52, 61, 63, 64, 80–83, 86–90, 116–18, 140
post–World War II, 410–12, 428, 430, 433, 443
Soviet, 288
twentieth-century British, 286, 289–95, 355, 428, 430, 433
World War II, 384–85
See also specific industries and countries
Infant mortality, 26, 189, 459
Inflation, 157, 161, 279, 310, 423, 462
Fisher on, 161, 166–70, 299–304
Friedman on, 367–69
Great Depression and, 323–24
Keynes on, 284–85, 310, 315, 355
of 1920s, 284–85, 299–302
post–World War I, 205, 219–20, 262, 264–66, 267, 284–85, 324
post–World War II, 419
unemployment and, 299–302
World War II, 355, 356, 367–69, 384
Influenza, 212
Innovation, 190, 272, 304, 305, 347, 443
Insurance, 184, 281–82, 297
health, 203
social, 137
unemployment, 294
Interest, 161, 166, 221, 370
Interest rates, 156, 162, 166, 167–68, 171, 192, 280, 286, 356, 368
Great Depression and, 307, 309, 313–16, 321, 322, 326, 327–30, 333
International Economic Conference (Moscow, 1952), 426–31, 439
International Electricity Exhibition, 173
International Eugenics Society, 299
International Monetary Fund, 390, 402, 434
Ireland, 141
potato famine, 27, 32
Ismail Pasha, khedive, 180, 181
Italy, 208, 232, 251, 256, 274, 282
Fascist, 331, 346, 404, 431
J
James, Harold, 159–60, 319
James, Henry, 94
The Ambassadors, 145
The Portrait of a Lady, 94, 100
The Princess Casamassima, 58
James, William, 151
Japan, 317, 331, 335, 462
World War II, 361, 362, 373, 394, 420
Jászi, Oszkár, 172
Jenks, Jeremiah Whipple, 278, 279
Jerrold, Douglas, 31
Jevons, Arthur, 257
Jevons, William Stanley, 151
Jews, 17, 161, 172, 182, 265, 291, 366
anti-Semitism and, 174, 217, 265, 289, 291, 365, 375
immigrants, 412
pogroms, 212, 235
in Vienna, 174, 212, 275
Jim Crow, 299
John Bates Clark Medal, 419
Johnson, Harry, 442
Johnson Act (1934), 359
Jones, Bill, The Russia Complex: The British Labour Party and the Soviet Union, 435
Joyless Street, The (film), 265
K
Kafka, Franz, 173, 211
Kahn, Richard, 294, 332, 347–51, 353, 358, 429, 435, 436, 442
Kaldor, Nicholas, 416, 432, 436
Kant, Immanuel, 56, 66
Kaufman, Felix, 279
Kellogg, Dr. John Harvey, 164–65
Kennan, George, 401, 402
Kennedy, David, 323, 324, 411, 420
Kennedy, John F., 424, 425
Kennedy, Joseph, 360
Keynes, Florence, 239, 260
Keynes, John Maynard, xiv, xv, 47, 198–200, 202, 203, 231, 236, 238–61, 262, 263, 281–95, 299, 300, 306–311, 343, 392, 415, 436, 439, 453, 462
Bretton Woods conference, 390–98
“Can the Liberal Pledge Be Carried Out?,” 294
“Can Lloyd George Do It?,” 294
commodity speculation, 281–83, 295, 306
death of, 402, 436
on deficit spending, 326–30
“The Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill,” 286
The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 255–57, 260–61, 358, 377
on economics, 240–42, 245–61, 282–95, 306–311, 315–17, 326–37, 354–64, 365, 371, 384–89, 393–94, 398, 402, 409–411, 416, 419–20, 423, 438
“The End of Laissez-Faire,” 290–21
finance career 281–83, 306
A General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 292, 328–30, 334, 337, 348, 355, 362–63, 378, 389, 398, 415, 416
Great Depression and, 306–311, 315–17, 326–27, 355
homosexuality of, 241, 243, 286–87
How to Pay for the War, 356, 411
illness of, 332, 356
on inflation and deflation, 284–85, 310, 315, 355
as journalist, 283, 308–309, 356
at King’s College, 239–42
Lend-Lease and, 359–62
Liquidity Trap, 328
marriage of, 287
multiplier, 294, 327
in the 1920s, 281–95
on 1929 stock market crash, 306–311
at Paris Peace Conference, 236–38, 245–61
post–World War II economy and, 384–89, 405–407
reparations debate, 244–61, 290, 406–407
Robinson and, 341, 344, 348–51, 431–32, 435, 443
Roosevelt and, 325, 326–27, 362
in Soviet Union, 287–89
A Tract on Monday Reform, 283–85, 294
Treasury position, 242–60, 354–64, 406
A Treatise on Monday, 310, 327, 333, 335, 347, 348
on Treaty of Versailles, 254–61, 290–91, 344, 357, 395, 406
in United States, 358–64
Webb and, 290, 340
World War I and, 198–200, 206, 220, 242–44
World War II and, 354–64, 371, 372, 405–407, 411
Keynes, Lydia, 287, 356, 391, 402
Keynes, Neville, 239, 240, 242
Keynes Plan, 356, 363, 369
KGB, 396, 397, 398, 429, 437
King’s College, 239–42, 291, 306, 355, 358, 442
Kirzner, Israel, 272
Klein, Lawrence, 442
Kraus, Karl, 217
Die Fackel, 202
The Last Days of Mankind, 208
Kreditanstalt, 316
Krone, 218, 221, 222, 227, 228, 232, 233, 264, 267
Krugman, Paul, 285
Kuczynski, Jurgen, 430
Kun, Béla, 218, 223, 226, 227
Kuznets, Simon, 366
L
Labor, 5, 24, 25–26, 189, 329
American, 74, 76, 140–45, 156
artisans, 29, 61
child, 9, 26, 166
1840s–50s British, 5–10, 12–42
1860s–70s British, 40–47, 48–72
1880s–90s British, 86–90, 110–20
German, 214
hours, 10, 26, 38
Marx on, 23–28, 36–39
Mayhew’s “Labour and the Poor” series, 28–34, 38
post–World War II, 410, 443
skilled, 29, 40, 57, 61, 65
Soviet, 288
strikes, see Strikes, labor
sweatshop, 30–31, 116–18
tailoring, 30–31, 116–18
twentieth-century British, 289–95
unskilled, 26, 29–30, 88, 112
urban, 25–32
vote, 59
women, 9, 26, 30, 116–20, 296
World War II, 360, 362–63, 384
See also Employment; Factories; Industry; specific industries; Unions; Wages
Laissez-faire, 14, 73, 106, 112, 119, 149, 165, 216, 290, 378
Lamont, Thomas, 250
Landes, David, 192
Land
ownership, 33, 101, 191
speculation, 162
tax, 86–89, 108
Lange, Oskar, 429, 430, 444
Laski, Harold, 433, 435, 444
Lawrence, T. E., 237, 248, 352
League of Nations, 153, 252, 259–60, 267, 297, 387
League to Enforce Peace, 153
Lend-Lease, 359–62, 397
Lenin, V. I., 220, 222, 389, 442
Leontief, Wassily, 337, 416, 418
Lerner, Abba, 442
Lewes, George, 79
Lewis, Sinclair, Main Street, 412
Life expectancy, 13, 26, 164, 189, 298, 319, 459, 463
Life Extension Institute, 203
Lindbergh, Charles, 297
Lippmann, Walter, 319
Lira, 282
Lloyd George, David, 136, 137, 197, 198, 222, 236, 242, 244–45, 290, 292–94, 307, 341, 357
at Paris Peace Conference, 244–45, 251–54, 259
Loewenfeld-Russ, Hans, 223–24
London, xv, 4, 10, 18–23, 28, 41–42, 174, 176, 207, 241, 280
banking, 19, 44–47, 49, 184, 281–82
Black Friday, 44–47, 49
disease, 28, 29
dockworkers, 115–16, 119
of 1840s–50s, 4, 10, 18–42
of 1860s–70s, 40–47, 48–72
of 1880s–90s, 86–90, 91–138
electrification, 173
Great Exhibition, 34–36, 40, 43, 67
growth, 18–23, 30, 43–47, 104
industry, 20–34, 43, 44, 45, 111, 116–18
labor, 20–34, 40–47, 86–90, 110–18
of 1920s, 281–305
of 1930s, 316, 332–34
Pall Mall series on, 103–104
Panic of 1866, 48–52
Panic of 1907, 184, 185
population, 18, 21, 25, 29, 30
poverty, 21–22, 26–34, 42–43, 48–52, 100, 103–104, 110–18
riots, 110–11
season, 91–92, 103, 113
society, 21–22, 26–32, 50, 91–95, 110–18, 124–26
Stock Exchange, 171, 281–82
sweatshops, 30–31, 116–18
unemployment, 110–13
World War I, 199, 205, 206
World War II, 357, 360, 375–76
London Daily Mail, 50, 182
London Daily News, 238
London Evening Standard, 283
London Morning Chronicle, 18
Mayhew’s “Labour and the Poor” series, 28–34, 38
London School of Economics, 127, 176, 280, 332, 355, 375, 376, 408, 433, 454
Hayek lectures, 332–34
“Long Telegram,” 402
Lothian, Lord, 359
Louis Philippe, King of France, 28
Luxemburg, Rosa, 180, 440–41
The Accumulation of Capital, 171, 440
M
Macartney, C. A., 268
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 114
MacDonald, Ramsay, 307, 311, 316, 317, 332
Machlup, Fritz, 276, 376, 379, 400, 403
Macmillan, Harold, 444
Macmillan, Lord, 376
Report of the Committee on Finance and Industry, 316
Macmillan, Margaret, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World, 261
Macroeconomics, 418, 422, 423
Madge, Charles, 430
Malthus, Thomas Robert, 4–7, 8, 14, 26, 34, 37, 63, 64, 112, 149, 188, 415
An Essay on the Principle of Population, 4
law of population, 4–7, 33, 38
Manchester, 12–14, 17, 20, 26, 46, 52, 130, 448
Manchester Guardian, 95, 283, 340
Manhattan Project, 397, 420
Mann, Thomas, The Magic Mountain, 164
Mao Tse-tung, 443, 444, 446
March, Eddie, 341
Married Women’s Property Act (1882), 94
Marsh, Lady Helen, 341
Marshall, Alfred, xiv, 48, 51–90, 100, 106, 115, 116, 118–19, 121, 129, 130, 132, 135, 137, 141, 142, 145, 153, 166, 189, 239, 263, 296, 329, 341, 438, 439, 461
on economics, 59, 62–65, 71–90, 152, 169, 177–78, 190, 272, 423
The Economics of Industry, 80, 83–85
education of, 52–59
on factory production, 80–83
/> illness of, 85–86
Mary Paley and, 66–69, 78–80, 81, 85
Principles of Economics, 73, 86, 89–90, 153, 155, 178, 240, 344, 417, 451
in United States, 72–78, 89
Marshall, George C., 434
Marshall, Mary Paley, 66–69, 78–80, 81, 85
Marshall, William, 52–55, 57, 67, 78
Marshall Plan, 407, 424, 434
Marx, Eleanor, 100
Marx, Karl, 11–12, 14–18, 34–47, 49, 57, 60, 62, 76, 80, 81, 83, 85, 100, 106, 116, 123, 132, 169, 177, 189, 214, 246, 263, 271, 329, 352, 373, 393, 430, 432, 439, 440, 451
The Communist Manifesto, 23–28, 36, 37, 90
A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, 41–42
on economics, 15–18, 22–28, 34–47, 64, 78, 82, 85, 169, 190, 272, 273
Engels and, 11–12, 16–18, 22–28, 34–37, 41, 43, 45–47
evolution from bohemian to bourgeois, 42–44
family life, 15, 34–35, 43–44, 45, 54
Das Kapital, 18, 36–39, 43, 45–47, 80, 82, 106, 176
moves to London, 28
Maskin, Eric, 458
Mathematical Tripos, 56, 240
Mathematics, 56, 148, 150–53, 202, 239, 277, 417, 418, 419, 423, 437
Matisse, Henri, 282, 287, 311
Maupassant, Guy de, “Yvette,” 125
Maurice, F. D., 341
Maurice, Frederick, Major General 238, 241, 342
Mayhew, Henry, 18, 20–22, 28–34, 39, 50, 62, 80, 103, 116, 169, 461
“Labour and the Poor” series, 28–34, 38
McCarthy, Joseph, 397
McKinley, William, 142, 156, 157, 165
Mehrling, Perry, 166
Melchior, Carl, 247–50, 258–59, 291
Mellon, Andrew, 150, 308, 314
Menger, Carl, 155, 175, 275, 276
Menger, Karl, 276
Mental illness, 133, 204–205
Meyer, Eugene Isaac, 307
Middle class, 21, 264, 419
British, 21, 29, 39–40, 50, 59–60, 62
growth of, 39–40
Mill, James, 34
Mill, John Stuart, 4, 9, 27, 32–34, 37, 39, 41, 60, 63, 66, 73, 81, 85, 90, 121, 132, 150, 169, 188, 408
on economics, 32–34, 60–62
Principles of Political Economy, 32–33, 57, 90
The Subjection of Women, 62
A System of Logic, 116
wages fund theory, 60–62
Milward, Alan, 359
Minimum wage, 130, 132, 135
Mises, Ludwig von, 175, 211, 263, 269, 271, 276–78, 279, 332, 333, 375, 378, 403, 404
“The Collective Economy,” 277
on markets as calculators, 277–78
MIT, 364, 409, 420, 421, 442
Mitchell, George, 71
Mitchell, Wesley C., 278
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 434
Monday Political Economy Club, 343, 345
Money, 157–64, 191, 462
effect on economy, 159–70
1880s–90s debate, 159–63
Fisher on, 159–70, 300–304
Great Depression and, 309, 316, 317–18, 327–30, 333, 393