The central question before the court was, What constitutes a “Native American”? The Native American Graves and Repatriation Act clearly states that any skeleton that can be linked to a specific modern tribe shall be turned over to that tribe. The tribe may or may not study the skeleton “scientifically.” But what about ancient skeletons like Kennewick Man, which may lack any connection to a modern tribe? Indian activists and the federal government claimed that every skeleton dated from before Columbus in 1492 is obviously “Native American” and must be remitted to some tribe, even if no direct link can be found between the skeleton and the tribe. Scientists claimed that the Graves and Repatriation Act applied only to bones linked to a modern people. Truly ancient bones should be the property of all Americans, available for study to help explain our history. The question of the status of ancient bones hovers over more remains than just those of Kennewick Man. Nevada’s 9,400-year-old Spirit Cave Mummy, Idaho’s 11,000-year-old Buhl Woman, and a recently uncovered 11,000-year-old teenage girl in Brazoria County, Texas, are all caught in a similar tug-of-war between anthropologists and modern Indian tribes.
In October 1999, over three years after Kennewick Man’s discovery, two federally appointed scientists issued the most complete report on Kennewick Man to date. The court had ordered this study to help determine if Kennewick Man could be linked to a modern tribe. Not surprisingly after 9,200 years, no link could be established. The study said Kennewick Man is not like any modern Indian or European, but most likely came from southern Asia. His closest modern relatives appear to be from Polynesia or the Ainu of Japan. DNA testing proved unsuccessful because of the age of the bones. The report, while welcomed by anthropologists, was well short of a full, refereed anthropological study.
Finally, on August 30, 2002, six years after the discovery, federal judge John Jelderks ruled that because Kennewick Man has no clear connection to any present-day tribes, he could be studied by scientists. The judge repeatedly criticized the Corps of Engineers and the Department of the Interior for their handling of the case. Four Pacific Northwest Indian tribes, the Colville, Yakama, Umatilla, and Nez Perce, appealed the ruling to the 9th Circuit Court. The federal government joined the appeal on the side of the Indians and against the scientists. Both sides claimed the matter may eventually have to be settled by the Supreme Court.
SOURCES: James C. Chatters, Ancient Encounters: Kennewick Man and the First Americans (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001); Tri-City Herald (Kennewick, Pasco, and Richland, Washington); Web site: www.Kennewick-Man.com.
Index
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ABC News, 300
abolitionism, 89, 98, 99
accents, 1
Adams, Franklin P., 182
Adams, Henry, 130, 131
Adams, James, 127
Adams, John, 20, 21, 32, 33, 38, 233, 234, 246
Adams, John Quincy, 18, 53, 54, 55, 246
Adams, New Hampshire, 54
Adamson, Carl, 207
adultery, 9, 37, 40, 45, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 260, 298, 299, 300
Africa, 51, 52, 53
Agnew, Spiro, 259
Aguinaldo, 190
airplane, first, 205, 206
Alabama, 36, 64, 118, 129
Alamo, 63, 64, 65
Alexandria, Virginia, 107
Algonquin, 1
Allen, Ethan, 26
Allen, John, 118
ambassadorial ignorance, 273, 274
American Civil Liberties Union, 225
Ames, Fisher, 17
Anaconda Copper Company, 196
Annapolis, Maryland, 18
Appomattox, 105
Aptheker, Herbert, 281
Arens, Richard, 267, 268
Arikara, 44
Arizona, 82
Arkansas, 113, 225, 237, 299
Armstrong, Neil, 259
Army Corps of Engineers, 307, 308, 309
Arnold, Benedict, 57
Arthur, Chester A., 161
Articles of Confederation, 26
assassinations, 60, 61, 122, 157, 194, 195, 196, 212
Astor, John Jacob, 56
Atchison, David Rice, 79
Athens, Alabama, 119
Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 297
Atlanta, Georgia, 217, 222, 223
Augusta, Georgia, 36
Austin, Warren, 257
Babbit, E. J., 64
balanced budget, 249
bald eagle, 27
Baldwin, Luther, 38, 39
Baltimore, Maryland, 41
Bank of the United States, 55
Barham, General, 110
Barkley, Alben, 257
Barnum, Phineas T., 132, 133, 134, 205
Barton, Bruce, 225
baseball, 55
bathtub, 218, 219
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 277
Battle of Brandywine Creek, 23
Battle of Buena Vista, 80, 81
Battle of Bunker Hill, 18, 19
Battle of Monterey, 80
Battle of New Orleans, 58
Battle of Santiago, 187
Beaumarchais, Caron de, 19
Beecher, Henry Ward, 112, 138, 148, 149
Beecher, Philomen, 50
Bell, Alexander Graham, 151, 158, 159, 302, 303
Bell Homestead Museum, 303
Benjamin, Judah P., 104, 105
Bennett, James Gordon, 167
Benton, Thomas Hart, 57, 60, 61, 62, 204
Berlin, West Germany, 254, 255
Bey of Tunis, 35
Bible, 1, 225
Biddle, Nicholas, 55
Billings, C. K. G., 181
billy goats, 236, 237
Billy the Kid, 208
Birdseye, Clarence, 214
birth control, 56, 57
Bismarck, North Dakota, 45
blackbirds, 74
Blackhawk War, 102
blackmail, 203, 204
Blakley, William Arvis, 279, 280, 281
Bliss, D. W., 158
bloody shirt, 84
Bonaparte, Joseph, 18
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 18
boom town, 63
Booth, John Wilkes, 105, 122, 157
Borden, Gail, 95
Bordentown, New Jersey, 18
Boston, 9, 12, 75, 100, 147, 152, 219, 245
Boston Globe, 297
Boston Herald, 219
Boston Tea Party, 17
Bowie, Jim, 64, 65
Boxer Rebellion, 192, 193
Bradford, William, 4
Bradley Two Wheeler, 139
Brantford, Ontario, 303
Bragg, Braxton, 107, 108
Braswell, Almon Glenn, 292
Brazel, Wayne, 207
Brazoria County, Texas, 308
Breckinridge, John C., 57
Breed’s Hill, 19
Breese, Judge, 77
brick trick, 133, 134
Brierfield, 124
Brinkley, John R., 236, 237, 238
Broaddrick, Juanita, 299
Brodie, Fawn, 40
Brookings Institution, 238
Brooklyn, 55, 253
Brown, Henry, 88, 89
Brown, John (abolitionist), 98, 99, 100
Brown, John (slave), 87, 88
Bruce, Robert, 303
Bryan, William Jennings, 180, 193
Buchanan, James, 83
Buckley, William F., Jr., 263, 296
Buckner, Simon B., 108
Buell, Augustus C., 25
Buffalo Bill, 165
Buffalo, New York, 194
buggery, 4, 5
Buhl woman, 308
Bull Moose Party, 173, 212
buncombe, word origin of, 18
Burges, Tristam, 51
Burke, Museum, 308
burials, 98
Burnet, John, 38
Burnside
, Ambrose, 111
Burr, Aaron, 18, 57
Bush, Barbara, 293
Bush, George H. W., 291, 292, 293, 296, 297, 298, 304
Bush, George W., 293, 304, 305
Bushnell, David, 22
businessmen, 145, 209
Butler, Ben, 84
Butler, Benjamin F., 147, 148
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 202
Byrd, William, 12
Calhoun, John C., 61
California, 74, 82, 83, 85, 93, 241, 247
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 17
camels, 83
Cameron, Simon, 115, 137
Campbell, John, 28
Campbell, Wallace, 119
Canada, 2, 48, 180
cancer, 172, 173
Carlyle, Thomas, 83
Carnegie, Andrew, 167, 202
Carson, Jane, 14
Carswell, Harold G., 288
Carter, Billy, 291
Carter, Jimmy, 291, 292
Cartwright, Samuel W., 86
Carville, James, 299
Castrillon, General, 65
Catch-22, 282
Catholics, 236
Ceylon, 273, 274
Chandler, Zachariah, 120
Channing, Edward, 4
Chapman, Governor, 129
Charles, Prince, 3
Charleston, South Carolina, 89, 104
Charlestown, Massachusetts, 1
Chase, Salmon P., 116
chastity belt, 69
Chattanooga, Tennessee, 117, 118
Chauncey, John, 128
Cheney, Dick, 291
Chesapeake, 48
chewing gum, 127
Cheyenne, 69
Chiang Kai-shek, 289
Chicago, Illinois, 63, 100, 169, 175, 194, 211, 226, 230, 256
Chicago Columbian Exposition, 165, 174, 175
Chicago Cubs, 182
China, 192, 193
Chinn, Julia, 71
Chinnook, 43
Choctaw Territory, 58
Chopin, 105
Christ, 183, 225, 247
Christian, Letitia, 72, 73
Christmas, 5, 6, 23, 185
Chung, Johnny, 298
Churchill, Randolph, Lord, 253
Churchill, Winston, 253
cigarette smoking, 171, 231
Cincinnati, Ohio, 219
Civil War, 82, 84, 85, 97, 98, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 123, 124, 136, 187, 256, 264
Clapper, J. E., 205
Clark, Champ, 216, 217
Clark, Mrs. Georgia, 269
Clark, John, 8
Clark, William, 43, 44, 242
Clay, Henry, 51, 54, 57, 70, 191
Clemenceau, Georges, 183
Cleveland, Grover, 139, 172, 173
Cleveland, Ohio, 83, 100
Clinton, Bill, 292, 298, 299, 300, 301, 308
Clinton, De Witt, 57
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 291, 292
CNN, 301, 302
Cobb, Howell, 105
cocaine, 184, 185
Cockburn, George, 49
Coffee, Charley, 163
Colby, Bainbridge, 223, 224
Coleman, Anne Caroline, 83
Colfax, Schuyler, 166
Colorado, 146, 192
Colson, Charles, 260
Columbia River, 305, 306, 307, 308
Columbus, 2
common law, 70
communism, 4, 258, 259, 266, 267, 269
Confederacy, 79, 84, 103, 105, 106, 112, 124
Congress, 18, 20, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 49, 54, 55, 60, 61, 77, 80, 85, 92, 102, 104, 105, 131, 132, 144, 148, 151, 178, 179, 182, 183, 190, 191, 202, 203, 204, 208, 241, 243, 247, 257, 266, 267, 268, 269, 276, 279, 280, 281, 286
Connally, John, 260
Connecticut, 2, 7
Constitution, 35, 92, 127
Constitutional Convention, 29
Continental Congress, 17, 22, 27
Coolidge, Calvin, 228, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 243
Cooper, Gary, 258
Cooper, James Fenimore, 54
Cornbury, Lord, 10, 11
Cortelyou, George B., 194, 195, 196
Council Grove, Kansas, 242
Covington, Kentucky, 85
Cox, James, 224
Cox, John Coates, 51, 52
Crawford, William H., 57
crime wave, 176, 177, 178
Crockett, Davy, 54, 63, 64, 65
Crosby, Bing, 226
Cuba, 92, 141, 142, 181, 186, 188, 189, 190, 210, 211
cummings, e. e., 229
Curtin, Andrew, 137
Curtis, Charles, 227, 242
Custer, George, 85, 147
Czolgosz, Leon, 195, 196
Daly, Marcus, 196
Dana, Richard Henry, Jr., 31
Danville, Virginia, 271, 272, 273
Darwin, Charles, 130, 131
Dateline, 299
Davis, Jefferson, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 104, 108, 109, 121, 122, 124
Davis, Joseph, 124
Davis, Varina, 104
Decatur, Stephen, 57
Decatur, Alabama, 118
December 7th (film), 302
Declaration of Independence, 18, 20, 21, 72, 90, 91
Decroix, Rick, 302
Delaskshelwilt, 43
democracy, 17, 48, 49
Dennison, Stephen, 276
Denver, Colorado, 192
D’Éon, Chevalier, 19, 20
Department of the Interior, 309
Dewey, George, 193, 194
Dewey, Thomas E., 279
De Wolf, Florence Kling, 228
Dey of Algiers, 34
Dimmit, Captain, 68
Disney, Walt, 226, 245
Donaldson, Sam, 300
Dooley, Mr. See Dunne, Finley Peter
Dorsey, Fredric, 74
Douglas, Stephen A., 100, 101
Douglas, William O., 259, 281
Drake, Edwin L., 95, 96
Drudge, Matt, 300
drugs, 184, 185
duels, 57, 58
Dulles, Allen, 228
Dulles, John Foster, 270, 271
Dunne, Finley Peter, 188, 189
Dysaesthesia Aethiopica, 86
Early, Jubal, 117
economy, 297, 298, 304
Edison, Thomas, 151, 152
education, 304
Edward VII, 182
Einstein, Albert, 258
Eisenhower, Dwight, 258, 273, 274, 275
electricity, 156
Ely, 10
Embargo Act, 48
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 54
Emily, 67
Emmet, Thomas, 140
Empire State Building, 226
England see Great Britain
etiquette, 171, 172
Evarts, William, 151
Everett, William, 185
evolution, 130, 131, 135, 136
Faunce, Thomas, 3
Feiffer, Jules, 275
Ferguson, Patrick, 24, 25
filibuster, 208, 209
Fillmore, Millard, 96, 97, 218, 219
Fisher, Myers, 16
Fisk, Clinton, 113
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 226
flag, 33
Fleeson, Doris, 275
Florida, 105, 209, 210, 211, 296
Flowers, Gennifer, 298
Foote, Henry, 61
Ford, Gerald, 259, 289, 290
Ford, Henry, 240
Ford, John, 302
Ford, 258
Ford’s Theater, 122
Forrest, Nathan B., 118, 119
Fort Crawford, 79
Fort Knox, 269
Fort Mandan, 45
Fort Sumter, 84
Fort Worth, Texas, 250
Fossella, Vito, 303
Foster, Stephen, 90
Foster, Thomas, 51, 52
Foster, Vince, 300, 301
Fourth Commandment, 7
France, 14, 19, 48, 121, 200, 256, 304
Franklin, Benjamin, 13, 15, 16, 20, 27
frauds, 35, 36, 37, 144, 180, 196, 201, 226
Freeman, Edward, 138
freeway, 242
Frémont, John C., 166
frozen foods, 214
Fulbright, William, 274
funeral gifts, 12, 13
Futa Jalon, 51, 52, 53
Gardiner, Julia, 73
Garfield, James, 138, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161
George III, 24
Georgia, 36, 37, 105, 132, 259
Germany, 22, 218, 253, 254, 255
Gerry, M. B., 146
Gettysburg, 112
Gettysburg Address, 90, 275
Ghost Dance War, 163, 164
Gluck, Maxwell, 273, 274
Glyn, Elinor, 245
Godey’s Ladies Magazine, 127
gold, 83, 269
Golden, Harry, 272, 273
golf, 131
Gonville, Louis, 242
Gonzales, Texas, 67
Gorky, Maxim, 181
Gould, Jay, 93, 94, 149, 196
Graceham, Maryland, 74
Graham, Bob, 297
Grant, Madison, 213
Grant, Ulysses S., 56, 84, 85, 120, 130, 131, 132, 246
Great Britain, 1, 17, 19, 22, 24, 33, 48, 49, 58, 105, 112, 121, 206, 253, 254, 255
Great Seal, 27
Greeley, Horace, 90, 91, 131, 132, 134, 135
Greeley, Molly, 132
Green, Robert M., 85
Greene, Nathaniel, 57
Grenadiers, 19
Grinnell, Iowa, 100
Griswold, Rufus, 30
Griswold, 10
grocery store, 182, 296
Groesbeck, William S., 126
Guatemala, 269
Guevara, Ché, 270
Guinea, Republic of, 51
Guiteau, Charles, 138, 157
Gulf War, 292
Gurley, Phineas, 75
Hale, Edward Everett, 144
Hale, Sarah, 127
Halle, Louis, 260, 261, 262
Hamilton, Alexander, 18, 37, 38, 57, 291
Hamilton, Dr., 86, 87, 88
Hamilton, John, 248
Hampton, Wade, 137
Hampton Roads, Virginia, 109
Hancock, John, 20
Handy, Thomas, 254, 255
Hanna, Mark, 173
Hansley, Ruthey Ann, 76, 77
Hansley, Samuel G., 76, 77
Harding, Warren, 225, 228, 229, 230
Hariot, Thomas, 3
Harlan, John Marshall, 211
Harlem, 166
Harpers Ferry, 100
Harrison, Benjamin, 139, 246
Harrison, John Scott, 153
Harrison, William Henry, 55, 72, 246
Hart, Albert Bushnell, 26
Harvard, 2, 9, 13, 14, 18, 130
Hanson, John, 26
Hastings, Doc, 307
Hawaii, 276
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 9
Hayes, Rutherford, 150, 151
Hearst, William Randolph, 186, 241
Heinz, Henry John, 183
Heitfeld, Henry, 179
One-Night Stands with American History Page 30