War: What is it good for?
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Agricola, 35, 53, 54, 112, 118, 122, 187; at Graupian Mountain, 29, 32, 111, 113, 293, 393
agriculture, see farming
Agrippa, Menenius, 383–84
Ahmad, Muhammad (Mad Mahdi), 348–49
AIDS, 334
Akins, Zoë, 397n
Akkadian Empire, 90–91, 94, 133
Aksum, 152–53
al-Qaeda, 119, 348–50
Alaska, 156, 159
Aleppo, Battle of, 97
Alexander the Great, 51, 103, 107, 108, 120
Alexandria, 42
Algeria, 346, 349
Ali, Muhammad, 89n
Alken Enge (Denmark), 36
All-India Famine, 226
Allobroges tribe, 79
Álvares Cabral, Pedro, 192
Amazonia, 82
Amazons, 122
American Anthropological Association, Executive Committee of, 57
American Museum of Natural History, 54
American Revolution, 208–13, 219
Amin, Idi, 23
Amritsar (India), 225
Amsterdam, 191, 197
anarchists, 348
Anatolia, 172
Andes, 67, 75, 195
Andropov, Yuri, 4, 5, 9–10, 286
Angell, Norman, 235–36, 338–39
Anglo-Saxons, 135
Antarctica, 127
Antietam, Battle of, 221
Antioch, 42
Arabs, 131, 136, 177, 193, 257; murdered by al-Qaeda, 349; in wars with Israel, 284, 285
Arab Spring, 350, 352
Arctic Small Tool Tradition, 156
Ardipithecus, 294, 303, 306
Argentina, 162, 224, 232
aristocrats, 36, 44, 105, 126, 189, 207; Aeduan, 79; Assyrian, 102, 103, 134–35; Aztec, 160; British, 191; Egyptian, 87; Helvetian, 80; of Holy Roman Empire, 147; Parthian, 68; Roman, 24, 38–39; tribal, in Gaul, 80
Arizona, 83, 161
Armenia, 267, 330
armor, 94–95, 99, 105, 173, 182, 319; bronze, 82, 89, 142, 176, 336; for cavalry, 122, 125–26; for elephants, 111, 120, 199; of future, high-tech, 375, 377; Ghurid, 144; Greek, 64–66, 65; guns and, 174; Mesoamerican cotton, 159–60, 193; Roman, 29, 31, 114
arquebuses, 172
Arthashastra (Kautilya), 70–71, 106, 107
artillery, 171, 173, 177, 183, 200, 283; in Boer War, 351; field, 187; during French Revolution, 212; siege, 176; in World War I, 248–50, 252, 273, 374; in World War II, 265, 270; see also cannons
Arverni tribe, 79
Aryans, 92
Ascension Island, 228
Ashoka, Mauryan king, 71, 72, 93, 108, 376
Assault Breaker, 286, 326
assimilation, 150–54, 161
Association of World Citizens, 5n
Assyrian Empire, 101–104, 107, 109, 116–18, 134, 207
asymmetric wars, 117–19
Atahuallpa, King of Incas, 193
Athens, 48, 50–51, 118
atomic bombs, 7, 274, 391; see also nuclear weapons
Attalus III, King of Pergamum, 51–52
Attila the Hun, 143, 376
attrition, wars of, 157, 250, 251, 254, 328
Augustus, 39, 43–46, 113–14
Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor, 198, 230
Auschwitz concentration camp, 13
Australia, 219, 228, 232, 258, 260; Aboriginals of, 316; wealth in, 335
Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 360
Australopithecus, 306; afarensis, 308
Austria, 98, 212, 244, 329; National Library of, 74; in World War I, 236, 245, 252, 253
Awatovi, sack of, 83–84
Azerbaijan, 330, 346
Azores, 178
Aztecs, 156, 157, 160–61, 193, 195
Babur, Prince Zahir al-Din Muhammad, 182
Babylon, 97
Baghdad, 132, 144
Balaclava, Battle of, 183
Balkans, 99, 112, 172, 245
Baltic States, 251, 261
bandits, 35, 44, 47, 99, 129, 134, 168; in China, 69, 128, 140–42, 184–85; in Greece, 47; in India, 229; in Roman Empire, 39, 41; small bands of, 99; see also stationary bandits
banks, 190–91, 239, 259, 326, 342–43; see also World Bank
barbarians, 34, 37, 49, 100, 125, 126, 143; see also Germanic tribes; Goths; Huns; Mongols
Bath, Earl of, 207
Bantu, 154
battering rams, 143
Beautiful Mind, A (book and film), 325
Beijing, 182, 184, 197, 218
Belarus, 251, 330, 344
Belgium, 227, 245, 267; European Union bureaucrats in, 341–42
Benedictine monks, 146
Bengal, 197, 200; famine in, 226
Bering Strait, 159
Berlin crisis, 280–81, 391
Berlin Wall, 330, 345, 391
Better Angels of Our Nature, The (Pinker), 15, 18–19, 319
Bhita (India), 73
Bible, 16, 97; Romans, 395n
Biddle, Stephen, 252
Biden, Joe, 340
bin Laden, Osama, 117, 348–50
biomes, 158–59, 161
Bismarck, Otto von, 243–46
Blackbeard, 201–202
Black Death, 170, 196, 220
Black Sabbath, 20
Blank Slate, The (Pinker), 18
blitzkriegs, 265, 268, 270, 283, 354
Blombos Cave (South Africa), 313
Blood River, Battle of, 219
body counts, 106, 250; see also casualties
Boers, 219
Boer Wars, 232, 247, 368
Bohr, Niels, 381
Boii tribe, 79
Bolsheviks, 251, 255
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 114, 160, 212–16, 224, 256, 268, 343
bonobos, 293, 294, 301–11, 320, 406n
Boot, Max, 372
Borneo, 77, 167
Bosnia, 40
bows and arrows, 98, 102, 108, 114, 122, 168, 182; composite, 95, 105, 156; of Native Americans, 156–57, 159–60; prehistoric, 94–95, 159
Bracken, Paul, 376
brain-to-brain interfacing, 381–84, 387, 390
Brazil, 55, 57, 181, 192, 219, 232
Breton Woods agreement, 276–77
Brezhnev, Leonid, 329
bribery, 41, 57, 119, 177, 184, 190
Britain, 12, 189n, 242–44, 262, 277, 278, 327, 343, 359; American colonies of, 208, 219 (see also American Revolution); antiwar attitudes in, 344; banking in, 190–91; in Boer War, 232, 350–53; cavalry of, 183; during Cold War, 273, 284, 286; in entente cordiale with France, 242; and European Union, 345; Foreign Office, 25; as globocop, 210, 245–46, 252–53, 255, 338, 341, 344, 348–50, 352, 357, 364–66, 388, 392; Great Depression in, 259–60; imperialism of, see British Empire; industrialization of, 216–18, 221, 224, 238–39, 239, 256, 338; League of Nations mandates for, 257–58; in Napoleonic wars, 214, 215, 224, 242; oil and, 346; open access order in, 206–207, 261, 386; Parliament, 190, 216, 223, 229–30, 255, 272, 282; post–World War I recession in, 256–57; post–World War II, 271–73; Russian Civil War intervention of, 258; in World War I, 23, 224, 236, 237, 245–56, 254, 264–65, 358; in World War II, 23, 236, 259, 265–69, 271–72; see also England
British Empire, 199, 209–10, 218–31, 223, 238–41, 269, 275–76, 339, 343, 345; Afghanistan and, 167, 286; in Africa, 220, 232, 247; Chinese markets opened by, 218–19, 224; commerce of, 203, 223–24; firepower of, 220–21; India in, 73, 197–200, 210, 216, 218, 221, 224–27, 229–31, 242, 260–61, 346; League of Nations mandates for, 257–58; Native populations decimated by, 219–20, 226–27; naval power of, 222–24, 241, 256, 276
British Museum (London), 35
Britons, ancient, 8, 28, 29, 32, 35–36, 46, 49, 112–14, 122, 396n
broadswords, 29, 31, 160; futuristic, 377
bronze: arms and armor, 82, 92, 96, 98–99, 142, 158–59, 336; firearms, 169–70; improvements in, 99; invention of, 89; iron as replacement for, 100–102, 105, 106; Mesoamerican lack of, 156
, 159; spread through Eurasia of, 158–59
Brooke, James, 167
Brunei, Sultan of, 167
bubonic plague, 170, 196, 220
Buchanan, James, 225
Buchenwald concentration camp, 278
Buchheit, Paul, 395n
Buddhism, 71, 139, 140, 151, 168, 323
buffer zones, 84, 264
Bulgaria, 143, 172, 238, 330
bureaucracies, 87, 88, 97, 100, 102, 341; Chinese, 140, 184–85; of Holy Roman Empire, 137; impact of counterproductive war on, 135, 139–40; Parthian, 68; piracy and, 180; Roman, 43, 45–46; in United States, 285; during World War I, 246, 248
Burgundy, 172
Burke, Edmund, 198, 200–202, 229–30
Burlington, Earl of, 191
Burma, 115, 167, 170, 260
Bush, George H. W., 81, 329, 330
Bush, George W., 349, 350
BusinessWeek, 357
Byzantine Empire, 131, 136, 139, 172
Caereni, 27
Caesar, Julius, 35, 36, 38, 39, 45, 47, 78–80, 84, 91
caging, 80–81, 104, 111, 122, 147–54, 265, 301; in Africa, 153–54; and evolution in military affairs, 81–82; in Mesoamerica, 159–61; productive wars resulting from, 87, 147–48, 150, 153, 159; and rise of ancient empires, 104; territoriality versus, 317, 335; violent death rates driven down by, 111, 147, 302
Cahokia, 161
Cajamarca (Peru), 193
Calcutta, 200, 230
Caledonia, 27–29, 31–32, 40, 112, 395n
Calgacus, 36, 38, 49, 53, 54, 106, 168, 232, 396n; at Graupian Mountain, 27–29, 32, 43, 111, 113, 293, 393
Calicut, 192, 196; Sultan of, 182
California, University of: Berkeley, 381; Santa Barbara, 56
Caligula, 43, 46
Cambodia, 282
Cambridge (England), 3, 4
Cameron, David, 225
Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, 373
Canada, 200, 219, 225, 230–31, 249, 258, 326, 335
Cannae, Battle of, 106
cannons, 168–77, 182–83, 185, 219; shipboard, 167, 180–81, 188–89, 192, 218, 221–22; see also artillery Cape of Good Hope, 180, 196
Cape Town (South Africa), 196, 220, 314
capitalism, 190, 239, 258, 261, 270, 277, 328; in People’s Republic of China, 358, 391
Capone, Al, 58
Caporetto, Battle of, 253, 254
caravels, 178–79, 181
Carnatic War, 199–200
Carneiro, Robert, 79–80
Carnonacae, 27
carracks, 179, 181, 197
Carroll, Lewis, 84
Carthage, 37, 104, 105, 110, 264
casualties of war, 7, 12, 14, 157, 262, 271, 338; civilian, see civilian casualties
catapults, 143, 144
Catching Fire (Wrangham), 308
Caucasus, 48, 117, 346
cavalry, 124, 154, 174–76, 182, 229, 259; of ancient empires, 102, 105–109, 112, 118–22, 123, 126, 141, 142; firearms and, 182–83, 185–87, 192; of Greek city-states, 64–65; in Middle Ages, 144, 151, 162, 171–72; nomad, 118–22, 124–25, 134, 136–37, 144–45, 176, 182, 242, 346
Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 330
Celtic tribes, 27, 34, 35
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 119
Ceuta, Battle of, 163, 167, 168, 178, 201
Chaco Phenomenon, 161
Chagnon, Napoleon, 54–58, 60, 290
Chaldiran, Battle of, 177
Chamberlain, Neville, 7n
Chanakya, see Kautilya
Chandragupta, Mauryan king, 70, 71, 108
Chang’an (China), 69, 72, 106, 109, 115, 118, 133, 141, 336
Changping, Battle of, 105–106
chariots, 28, 35, 82, 142, 156, 336, 375–76; in ancient empires, 94–102, 95, 104–107
Charlemagne, 136–37
Charles I, King of England, 206
Charles the Fat, 137
Charles VIII, King of France, 172–73
Chase, Kenneth, 176
Chavín de Huantar, 67
Chechnya, 330, 363
chemical weapons, 284, 377
Cheney, Dick, 351
Chengpu, Battle of, 105
Chernobyl disaster, 6, 328
Chicago, 119; University of, 273
Chichimecs, 160
Chickamauga Wars, 219
Chile, 224
Chimpanzee (film), 318
chimpanzees, 288–93, 290, 293, 298–310, 315, 317–18
China, 174–78, 242, 183–85, 196, 197, 336, 388; ancient, 20, 67–74, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96–98, 102, 104–107, 109, 119, 156, 175 (see also Han Empire; Qin Empire); civil war in, 227, 279; communist, see People’s Republic of China; epidemics spread from, 127; Japanese invasion of, 261–64; Jin dynasty, 130; in Middle Ages, 139–46, 152, 162; Ming dynasty, 162, 170, 174, 176, 184–85; nineteenth-century invasions of, 218–19, 224, 226, 227; prehistoric, 148, 159; Qing dynasty, 183, 185, 227; reunification of, 130–31, 140; Russian Civil War intervention of, 258; Shang dynasty, 97; Song dynasty, 144; Sui dynasty, 131, 140; weapons development in, 168–70, 182
cholera, 220
Chongqing, 168
Christianity, 49, 138, 170, 172, 173, 230, 323; see also Catholics
Churchill, Winston, 47, 237, 247, 266–68, 271, 273, 274
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 33–36, 38, 41, 49, 62, 111, 168, 229, 232
Cicero, Quintus, 33, 35
circumscription, 80; see also caging
cities, 37, 98, 156, 190, 317, 386; African, 152–54; of Fertile Crescent, 85–87, 89, 90, 93, 130, 159; fortification of, 38, 72, 86–89, 88, 170, 176; in Han China, 69, 128, 139; imperialism and, 219, 229; of Indus Valley, 91–92, 133; of Mauryan Empire, 71–72; Mesoamerican, 157, 160–61; migration of Chinese peasants to, 334, 357; Native American, 161; nomad attacks on, 129–30, 143–45; nuclear threat to, 5, 133, 274, 280–81; of Roman Empire, 35, 40–42, 45–49, 72, 127, 143, 383; violent deaths in, 59, 151, 332; during World War I, 255; during World War II, 7, 267, 271, 273, 370
city-states, 50–51, 67, 93, 160, 197
civilian casualties, 145, 152, 212, 372, 375–76; from drone strikes, 370–71, 372; in Iraq War, 363; in World War I, 246, 251, 255; in World War II, 265, 267, 270
Civilizing Process, The (Elias), 12–13, 18, 39, 69, 319
civil strife, 33, 145, 146
civil wars, 92n, 202, 235–36, 271, 285, 333, 343; American, 14, 21, 167, 221, 232, 239, 241, 247; Chinese, 106, 115, 140, 227, 291; English, 15, 201; Hawaiian, 149; Japanese, 152, 239; of Mesoamerica, 193; in Middle East, 333, 349–50; Roman, 38, 51, 129; Russian, 255, 258
Claudius, 114
Clausewitz, Carl von, 114, 116, 210, 212, 214, 326–27, 336, 357, 375, 385, 391
climate change, 80, 92, 99, 127, 367–69, 390
Clive, Robert, 200, 401n
clubs, 61, 62, 160, 193; Yanomami, 55, 56
coal, 217, 222, 360
Cohen, Jared, 379
Cold War, 10, 85, 269, 273–87, 325–29, 340, 344, 376, 392
colonialism, 14; see also imperialism
Colorado, 62
Columbus, Christopher, 180, 193
Comanche Indians, 162
Coming of Age in Samoa (Mead), 53, 58, 83, 139, 211; anthropological theory based on, 57–58, 60, 61, 92, 281, 290
Commodus, 40
Common Sense (Paine), 208
commonwealth by acquisition or institution, 16, 40, 71
communism, 25, 266, 269, 347; during Cold War, 274, 278, 280–81, 285; collapse of, 327–30; in Southeast Asia, 120, 282; see also People’s Republic of China; Soviet Union
compasses, magnetic, 177
computerization, 378–81, 385–87, 389–392; of war, 286, 326, 350, 370–78, 385
concentration camps, 13, 278, 371
Confucianism, 70, 323, 358, 359
Congo, 154, 227, 232, 234, 386
consequences, unintended, 8, 77–78, 347
Constantinople (later Istanbul), 136, 143, 184, 172, 173
, 197, 242
containment, 119, 275, 278–79, 285, 327
Continental Army, 210
“Continental System,” 214
corruption, 45, 63; in Middle Eastern oil-producing countries, 346–47; Nazi attribution to Jews of, 266; in People’s Republic of China, 356; in Roman Empire, 41, 48, 63, 128–29
Cortés, Hernán, 156, 157, 193
cotton, 184, 216–17, 224; Mesoamerican armor made of, 156, 159–60, 193
Coucy, Enguerrand de, 137–39
counterforce attacks, 5
counterinsurgency, 47, 351, 353–54, 370, 372
counterproductive wars, 134–38, 140, 208, 245, 273, 336; cycles of productive wars and, 130, 132–34, 136, 141–42, 146, 149, 154, 164, 183, 192, 337
countervalue attacks, 5
Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 39
Crete, Minoan, 98
Crimean War, 224–25, 231
crimes, 78, 229; of Nazis, 267; in Roman Empire, 41; violent, 278, 320; see also bandits; murder; piracy
Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 211
Crompton’s mule, 217
crossbows, 105, 151, 170
Crow Creek (South Dakota), 62
crowding, 77–79, 335; see also caging
crucifixion, 41, 47, 48, 81, 109
Crusades, 163, 172
Crux (Naam), 388
Ctesiphon (Persia), 130
Cuba, 195, 219
Cuban missile crisis, 281, 391
cultivation of crops, 77, 88, 228; see also farming
Cusco (Peru), 193
cyberwar, see computerization, of war
Cyprus, 100–101
Cyrene, 51
Cyrus, King of Persia, 118
Czechoslovakia, 171, 258, 330
Czech Republic, 114
Dabulamanzi kaMpande, Zulu prince, 222
Daily Mail, 235
Damascus, 132, 145
Damietta, Battle of, 138
Danebury (England), 36
Daoists, 143
Darius I, King of Persia, 118, 120
Darwin, Charles, 17, 224, 294, 296
Davis, Jefferson, 167
Dawkins, Richard, 297–98
D-Day landings, 271
Decantae, 27
Deccan, 108
Declaration of Independence, 219
Defoe, Daniel, 191
de Gaulle, Charles, 247–48
Delhi, 145, 183, 197, 198
demography, 193, 195, 196, 198
Demonic Males (Wrangham and Peterson), 290, 302
Deng Xiaoping, 356
Denisovans, 316
Denmark, 62–63, 68, 69, 75, 109–11, 244, 333, 338; ancient, 36
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 127, 195, 201, 294, 295, 306–307, 312, 316; chimpanzee/bonobo, 290, 293, 302
détente, 285–86
Detroit, 59
dhamma, 71, 108