Beale, Diary of Bates, p. 216.
A. W. H. Clapp to M. Blair, 31 Dec., R. W. Thompson to unknown, 1 Jan. 1862, H. Greeley to AL, 29 July, A. Shuman to W. H. Seward, 9 Aug., J. W. Forney to AL, 16 Aug., ALP.
J. Miller to W. H. Seward, 1 Aug., G. Davis to AL, 4 Aug., J. A. Hamilton to AL, 11 Aug., ALP.
L. Trumbull to AL, 1 Oct., F. P. Blair, Jr., to M. Blair, 1 Sept., 1 Oct., S. T. Glover to M. Blair, 2 Sept., M. Blair to AL, 3, 4 Sept., 7 Oct., S. T. Glover to AL, 20 Sept., ALP. See also T. Ewing to AL, 17 Sept., C. Beasley to AL, 27 Sept., R. K. Brown to AL, 29 Sept., S. R. Curtis to AL, 12 Oct., ALP.
J. C. Patterson to AL, 21 Sept., J. M. Biscound to AL, 12 Sept., T. A. Miller to AL, 20 Sept., J. Knox to AL, 3 Oct., “A True Friend” to AL, 5 Oct., J. R. Conner to AL, 17 Sept., E. C. Hurst to AL, 19 Sept., J. Butt to AL, 19 Sept., anon. to AL, 19 Sept., G. P. Koerner to AL, 8 Oct., E. S. Fife to AL, 18 Sept., J. D. Willers to AL, 21 Sept., J. Knox to AL, 3 Oct., S. T. Glover to AL, 20 Sept., F. P. Blair, Jr., to M. Blair, 1 Oct., ALP; Lincoln’s Journalist, p. 120.
J. H. Jordan to AL, 9 Oct., ALP; Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, vol. 2: War Becomes Revolution (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1960), pp. 383–84.
Lincoln’s Journalist, p. 129.
Stephen W. Sears, ed., The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence, 1860–1865 (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1989), pp. 106–17, 113–14; DJH, pp. 32, 286.
DJH, pp. 25, 28–29; RWAL, p. 136.
Nevins, War for the Union, 2:385, 402; Lincoln’s Journalist, pp. 158–59; Independent, 5 Dec.; Beale, Diary of Bates, p. 220.
Diary of Browning, 1:523; RWAL, p. 328.
Independent, 2 Jan. 1862; Northwestern Christian Advocate, 8 Jan. 1862.
Earl Schenck Miers, ed., Lincoln Day by Day: A Chronology, 1809–1865, 3 vols. (Washington, DC: Lincoln Sesquicentennial Commission, 1960), 3:87.
5. The Purposes of Power (1861–65)
In the notes for this chapter all newspaper and manuscript citations are for 1862, unless otherwise stated.
CW, 7:282.
Lerone Bennett, Jr., Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln’s White Dream (Chicago: Johnson Publishing Company, 2000).
CW, 7:282. For Lincoln’s subordination and neglect of his potentially progressive and humane Indian policy, see David A. Nichols, “Lincoln and the Indians,” in Gabor S. Boritt, ed., The Historian’s Lincoln: Pseudohistory, Psychohistory, and History (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), pp. 149–69.
DJH, p. 113.
DJH, p. 135.
R. W. Thompson to AL, 22 Nov., ALP; A. G. Curtin to AL, 3 March, ALP.
William B. Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955), p. 178.
F. B. Carpenter, The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln: Six Months at the White House (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995; originally published New York, 1866), pp. 230–31; Robert S. Harper, Lincoln and the Press (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1951), pp. 96–97, 184–87, 308; DJH, p. 41; Lincoln’s Journalist, pp. 160, 177.
Lincoln Observed, pp. 1–12.
Harold Holzer, comp. and ed., Dear Mr. Lincoln: Letters to the President (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993), pp. 5–35; DJH, pp. 19, 39; William O. Stoddard, Inside the White House in War Times: Memoirs and Reports of Lincoln’s Secretary, ed. Michael Burlingame (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), pp. xi, 13–17.
Carpenter, Inner Life, p. 245; Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982), p. 220.
Carpenter, Inner Life, pp. 95–96, 281; Independent, 20 Oct. 1864; Holzer, Dear Mr. Lincoln, p. 12; Lincoln Observed, pp. 99–103, 254; Lincoln’s Journalist, pp. 158, 160.
CW, 4:439–40.
S. Camp to AL, 17 Sept. 1861, A. Harris to AL, 17 Sept. 1861, J. G. Roberts to AL, 17 Sept. 1861, H. C. Garst to AL, 18 Sept. 1861, S. W. Coggeshall to AL, 18 Sept. 1861; J. L. Williams to AL, 19 Sept. 1861, W. McCaully to AL, 20 Sept. 1861, A. Williams to AL, 11 Oct. 1861, ALP.
A. Peck to AL, 19 Sept. 1861, E. Wright to AL, 20 Sept. 1861, T. H. Little to AL, 17 Sept. 1861, ALP; Lincoln’s Journalist, pp. 159–60, 166, 189; CW, 5:26.
CW, 5:35–53.
Stephen W. Sears, ed., The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence, 1860–1865 (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1989), p. 128; Hans L. Trefousse, The Radical Republicans: Lincoln’s Vanguard for Racial Justice (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), p. 184.
HI, pp. 684–85; RWAL, p. 430.
CW, pp. 5:30–31, 144–46; N&H, 5:205–8.
CW, 5:144–46.
N&H, 5:211–14.
CW, 5:222–23.
N&H, 6:106–7. Cf. Cleveland Congregational Conference to AL, 18 April; New York City 16th Ward Republican Association, 6 May; H. H. Van Dyck to William H. Seward, 9 May, ALP; Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, vol. 2: War Becomes Revolution (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1960), p. 32.
Nevins, War for the Union, 2:117; R. Johnson to AL, 16 May, P. Sturtevant to AL, 16 May, H. Ketcham to AL, 16 May, S. P. Chase to AL, 16 May, C. Schurz to AL, 16 May, ALP.
A. T. Stewart to AL, 21 May, A. Johnson to AL, 2 May, J. M. Wightman to AL, 23 May, C. Schurz to AL, 19 May, ALP; CW, 5:222–23.
Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 218–21; Sears, ed., Papers of McClellan, pp. 344–45.
Nevins, War for the Union, 2:146–47; border-state congressmen to AL, 15 July, E. M. Norton to AL, 14 July, ALP.
T. Ewing to AL, 2 June, A. E. Carroll to AL, 14 July, ALP; CW, 5:328–31.
J. H. Bayne to AL, 3 July, ALP.
CW, 5:318.
Diary of Gideon Welles: Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson, 3 vols. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1911), 1:70–71.
CW, 5:336–37.
John Niven, ed., The Salmon P. Chase Papers, vol. 1: Journals, 1829–1872 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1993), p. 343; N&H, 6:126–30; Carpenter, Inner Life, pp. 21–22.
DJH, pp. 38–39.
Donald, pp. 373–74; Bennett, Forced into Glory, pp. 469–503; Nicholas Parrillo, “Lincoln’s Calvinist Transformation: Emancipation and War,” Civil War History 46 (Sept. 2000), pp. 242–43.
CW, 5:388–89.
S. H. Gay to AL, Aug. [n.d.], T. Weed to W. H. Seward, 23 Aug., O. H. Browning to AL, 17 Sept., ALP.
CW, 6:419–25.
J. W. White et al. to AL, 24 July, B. Bannan to AL, 24 July, T. A. Marshall to AL, 27 July, H. G. Blake to AL, 28 July, N. S. Berry et al. to AL, 30 July, J. R. Doolittle to AL, 4 Aug., Z. Chandler to AL, 8 Aug., Westchester Co., NY, War Meeting to AL, 12 Sept., S. L. Casey to AL, 4 Aug., ALP.
Boston Park Street Church to AL, 27 Aug.; B. H. West to AL, 27 Aug.; Milwaukee Wisconsin Congregational Church to AL, 5 Sept.; W. D. Love to AL, 5 Sept.; Miami Conference of Wesleyan Methodist Connection to AL, 6 Sept.; Cincinnati Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church [MEC] to AL, 8 Sept.; General Conference of the Congregational Churches of Massachusetts to AL, 12 Sept.; Indiana Conference of the Wesleyan Methodists to AL, 12 Sept.; The Congregation of Milburn, Lake County, Illinois, to AL, 14 Sept.; Lamoille (Illinois) Citizens to AL, 14 Sept.; North Illinois Annual Conference of the Methodist Protestant Church to AL, 14 Sept.; North Ohio Annual Conference of the MEC to AL, 15 Sept.; W. C. McCarthy to AL, 16 Sept.; West Wisconsin Annual Conference of the MEC to AL, 18 Sept.; Genessee, NY, Presbyterian Synod to AL, 18 Sept.; R. D. Owen to AL, 17 Sept., ALP.
Diary of Gideon Welles, 1:143.
Diary of Gideon Welles, 1:142–45; Niven, ed., Chase Papers, 1:393–96.
CW, 6:28–30.
N&H, 6:357–66; CW, 5:370–75; Benjamin F. Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), pp. 108–23.
W. B. Lowry, H. Catlin, and J. F. Downing to AL, 23 Sept., ALP. Also J. W. Stone to AL, 23 Sept., T. Tilton to AL, 24 Sept., J. M. McKim to AL, 27 Sept., G. Smith to AL, 9 Oct., F. A. Hoffman to AL, 25 Sept., I. H
arris to AL, 2 Oct., J. K. Porter to AL, 27 Oct. [enclosing Speech of John K. Porter at the Union Ratification Meeting at Glens Falls, Oct. 21 (Albany, NY, 1862), p. 11], ALP.
RWAL, p. 220.
N&H, 6:179–81; G. B. McClellan to AL, 7 Oct., W. D. Kelley to AL, 23 July, R. Smith to R. Yates, 13 Oct., D. Davis to AL, 14 Oct., J. W. Forney to AL, 26 Sept., ALP; CW, 5:436–37.
C. Sumner to AL, 8 Nov., J. K. Dubois to AL, 3 Dec., ALP.
R. P. L. Baber to AL, 22 Nov., I. N. Morris to AL, 20 Nov., C. Sumner to AL, 8 Nov., C. Schurz to AL, 8 Nov., 20 Nov., S. W. Oakey to AL, 5 Nov., W. H. West to AL, 20 Oct., M. Delahay to AL, 6 Nov., ALP; CW, 5:493–95; Lincoln Observed, p. 14.
D. S. Dickinson to AL, 9 Nov., ALP.
CW, 4:518–37.
Michael Vorenberg, Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 31.
CW, 5:462–63; Donald, p. 397.
CW, 5:534–37.
CW, 5:537.
S. P. Chase to AL, 28 Nov., ALP.
F. P. Blair, Sr., to AL, 18 Dec., T. T. Davies to AL, 20 Dec., ALP; DJH, p. 104; RWAL, pp. 199–200, 496.
W. H. Gaines and H. S. Rowland to AL, 21 Dec., R. P. L. Baber to AL, 22 Nov., Great Falls, NH, citizens to AL, Dec., Boston Residents to AL, 5 Dec., F. Wood to AL, 8, 17 Dec., J. Barnaby et al. to AL, 8 Dec., New Bedford Massachusetts Citizens to AL, 12 Dec., Rockland Maine Citizens to AL, 15 Dec., T. D. Eliot to AL, 17 Dec., G. W. Cochrane and J. M. Forbes to AL, 24 Dec., J. G. Whittier to AL, 24 Dec., 1860 Electors to AL, 24 Dec., C. Russell and S. A. Fenton (Prairie Grove Society of Friends) to AL, 27 Dec., S. Cobb to AL, 27 Dec., ALP.
CW, 5:338, 431, 6:28–30; L. Tilman to AL, 8 Apr., C. Schurz to AL, 19 May, J. Leavitt et al., Petition to AL, Aug., O. Browning to AL, 11 Aug., T. A. Jenckes to AL, 11 Sept., W. Sprague to AL, 26 Sept., ALP; Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro, pp. 153–54.
Milwaukee Wisconsin Spring Street Congregational Church, 5 Sept., ALP.
CW, 6:30.
J. Mitchell to AL, 1 July, ALP.
Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro, p. 134; CW, 5:503.
S. W. Oakey to AL, 5 Nov., ALP; Michael Burlingame, The Inner World of Abraham Lincoln (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994), pp. 268–355; Jean H. Baker, “Mary and Abraham: A Marriage,” in Gabor S. Boritt, ed., The Lincoln Enigma: The Changing Faces of an American Icon (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 36–55; DJH, pp. 194, 345–46; Lincoln Observed, pp. 13–14, 43, 226, 239, 261.
HI, pp. 156, 360, 497, 521; Nicolay, Oral History, p. 5.
HI, pp. 156, 167, 360; Lincoln Observed, pp. 209–11; Nicolay, Oral History, p. 5; CW, 6:535.
Congregational Church, General Association of Illinois to AL, 1 Aug. 1861, Linn County, Oregon, Presbyterians to AL, 18 Sept. 1861, Hudson River New York Baptist Association to AL, 18 June 1861, J. Hesser to AL, 15 April 1861, O. Browning to AL, 18 April, 30 Sept., 8 Nov. 1861, J. F. Doolittle to AL, 18 April 1861; N&H, 5:137–38.
E. Nason to AL, 16 April 1861, J. L. Scripps to AL, 23 Sept. 1861, A. Church to AL, 9 June 1862, E. G. Cook to AL, 21 Sept. 1862, ALP.
S. Jocelyn to AL, 26 Sept. 1861, ALP.
Mark A. Noll, “Both Pray to the Same God”: The Singularity of Lincoln’s Faith in the Era of the Civil War,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association, 18, no. 1 (Winter 1997), pp. 11–12; Allen C. Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1999), pp. 319–21; Parrillo, “Lincoln’s Calvinist Transformation,” pp. 237–40.
CW, 4:482–83, 6:244–45; Nicolay, Oral History, p. 5.
CW, 5:278–79, 403–4.
Noyes W. Miner, “Personal Recollection of Abraham Lincoln,” pp. 46–48, Illinois State Historical Society; CW, 5:146, 279, 419–20, 478; Niven, ed., Chase Papers, 1:394.
Diary of Gideon Welles, 1:143; HI, pp. 167–68.
CW, 5:292, 423–24, 438–39.
CW, 6:358, 365, 409, 440.
CW, 7:51, 8:152.
CW, 7:451, 8:254–55.
CW, 6:56, 149–50, 154, 158, 239, 242–43, 342, 374.
CW, 6:374, 409, 7:51, 499–501, 506–8, 8:1–2.
CW, 6:28, 7:251; Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro, p. 219.
The Diary of Orville H. Browning, ed. Theodore Calvin Pease and James G. Randall, 2 vols. (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1925), 1:600; CW, 7:282, 535–36.
CW, 7:281 (emphases added).
CW, 7:368.
CW, 5:52–53; Heather Cox Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997).
CW, 5:535, 537, 7:368; Robert V. Bruce, “The Riddle of Death,” in Boritt, ed., The Lincoln Enigma, pp. 130–45.
CW, 6:244–45, 7:368, 535; Miner, “Recollections,” pp. 45–46.
CW, 5:462.
CW, 6:364–65.
CW, 6:428–29, 7:50–56; DJH, p. 69.
CW, 7:55; DJH, pp. 121–22; Lincoln Observed, pp. 93–95.
CW, 7:433–34. To “pocket veto” a bill is to veto it indirectly, by holding onto it until the legislature adjourns.
CW, 4:426, 438; DJH, p. 217.
Lincoln Observed, p. 142; CW, 6:364–65, 7:55.
CW, 7:243; DJH, p. 253; RWAL, p. 291.
CW, 8:403–4.
William C. Harris, With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997), p. 266; CW, 8:404–5.
Harris, With Charity for All, pp. 265–75.
William E. Gienapp, Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 199.
Lincoln Observed, pp. 159–63; Diary of Gideon Welles, 2:237.
CW, 8:333.
Matthew 7:1.
Matthew 18:7.
Lincoln Observed, p. 222; CW, 8:332–33.
CW, 3:550, 8:333, 356 (emphases added).
6. The Instruments of Power (1861–65)
James G. Randall, Constitutional Problems Under Lincoln, rev. ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1951); Mark E. Neely, The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991); Herman Belz, Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era (New York: Fordham University Press, 1998), pp. 17–43.
Ian Kershaw, Hitler (London: Longman, 1991), pp. 10–11 and passim, offers a brilliant analysis of the quintessence of charismatic authority.
CW, 5:346; Mark Grimsley, The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy Toward Southern Civilians, 1861–1865 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 87.
CW, 5:98, 6:257.
William O. Stoddard, Inside the White House in War Times: Memoirs and Reports of Lincoln’s Secretary, ed. Michael Burlingame (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), p. 101; CW, 8:151.
DJH, pp. 193–94.
Grimsley, Hard Hand of War, pp. 171–74, 182, 213.
Neely, The Fate of Liberty, pp. 52–53; CW, 5:436–37, 6:451–52.
Neely, The Fate of Liberty, pp. 14–18, 58, 64.
Donald, p. 419.
CW, 6:260–69.
Diary of Gideon Welles: Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson, 3 vols. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 1:432; Howard K. Beale, The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933), p. 306; CW, 6:460; Neely, The Fate of Liberty, pp. 69–71.
D. D. Field to AL, 8 Nov. 1862, ALP; Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982) p. 57; CW, 6:492.
S. W. Oakey to AL, 5 Nov. 1862, ALP; HI, p. 331; Allen C. Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1999), p. 363; Michael Burlingame, ed., At Lincoln’s Side: John Hay’s Civil War Correspondence and Selected Writings (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), p. 54.
Neely, The Fate of Liberty, pp. 113–38.
Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln, p. 383; H. Seymour to AL, 3, 21 Aug. 1863, ALP.
RWAL, p. 195; CW, 3:424.
DJH, p. 3; F. B. Carpenter, The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln: Six Months at the White House (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995; originally published New York, 1866), p. 264; CW, 5:424. The words of the final quotation, though not Lincoln’s, were ones to which he enthusiastically assented.
David Donald, Lincoln Reconsidered: Essays on the Civil War Era (2nd ed., New York: Random House, 1961), pp. 57–60; William E. Gienapp, “Abraham Lincoln and Presidential Leadership,” in James M. McPherson, ed., “We Cannot Escape History”: Lincoln and the Last Best Hope of Earth (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995), pp. 77–78.
Phillip Shaw Paludan, “The Better Angels of Our Nature”: Lincoln, Propaganda and Public Opinion in the North During the American Civil War (Lincoln Museum, Fort Wayne, IN, 1992), pp. 12, 17, and passim.
DJH, p. 128; Neely, Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia, p. 68; Carpenter, Inner Life, pp. 126–27; N&H, 6:152–53; Burlingame, ed., At Lincoln’s Side, p. 54; Chicago Tribune, 16 Jan. 1864.
Eric L. McKitrick, “Party Politics and the Union and Confederate War Efforts,” in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party Systems: Stages of Political Development (2nd ed., New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 117–51, presents a powerful case for the value of party to the Union cause. Mark E. Neely, “The Civil War and the Two-Party System,” in McPherson, ed., “We Cannot Escape History,” pp. 86–104, offers a cautionary note.
Allan G. Bogue, The Congressman’s Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 31–40, 51.
William B. Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955), pp. 198–200, 314–15, 319–39.
McKitrick, “Party Politics and the Union and Confederate War Efforts,”pp. 148–49, 151; Adam I. P. Smith, “The Presidential Election of 1864: Party Politics and Political Mobilisation During the American Civil War” (Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999), p. 18.
CW, 5:494; H. C. Bowen to AL, 2 Dec. 1862, ALP.
Lincoln Observed, pp. 64–66, 245; DJH, pp. 127, 332 (the correspondent was Whitelaw Reid).
Lincoln’s Journalist, p. 296.
Lincoln Observed, pp. 1–11, 50–52, 66, 69–70, 104, 113, 245; Robert S. Harper, Lincoln and the Press (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1951), pp. 173–75, 221, 282–89.
Lincoln: A Life of Purpose and Power Page 47