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The Dictator's Handbook

Page 37

by Bruce Bueno de Mesquita


  2 Sun Tzu, The Art of War, ed. James Clavell (New York: Delacorte Press, 1983), 9–14.

  3 Caspar Weinberger, “The Use of Military Power,” Remarks delivered to the National Press Club, Washington, DC, November 28, 1984. See http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Documents/2004/January2004/0104keeperfull.pdf.

  4 See The Correlates of War Project’s data on Israel, Egypt, Jordan, and Syria for 1967, at http://www.correlatesofwar.org/datasets.htm.

  5 Anna Getmansky, “Protecting the Protectors: A Cross-National Study of Domestic Regimes and Protection of Soldiers,” Working Paper, Department of Politics, New York University, 2008.

  6 Martin Meredith, The Soccer War (New York: Vintage Books, 1992), 201–202.

  7 In Europe in the 1980s it was a popular joke that Ronald Reagan was America’s apology for being late for the first two World Wars, by being really punctual for the next.

  8 Graph is generated using military expenditure from the Correlate of War Project’s National Material Capabilities Data. We do not have data for Austria in 1919 as Austria-Hungary ceased to exist.

  9 For a more detailed and rigorous account of how our perspective explains the incentive to create puppet regimes see Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, et al., Logic of Political Survival, especially chapter 9; and Carmela Lutmar, “Belligerent Occupations,” in ISA Compendium of International Law, Robert J. Beck and Henry F. Carey, eds. (Oxford: Blackwell, 2009).

  10 See Michela Wrong, I Didn’t Do It for You: How the World Betrayed a Small African Nation (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), 328.

  11 Ibid., 351–353.

  12 Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Randolph M. Siverson, “War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability,” American Political Science Review (December 1995); and Bueno de Mesquita, Randolph Siverson, and Gary Woller, “War and the Fate of Regimes: A Cross-National Analysis,” American Political Science Review (September 1992): 638–646.

  13 G. M. Gilbert, Nuremberg Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus and Company, 1947), 278–279.

  14 Quoted in David D. Laitin and Said S. Samatar, Somalia: Nation in Search of a State (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987).

  15 Wrong, I Didn’t Do It for You, 336.

  16 In fact there are numerous cases of violent conflicts between pairs of democracies in the Correlates of War Project’s militarized disputes data. None become wars because while one side used force, the other side backed down rather than fight back.

  17 See Dan Reiter and Allan C. Stam, Democracies at War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002).

  Chapter 10: What Is To Be Done?

  1 NFL Fan Support Ranking, http://www.bizjournals.com/specials/slideshow/13.html?page=4; Brand Keys, Sports Loyalty Index, http://www.brandkeys.com/awards/sports.cfm; Sports Illustrated, http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2007/writers/rick_reilly/10/09/reilly1015/index.html; http://www.packers.com/team/executive-committee.html.

  2 Robert Romano, “The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Making of Quack Corporate Governance,” Yale Law Journal 114 (May 2005): 1521–1611.

  3 Jeffrey L. Jensen “Initial Institutions, Institutional Persistence, and the Promotion of Economic Development by the Original 13 States,” Working Paper, NYU Department of Politics, 2007.

  4 Akhil Reed Amar, America’s Constitution: A Biography (New York: Random House, 2006).

  5 Congressional Research Service, “The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11,” Amy Belasco, September 2, 2010, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33110.pdf.

  6 For instance, http://www.npr.org/2011/01/30/133305663/in-haiti-cell-phones-serve-as-debit-cards.

  Index

  Abdel-Hussein, Muhyi

  Abortion

  Accountability. See also Transparency

  Adamishin, Anatoly

  Adams, John Quincy

  Adamu, Amos

  Advisers

  Afabet, Battle of

  Afghanistan

  Africa

  Horn of Africa

  See also North Africa; South Africa; individual countries

  Agramonte, Robert

  Agriculture

  agricultural marketing boards

  See also Farmers

  Aideed, Mohamed Farrah

  Airports

  Albright, Madeleine

  Algeria

  Al-Jazeera

  Allende, Salvador

  Al Qaeda

  Alzheimer’s disease

  Amin, Idi,

  Amnesty

  Angola

  Apostles

  Aquino, Benigno, Jr.

  Aquino, Corazon

  Arafat, Yasser

  Arbenz, Jacobo

  Argentina

  Aristocracy

  Aristotle

  Artiga, Luis

  Assad, Hafez al-

  Assassinations. See also Executions

  Aswan Dam

  Atim, Chris

  Atlanta Olympics

  Atlee, Clement

  Atrocities. See also Massacres

  Augustus (emperor)

  Aung San Suu Kyi

  Australia

  Austria

  Autocrats/autocracies

  autocrats’ initial period in office (see also Leaders: new)

  and borrowing

  protest in autocracies

  universities as autocracies

  and wars(see also Wars)

  See also Dictatorships; Leaders; Winning coalitions: small

  Aziz, Tariq

  Ba’ath Party

  Babies. See also Infant/child mortality

  Bahrain

  Bailouts

  Balance of power

  Bam, Iran

  Bangladesh

  Ban Ki-Moon

  Bankruptcy

  Banks

  Barre, Siad

  Bashir, Omar al-

  Basil (emperor)

  Bates, Robert

  Batista, Fulgencio

  BBC

  Belarus

  Belgium

  Bell, California

  Ben Ali, Zine el-Abidine

  Ben Bella, Ahmed

  Benin

  Bevilaqua, John

  Bhutan

  Bhutto family

  Bible

  Bill of Rights

  Bin Laden, Osama

  Bishop of Rome

  Black Hawk Down (film)

  Black marketeering

  Blatter, Sepp

  Boahen, Adu

  Bolivia

  Bolsheviks

  Bonuses

  Bonyads

  Booth capture

  Borrowing. See also Debt

  Bosch, Juan

  Botha, Pik

  Botswana

  Boumediène, Houari

  BP. See British Petroleum

  Bribery. See also Corruption

  Britain

  debt of

  Olympic games in

  British Petroleum (BP)

  Brown, Jerry

  Budgets. See also Government spending

  Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce

  Building codes

  Burkina Faso

  Burma. See Myanmar

  Burundi

  Bush, George H. W.

  Bush, George W.

  Buying countries’ policies

  Byzantine Empire

  Cabinets

  California

  Caliphate

  Calvino, Italo

  Cambodia

  Cameron, David

  Cameroon

  Canada

  Vancouver Olympic games

  Cancer

  CAP. See Common Agricultural Policy

  Capital-intensive vs. labor-intensive products

  Carter, Jimmy

  Carter Center

  Cartwheels company

  Castellano, “Big” Paul

  Castro, Fidel

  Castro, Raul

  Catherine the Great

  Catholic C
hurch

  Cattle

  CCM. See Chama Cha Mapinduzi party in Tanzania

  Cedi currency

  Cell phones

  CEOs. See also Corporations

  Chad

  Chama Cha Mapinduzi party (CCM) in Tanzania

  Change. See also Reforms

  Charity Navigator

  Chavez, Hugo

  Chazan, Naomi

  Checks and balances. See also Separation of powers

  Chemical Ali

  Chernositov (Russian police chief)

  Chicago

  Children. See also Infant/child mortality

  Chile

  Chiang Kai Shek

  China

  Beijing summer games

  earthquakes in Qinghai and Sichuan

  income tax in

  Chiyangwa, Phillip

  Cholera

  Churchill, Winston

  Cities, general vs. charter

  Citizenship

  Civil liberties. See also Freedoms

  Civil wars

  Clausewitz, Carl von

  Clay, Edward

  Clemençeau, Georges

  Climate

  Clinton, Bill

  CMB. See Cocoa Marketing Board

  Coalitions

  coalition governments

  See also Winning coalitions

  Cocoa Marketing Board (CMB)

  Cold war

  Collectivization

  College of Cardinals

  Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)

  Common good. See also Public welfare

  Communist Party

  of India

  Compaq company. See Hewlett-Packard company: merger with Compaq

  Comparative advantage

  Congo

  Conservatives

  Constantinople

  Constantius II (emperor)

  Constitutions

  Contracts

  Copper

  Corporations

  boards of directors

  corporate coalitions

  corporate fraud

  senior management

  shareholders

  See also CEOs; Stock value/dividends

  Corruption

  anticorruption drives

  in Iran and Turkey

  as political tool

  in Russia

  See also Bribery

  Cost of living

  Côte d’Ivoire. See also Ivory Coast

  Coups

  self-coup

  Credit. See also Debt

  Crime. See also Mafias

  Cronies. See also Winning coalitions: small

  Crusades

  Cuba

  Cuban missile crisis

  elections in

  Culture

  Cyclones

  Czechoslovakia

  Daley, Richard

  Damasus I (pope)

  Debt

  debt crises

  debt forgiveness

  See also Borrowing

  DeCicco, Frank

  De Klerk, F. W.

  Dellacroce, Aniello “Neil,”

  Democratic Party (U.S.)

  Democracy/democracies

  bloc voting in fledgling democracies

  and borrowing

  democratizing other nations

  democrats

  European democracies

  fixing democracies

  and foreign aid

  good ideas in democracies

  leader transitions in democracies

  Mexico’s tax take and democratization

  multiparty democracy

  patronage systems in emerging democracies

  peace between democracies

  private goods in democracies

  promise of democratization

  protest in

  and resource allocation

  stability of mature democracies

  undermining democracy

  and wars

  See also Elections

  Demographics

  Deng Xiaoping

  Denmark

  Deresa, Yelma

  Diamonds

  Diaz, Porfirio

  Dictatorships

  benevolent

  shifts to democracy

  See also Autocrats/autocracies

  Dien Bien Phu

  Discourses, The (Machiavelli)

  Diseases

  Dissent

  Districting issues. See also Gerrymandered districts

  Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

  Doe, Samuel

  Dominican Republic

  Douglas, Stephen

  Dow Jones index

  Dredd Scott decision

  Drinking water

  Drone attacks

  Drought

  Dunn, Patricia

  Duvalier, Jean-Claude “Baby Doc,”

  Dymovsky, Alexei

  Earmarks. See also Pork-barrel projects

  Earthquakes

  Easterly, William

  Eastern Europe

  Economic crises. See also Bankruptcy; Financial crises

  Economic growth

  Economist, The

  Eden, Anthony

  Education. See also Universities

  Edward IV and Edward V (English kings)

  Egypt

  Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty (1979)

  gross domestic product

  uprisings in

  Elderly people

  Eleanor of Aquitaine

  Elections

  bloc voting in

  in Britain

  in Cuba

  and designated seats for minorities

  dividing opposition vote

  in Egypt

  fraudulent/rigged

  in Ghana

  in India

  in Myanmar

  papal

  in Tanzania

  in Turkey

  in tyrannical states

  in Ukraine

  in United States

  See also Voters

  Electoral college

  Electricity

  Embezzlement

  Eminent domain

  Emirates

  Emperors

  Enfranchisement rules

  Enlightenment

  Enron

  Environmental issues

  Equality

  Equatorial Guinea

  Eritrea

  Eshkol, Levi

  Essentials

  in corporations

  keeping off-balance

  purging(see also Winning coalitions: purges of members)

  welfare of essentials and ordinary citizens

  See also Winning coalitions

  Ethiopia

  Ethnic groups

  Eunuchs

  European Union

  Exchange rates

  Executions. See also Assassinations

  Exile

  Exports

  Extraction

  Eyes of the Storm (PBS documentary)

  Facebook

  Falashas

  Falklands war

  Farmers. See also Agriculture

  Federalist 10 (Madison)

  Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)

  Felix II (antipope)

  FIFA. See Fédération Internationale de Football Association

  Fiji

  Financial crises. See also Bankruptcy; Economic crises

  Finland

  Fiorina, Carly

  Fire departments

  First Gulf War

  Floods

  Flowers

  Food shortages. See also Starvation

  Ford Motor Company

  Foreign aid

  aid shakedowns

  assessing

  fixing aid policy

  given for security reasons

  impact of

  misappropriated and misdirected

  political logic of aid

  and poverty

  questions about

  tied
aid(see also Buying countries’ policies)

  US assistance to Egypt

  US assistance to Pakistan

  Foreign policy

  Foucault, Michel

  France

  Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871)

  French Revolution

  Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry

  Franz Ferdinand (Archduke)

  Fratricide law

  Fraud. See Corporations: corporate fraud; Elections: fraudulent/rigged

  Freedoms

  free speech and assembly

  Fronde

  Fujimori, Alberto

  Gambino, Carlo

  GATT. See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

  Gays

  GDP. See Gross domestic product

  Geldof, Bob

  Gems. See also Diamonds

  Gender equality

  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

  General welfare

  Genghis Khan

  Genocide

  Georgia (country)

  Germany

  Weimar Germany

  Gerrymandered districts

  Ghana

  Githongo, John

  Giuliani, Rudy

  Global warming

  Golan Heights

  Gold

  Gome retailer in China

  Gonzalez, Hank

  Good ideas. See also under Democracy/democracies

  Gorbachev, Mikhail

  Goring, Hermann

  Gotti, John “the Dapper Don,”

  Government spending. See also Budgets; Military: military spending; Public works

  Graft. See also Corruption

  Grau San Martín, Ramón

  Gravano, Sammy “The Bull,”

  Greece

  Greed

  Green Bay Packers

  Gross domestic product (GDP)

  Guardian, The

  Guatemala

  Guevara, Che

  Guinea worm disease

  Gukurahundi

  Gulf War. See First Gulf War; Iraq: Iraq War

  Guttmacher Institute

  Habermas, Jürgen

  Haiti

  Hallmark Cards

  Hamas

  Hanoverian dynasty

  Hardwood

  Harvard University

  Hassan al-Bakr, Ahmed

  Hassan al-Majid, Ali. See Chemical Ali

  Hawaii

  Hayward, Tony

  Health care

  Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative

  Hegemony

  Henry II (English king)

  Henry V (Shakespeare)

  Hernandez, Oscar

  Hevia, Carlos

  Hewlett, Walter

  Hewlett, William

  Hewlett-Packard company

  merger with Compaq

  Himmler, Heinrich

  HIPC. See Heavily Indebted Poor Country initiative

 

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