by Neil Hanson
David A. Thomas, The Illustrated Armada Handbook, p. 79; Purchas, op. cit., vol. VI, p. 1185; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 20 June 1587, CSPS iv 112; Elizabeth S. Donno, An Elizabethan in 1582; John Cummins, Francis Drake, p. 148; Nuttall (ed.), op. cit., pp. 193–210; Stow, op. cit.
Letter of Don Francisco Zarate to Don Martin Enriquez, Viceroy of New Spain, in Nuttall (ed.), op. cit.; Fuller, Worthies, vol. 2, p. 174.
W.S.W. Vaux (ed.), The World Encompassed, p. 213; Don Francisco Zarate to Don Martin Enriquez, in Nuttall (ed.), op. cit.; Sir Francis Drake to Burghley, 26 July 1586, Lansdowne MSS 51 Art. 14; Peter Pierson, Commander of the Armada, p. 61; Spanish Advertisements, SPD clxxxix 24.
Geoffrey Parker, “Why the Armada Failed,” p. 27; Rodger, op. cit., p. 242; Bernardino de Escalante to Philip II, 2 May 1587, in Herrera y Oria, Felipe II, p. 98 (my translation).
CHAPTER FOUR:
Smoking the Wasps from Their Nests
Jasper Ridley, The Tudor Age, p. 22; Alexander McKee, From Merciless Invaders, p. 33; Sir Julian Stafford Corbett, Papers Relating to the Navy during the Spanish War, xliv; SP 25 March 1587.
Advices from London, 20 April 1587, CSPS iv 75; Ridley, op. cit., p. 46; Relation sent by the Duke of Medina-Sidonia, 12 April 1588, CSPS iv 266; True Advices from England, CSPS iv 66; Sampson’s Advices from England, 26 February 1587, CSPS iv 19.
Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 9 April 1587, CSPS iv 65; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 19 April 1587, CSPS iv 71; King to Bernardino de Mendoza, 13 May 1587, CSPS iv 86; Drake to Walsingham, 2 April 1587, SPD cc 2.
Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 19 April 1587, CSPS iv 72; Walsingham to Stafford, SP Foreign, France, vol. 88; Council to Sir Francis Drake, SPD cc 17; Burghley to Andreas de Looe, 28 July 1587, SP Flanders 32.
Henry Haslop, Newes out of the Coast of Spaine; Corbett, op. cit., p. 296; Garrett Mattingly, The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, p. 96; Agustin de Horozco, BL, Royal MS, 14.A.III.
Thomas Fenner to Walsingham, 17 May 1587, SPD cci 34; Sir Geoffrey Callender, “The Naval Campaign of 1587,” p. 89; Letter from Drake in E. Edwards, The Life of Sir Walter Raleigh.
Sir Francis Drake to John Foxe, Harleian MSS clxvii, 104; A. M. Hadfield, Time to Finish the Game, p. 70.
The King to Bernardino de Mendoza, 13 May 1587, CSPS iv 86; Sir Francis Drake to Walsingham, 27 April 1587, SPD cc 46; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 9 June 1587, CSPS iv 100.
Robert Leng, “The True Description”; William Borough to Sir Francis Drake, SPD cc 57, ccii 14 ii, Lansdowne MSS lii 39; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 5 April 1587, CSPS iv 61; Richard Hakluyt, “Sir Francis Drake Revived.”
Thomas Fenner to Walsingham, 17 May 1587, SPD cci 34.
Corbett, op. cit., xxxi; CSPD cci 33; Sir Francis Drake to Walsingham, 17 May 1587, SPD cci 33; Thomas Fenner to Walsingham, 17 May 1587, SPD cci 34.
Corbett, op. cit., xliii; Thomas Fenner to Walsingham, 17 May 1587, SPD cci 34; Drake to Walsingham, 24 May 1587, SPD.
Belvoir Papers iv, 219; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 5 August 1587, CSPS iv 136; Leng, op. cit., pp. 21–2.
Leng, op. cit., pp. 21–2; Michael Apps, The Four Ark Royals, p. 23; Maura, El Designio de Felipe II, pp. 163–7.
Maura, op. cit., pp. 167–8; Peter Pierson, Commander of the Armada, p. 76; King to Bernardino de Mendoza, 28 July 1587, CSPS iv 130; R. N. Worth, Calendar of the Plymouth Municipal Records, p. 128; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 16 July 1587, CSPS iv 127.
Report of the Carrack Prize Commission, SPD ccii 53; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 8 January 1587, CSPS iv 2; Michael Oppenheim, Introduction to William Monson, Naval Tracts, I, p. 28; McKee, op. cit., p. 33; CSPF ix, 513–14; Clarke and Thursfield, The Navy and the Nation, p. 187; Oppenheim, op. cit., I, p. 11.
Howard to Walsingham, 27 January 1588, SP ccvii 30; Bertrand T. Whitehead, Brags and Boasts, p. 29; Advices from London, 28 March 1588, CSPS iv 246; Howard to Walsingham, 27 January 1588, SP ccvii 30; Edwards, op. cit., I, p. 245.
Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 2 September 1587, CSPS iv 140; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 13 September 1587, CSPS iv 143; Duke of Parma to the King, 31 January 1588, CSPS iv 210; Hadfield, op. cit., p. 26.
Duke of Parma to the King, 20 March 1588, CSPS iv 241; King to the Duke of Parma, February 1588, quoted in David Howarth, The Voyage of the Armada, p. 153; Advices from London, 21 March 1588, CSPS iv 244; Drake to the Queen, 28 April 1588, SP ccix 112; Howard to Burghley, 29 February 1588, SP ccviii 87.
Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 26 June 1588, CSPS iv 323; Burghley to Walsingham, 18 July 1588, SP ccxii 63; Conyers Read, Lord Burghley, pp. 425, 58 0n; Bailiffs of Ipswich to Walsingham, 12 April 1588, SP ccix 98; Sir G. Carey to Walsingham, 6 April 1588, SP ccix 71.
Mayor and Citizens of Exeter to the Council, 11 April 1588, SP ccix 84; Mayor and Aldermen of Poole to the Council, 5 April 1588, SP ccix 70; Sir G. Carey to Walsingham, 6 April 1588, SP ccix 71; Mayor and Aldermen of Southampton to the Council, 17 April 1588, SP ccix 97; Mayor and Aldermen of Hull to the Council, 7 April 1588, SP ccix 75; Mayor of Lyme Regis to the Council, 9 April 1588, SP ccix 81; Mayor and Aldermen of King’s Lynn to the Council, 12 April 1588, SP ccix 87; John Guy, Tudor England; Apps, op. cit., p. 27.
CHAPTER FIVE:
The Floating Forest
Jasper Ridley, The Tudor Age, p. 207; Philip II to Parma, 4 and 14 September 1587, in Calvar Gross, La Batalla del Mar Oceano III, pp. 1006–7, 1069–70; Duke of Parma to the King, 31 January 1588, CSPS iv 209; CSPV 14 November 1587, 320–3.
A. M. Hadfield, Time to Finish the Game, p. 84; John Knox Laughton, State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, I, xxviii; quoted in David A. Thomas, The Illustrated Armada Handbook, p. 46; King to Duke of Medina-Sidonia, 14 February 1588, in C. Christopher Lloyd (ed.), The Naval Miscellany, vol. 4, p. 11.
Much of the biographical information on Medina-Sidonia is drawn from Peter Pierson, Commander of the Armada; CSPV 1 587 273ff; William Monson, Naval Tracts, vol. 1, pp. 152–73.
Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the King, 16 February 1588, CSPS iv 219; King to Duke of Medina-Sidonia, 20 February 1588, in Lloyd (ed.), op. cit., vol. 4, p. 12; Pierson, op. cit., p. 82.
Geoffrey Parker, “Why the Armada Failed,” p. 29; I.A.A. Thompson, “Spanish Armada Gun Policy and Procurement,” pp. 70, 77; Ernest Straker, Wealden Iron, pp. 147, 58, 154; CSPD vc 16.
Thompson, op. cit., pp. 74, 83; R. Norton, The Gunner, pp. 67–8; Duro, La Armada Invencible, I, p. 77.
Bobadilla to Idiaquez, 20 August 1588, quoted in Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada, p. 129; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 16 January 1588, CSPS iv 202; Confession of Gregorio de Sotomayor, SP ccxiv 19.
See Colin Martin, “La Trinidad Valencera: An Armada Invasion Transport Lost off Donegal”; Narrative of Petruccio Ubaldini, in Lloyd (ed.), op. cit., vol. 4; Monson, op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 63–5; Summary Statement of the Vessels that Compose the Most Fortunate Armada . . . 9 May 1588, CSPS iv 288; Thomas, op. cit., p. 60.
Lord Burghley, quoted in William Cobbett (ed.), Parliamentary History of England, vol. 1, 1066–1625, pp. 865–6; Monson, op. cit., pp. 63–5; King to Medina-Sidonia, 1 April 1588, in Lloyd (ed.), op. cit., vol. 4, p. 18; Alexander McKee, From Merciless Invaders, p. 40; CSPV April 1588.
Lope de Vega, La Hermosura de Angelica; Extracts from the “General Orders” issued by the Duke of Medina-Sidonia, May 1588, CSPS iv 293.
Instructions to the Duke of Medina-Sidonia, 1 April 1588, CSPS iv 251; Extracts from the “General Orders” issued by the Duke of Medina-Sidonia, May 1588, CSPS iv 293; William Laird Clowes, The Royal Navy, quoting Duro, op. cit., doc. 171, p. 281; Martin and Parker, op. cit., p. 27.
Examination of Spanish Prisoners, 2 August 1588, SP ccxiv 17; Admiral Juan Martinez de Recalde to the King, 11 July 1588, CSPS iv 340; Hadfield, op. cit., p. 88; General Order from the Duke of Medina-Sidonia, 5 July 1588, CSPS iv 293n; Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the King, 11 July 1588, C
SPS iv 341; Examination of Spanish Prisoners, 2 August 1588, SP ccxiv 17; CSPI cxxxvi 29.I.
Garrett Mattingly, The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, pp. 191–2.
CHAPTER SIX:
So Violent a Sea and Wind
Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the King, 14 May 1588, CSPS iv 295; Instructions to the Duke of Medina-Sidonia, 1 April 1588, CSPS iv 251; King to Medina-Sidonia, 1 April 1588, in C. Christopher Lloyd (ed.), The Naval Miscellany, vol. 4, pp. 15–17, 20; Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the King, 28 May 1588, CSPS iv 301; Philip II to Cardinal Albert, Simancas Papers, iv, p. 188; King to the Prince of Parma, 4 September 1587, CSPS iv 141.
Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the King, 1 June 1588, CSPS iv 301; Robert Milne-Tyte, Armada, p. 10; King to Andres de Alba, 9 July 1588, in Lloyd (ed.), op. cit., vol. 4, p. 27; Confession of Gregorio de Sotomayor, SP ccxiv 19; Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the King, 28 May 1588, CSPS iv 301; Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the Duke of Parma, 10 June 1588, CSPS iv 310.
Peter Pierson, Commander of the Armada, p. 89; Sealed Document which the Duke of Medina-Sidonia was to deliver to the Duke of Parma, April 1588, CSPS iv 253; King to Medina-Sidonia, 1 April 1588, in Lloyd (ed.), op. cit., vol. 4, p. 20; Duke of Parma to the King, 20 March 1588, CSPS iv 241.
Extracts from the “General Orders” issued by the Duke of Medina-Sidonia, May 1588, CSPS iv 293; Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the King, 21 June 1588, CSPS iv 318; John Knox Laughton, State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, I, xxxiii.
Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the King, 24 June 1588, CSPS iv 321; Report of the Council called by the Duke of Medina-Sidonia, 27 June 1588, CSPS iv 326; King to Duke of Medina-Sidonia, 1 July 1588, in Lloyd (ed.), op. cit., vol. 4, pp. 22–5; Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the King, 6 July 1588, CSPS iv 334.
King to the Duke of Medina-Sidonia, 1 July 1588, in Lloyd (ed.), op. cit., vol. 4, p. 29; Duke of Medina-Sidonia to Duke of Parma, 10 June 1588, CSPS iv 310; King to the Duke of Medina-Sidonia, 1 April 1588, in Lloyd (ed.), op. cit., vol. 4, p. 15.
Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada, p. 144; Admiral Juan Martinez de Recalde to the King, 11 July 1588, CSPS iv 340; Confession of Gregorio de Sotomayor, SP ccxiv 19; Duke of Medina-Sidonia to the King, 19 July 1588, CSPS iv 343n, 341, 343.
CHAPTER SEVEN:
The Sea Beggars
Summary of divers letters to the Duke of Parma, 12 September 1588, CSPS iv 427; Ronald H. Fritze (ed.), Historical Dictionary of Tudor England, p. 276; Master of Gray to Archibald Douglas, 14 December 1588, CSPS iv xlii 127; William Asheby to Burghley, 13 November 1588, CSPS iv xlii 117; James Hudson to Sir Francis Walsingham, 10 December 1588, CSPS iv xlii 124; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 24 January 1587, CSPS iv 9; Duke of Parma to Bernardino de Mendoza, 13 April 1587, CSPS iv 70; points of letter from Robert Bruce to the Duke of Parma, 6 August 1588, CSPS iv 367.
King to Bernardino de Mendoza, 28 January 1587, CSPS iv 12; King to Bernardino de Mendoza, 31 March 1587, CSPS 57; Robert Bruce to Bernardino de Mendoza, 18 February 1588, CSPS iv 222; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 15 March 1588, CSPS iv 238; King to Bernardino de Mendoza, 24 April 1588, CSPS iv 276; J. D. Mackie, “Scotland and the Spanish Armada,” pp. 1–23; King to Bernardino de Mendoza, 21 June 1588, CSPS iv 316.
Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 7 July 1588, CSPS iv 337; Advices from London, 17 July 1588, CSPS iv 345; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 20 May 1587, CSPS iv 89.
Account September 1588, CSP Scotland xlii 116; Bertrand T. Whitehead, Brags and Boasts, pp. 129–31; Anthony Bacon, Memoirs of the Reign of Elizabeth, p. 55; William Asheby to Lord Burghley, 6 August 1588, CSP Scotland xlii 108; Howard to Walsingham, 15 June 1588, SP ccxi 26.
The definitive account of the French diplomatic background to the Armada is to be found in Garrett Mattingly, The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, pp. 162–3, 204–24; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 28 February 1588, CSPS iv 230; Mattingly, op. cit.
Edmund H. Dickerman, “A Neglected Aspect of the Spanish Armada,” pp. 19– 23; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 5 April 1588, CSPS iv 260; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 14 April 1588, CSPS iv 269; Mattingly, op. cit., p. 211.
Mattingly, op. cit., pp. 220–4; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 21 May 1588, CSPS iv 299; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 14 June 1588, CSPS iv 312; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 24 July 1588, CSPS iv 353.
Owen Feltham, A Brief Character of the Low Countries, I, p. 5; A. F. Pollard (ed.), Tudor Tracts, 1532–1588, pp. 438, 443; Mattingly, op. cit., pp. 48–9; Leon van der Essen’s mammoth biography remains the definitive account of Parma’s life.
Sir Roger Williams, The Art of Warre; Paolo Rinaldi, quoted in Leon van der Essen, Alexandre Farnese, V, p. 295; Lord Willoughby to Cristobal de Mondragon, June 1586, Ancaster Muniments, X, f. 1.
Sir John Neale, “Elizabeth and the Netherlands,” pp. 373–96; Advices from London, 13 September 1587, CSPS iv 144; Neville Williams, All the Queen’s Men, p. 196.
Sir Robert Naunton, Fragmenta Regalia, 1641; “Reply of the Queen of England to the request of the States for greater aid,” 5 February 1588, CSPS iv 213; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 5 April 1588, CSPS iv 261; Advices from London, 15 February 1588, CSPS iv 217.
Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 28 November 1587, CSPS iv 178; Mattingly, op. cit., p. 56; Howard to Burghley, 29 February 1588, SP ccviii 87; Relation of Proceedings, BM Cotton, Julius F.x. 111–17.
Mattingly, op. cit., pp. 137–40; SP Holland, 34, 117; King to the Prince of Parma, 4 September 1587, CSPS iv 141.
H. O’Donnell, “The Requirements of the Duke of Parma,” p. 95; Duke of Parma to the King, 31 January 1588, CSPS iv 209; Duke of Parma to the King, 22 February 1588, CSPS iv 223; Duke of Parma to the King, 20 March 1588, CSPS iv 242; Duke of Parma to the King, 5 April 1588, CSPS iv 264.
Duke of Parma to the King, 20 March 1588, CSPS iv 242; Duke of Parma to the King, 8 June 1588, CSPS iv 309; Duke of Parma to the King, 20 July 1588, CSPS iv 349; Count de Olivares to the King, 8 July 1588, CSPS iv 338; Count de Olivares to the King, 8 August 1588, CSPS iv 376.
CHAPTER EIGHT:
Like Bears Tied to Stakes
Seymour to Walsingham, 17 June 1588, SP ccxi 33; Bertrand T. Whitehead, Brags and Boasts, p. 19; Sir Walter Ralegh, History of the World; Wynter to Walsingham, 20 December 1588, SP ccxix 36.
C. G. Cruickshank, Elizabeth’s Army, pp. 17–40; CSPD Elizabeth cc 40; William Harrison, The Description of England; A. H. Dodd, Elizabethan England, p. 204.
A. L. Rowse, Tudor Cornwall, p. 387; R. N. Worth, Calendar of the Plymouth Municipal Records, p. 128; Emmanuel Green, Preparations in Somerset against the Spanish Armada; Colin Elliott, Discovering Armada Britain, p. 123.
Harrison, op. cit.; Lindsay Boynton, The Elizabethan Militia, p. 131; Elliott, op. cit., pp. 103–4; Mayor of Rye, Rye MS, 1581; Bernardino de Mendoza to the King, 28 February 1588, CSPS iv 231; Worth, op. cit., p. 128; A. L. Merson (ed.), The Third Book of Remembrance of Southampton, Vol. III, p. 55.
John S. Nolan, “The Muster of 1588,” pp. 397, 392; CSPD, 17 November 1587; Elliott, op. cit., p. 115.
G. V. Scammell, “The Sinews of War,” pp. 351–67; Cruickshank, op. cit., p. 16; Robert Milne-Tyte, Armada, p. 115; Leland, Itinerary.
Sir Henry Cromwell, and Lord St. John to Sir Henry Cromwell, quoted in William Mackreth Noble (ed.), Huntingdonshire and the Spanish Armada; Boynton, op. cit., p. 128; Leland, op. cit.
Boynton, op. cit., p. 129; Alexander McKee, From Merciless Invaders, p. 26; Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker, “If the Armada Had Landed,” pp. 28–9; Whitehead, op. cit., p. 40; Names of the Heretics, Schismatics and Neutrals in the Realm of England, 1587, CSPS iv 190; William Melsam to the Council, SPD clxxxvi 54.
A. O. Meyer, England and the Catholic Church, p. 271; Ronald H. Fritze (ed.), Historical Dictionary of Tudor England, p. 412; Dodd, op. cit., p. 107; Harrison, op. cit.
The Pope to the King, 7 August 1587, CSPS iv 137; Sir Francis Englefield to Father Seth Forster, 19 August
1589, Harleian MS 296.3; Instructions given to Dr. Allen as to the Answers he is to give to his Holiness’ Questions, CSPS 55; Dodd, op. cit., p. 16; Fritze (ed.), op. cit., p. 455; Nolan, op. cit., pp. 393–4; William Camden, History, p. 313; Advices from London, 29 July 1588, CSPS iv 357.
Narrative of Petruccio Ubaldini, in C. Christopher Lloyd (ed.), The Naval Miscellany, vol. 4; William S. Maltby, The Black Legend in England; Thomas Deloney, The Works of Thomas Deloney, pp. 468–82; A. F. Pollard (ed.), Tudor Tracts, 1532–1588, p. 498; Copie of a Letter sent to Bernardin Mendoza; Advices from England, 10 August 1588, CSPS iv 381.
Harrison, op. cit.; Dodd, op. cit., p. 149; CSPF 1559–60, cxxviii–ix; Philip Gosse, Sir John Hawkins, p. vi; Henry E. Huntingdon Library, Ellesmere MS 6206 B, f. 14–15, 18–19.
John Knox Laughton, State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, I, lxxiv; Comparison of Charges, 8 October 1588, SP ccxvii 12; SPD ccviii 18; Hawkins to Burghley, 3 March 1588, SP ccix 5.
McKee, op. cit., pp. 87–8; Harrison, op. cit.
Sir Julian Stafford Corbett, Papers Relating to the Navy during the Spanish War, pp. 27–32; William Monson, Naval Tracts, vol. 4, p. 43; Manucy, Artillery, p. 63; Notes of Public Business, 25 December 1585, SPD clxxxv 32.
Lawrence Stone, “The Armada Campaign of 1588,” p. 133; E. W. Bovill, “Queen Elizabeth’s Gunpowder,” pp. 179–86; John Knox Laughton, State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, I, xliv; King to the Duke of Medina-Sidonia, 1 July 1588, in Lloyd (ed.), op. cit., vol. 4, p. 23; Monson, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 244.
Mendoza to the King, 15 May 1582, CSPS; Kenneth R. Andrews, “Elizabethan Privateering,” p. 15; G. E. Mainwaring and W. G. Perrin (eds.), The Life and Works of Sir Henry Mainwaring, II, pp. 14–15; Michael Oppenheim, The Maritime History of Devon, p. 34.
The World Encompassed, p. 213; Scale of Pay, SP ccxxxvii 62; Proposed increase of wages, 28 December 1585, SP clxxxv 33 II; Kenneth R. Andrews, The Elizabethan Seaman, p. 247; CSPD, 8 July, 10 July 1597; C. Christopher Lloyd, The British Seaman, p. 39.