by Paul Ortiz
33. Lipsitz, Possessive Investment in Whiteness, 19.
34. King, Where Do We Go From Here.
35. Richard Reeves and Joanna Venator, “Saving Horatio Alger: The Data Behind the Words,” Social Mobility Memos (blog), Brookings Institution, August 21, 2014, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/social-mobility-memos/2014/08/21/saving-horatio-alger-the-data-behind-the-words-and-the-lego-bricks/ (accessed May 24, 2015); William Julius Wilson, ed., The Ghetto Underclass: Social Science Perspectives (1989; Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1993); Lawrence M. Mead, Beyond Entitlement: The Social Obligations of Citizenship (New York: Free Press, 1986); Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (New York: Free Press, 1994).
36. Jim Naureckas, “Joe Klein: Media Spokesperson for White People,” FAIR (Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting), July 1, 1992, http://fair.org/extra/joe-klein-media-spokesperson-for-white-people/ (accessed May 11, 2017); Ta-Nehisi Coates, “The New Republic: An Appreciation,” Atlantic, December 9, 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/12/the-new-republic-an-appreciation/383561/.
37. Amy Davidson, “Donald Trump and the Central Park Five,” New Yorker, June 23, 2014; Sarah Burns, The Central Park Five: The Untold Story Behind One of New York City’s Most Infamous Crimes (New York: Vintage, 2012).
38. Elizabeth Martinez, “Beyond Black/White: The Racisms of Our Time,” in The Latino/a Condition: A Critical Reader, ed. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 469.
39. Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire, 167–275; Rubén Martínez, The Other Side: Notes from the New L.A., Mexico City, and Beyond (New York: Vintage, 1993); Leo R. Chavez, The Latino Threat: Constructing Immigrants, Citizens, and the Nation (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008).
40. T. Watanabe, “Civil Activists Join Latino Wage Suit,” Los Angeles Times, May 16, 2007.
41. Nano Riley, Florida’s Farmworkers in the Twenty-First Century (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002), 55; Greg Asbed, “For Pickers, Slavery Tastes Like Tomatoes,” Palm Beach Post, March 30, 2003, Coalition of Immokalee Workers, http://www.ciw-online.org/gapbpoped.html; “Report: Modern-Day Slavery Alive and Well in Florida,” Associated Press, February 25, 2004, in http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4555-2004Feb25.html?sections http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/nation; D. Moffett, “Slavery? In Florida? In 2003? Yes,” Palm Beach Post, November 23, 2003.
42. “Anti-Slavery International Chooses CIW to Receive Its 2007 Anti-Slavery Award,” Coalition of Immokalee Workers, November 12, 2007, http://www.ciw-online.org/blog/2007/11/anti-slavery-international-chooses-ciw-to-receive-its-2007-anti-slavery-award/.
43. David Bacon, “Common Ground on the Kill Floor: Organizing Smithfield,” Labor Notes (April 20, 2012).
44. Human Rights Watch, Blood, Sweat and Fear: Workers’ Rights in U.S. Meat and Poultry Plants (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2005); Christopher D. Cook, “Fowl Trouble,” Harper’s, August 1999, 78–79.
45. Human Rights Watch, Blood, Sweat and Fear.
46. See Nick Wood, “Mt. Olive: Blood on the Cucumbers,” Against the Current 102 (January–February 2003), https://www.solidarity-us.org/node/681. I discuss aspects of coalition building in the Farm Labor Organizing Committee’s campaign in Ortiz, “From Slavery to Cesar Chavez and Beyond,” 249–76.
47. Farm Labor Organizing Committee and Black Workers for Justice, “Juneteenth” news release, United Electrical Workers Local 150, June 16, 2001 (in author’s collection).
48. Ibid. The boycott ended with a union victory in 2005.
49. “Case Farms Workers Walked Off the Job,” News Herald (Morganton, NC), June 10, 2005; “Glove Charge Sparks Strike at Case Farms,” News Herald, October 28, 2006.
50. Leon Fink, The Maya of Morganton: Work and Community in the Nuevo New South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).
51. “Worker Unrest at Case Farms: Employees at Poultry Plant Meet to Discuss Forming Union,” Charlotte Observer, November 12, 2006.
52. C. Sanchez, “Protesters Hope to Create a Political Movement,” Sarasota Herald-Tribune, May 3, 2006; Jon Wiener, “L.A.’s Two May Day Marches,” Nation, May 2, 2006, available at AlterNet, http://www.alternet.org/story/35722/l.a.%27s_two_may_day_marches.
53. Paul Ortiz, “We Are the Ghosts Who Clean: Building the Movement in Santa Cruz, California, 2004–2008,” roundtable presentation, American Studies Association Annual Meeting, “The May Day Protests, Grassroots Mobilization, and the Politics of Citizenship,” Washington, DC, November 6, 2009.
54. C. Siemaszko, “N.Y. Immigrants Rally for Rights,” New York Daily News, May 2, 2006.
55. Sonja Maria Diaz, “Written Reflection on May Day,” November 9, 2009, unpublished essay (in author’s collection).
56. Ortiz, “We Are the Ghosts Who Clean.”
57. “Immigrants’ Boycott Move Strikes Home,” Herald-Sun (Durham, NC), May 2, 2006; “Day Without Immigrants Draws Millions to Streets; Many Local Residents Take Day Off to Show Support,” Star News (Wilmington, NC), May 2, 2006; “Thousands Demonstrate at Springdale Park Rally,” Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, May 2, 2006.
58. Randal Archibold, “Immigrants Take to U.S. Streets in Show of Strength,” New York Times, May 2, 2006; Dan Whitcomb, “U.S. Latinos Expect a Momentous May Day,” Star-Ledger (Newark, NJ), April 28, 2006.
59. Juan Gonzalez, “On Streets of New York, Solidarity Reigns,” New York Daily News, May 2, 2006; R. Morris, “Immigrants Go Back to Work in South Florida After One-Day Walkouts,” Sun-Sentinel, May 3, 2006.
60. “Local Workers Protest for Rights, Ledger (Lakeland, FL), April 11, 2006.
61. Chris Kutalik, “As Immigrants Strike, Truckers Shut Down Nation’s Largest Port,” Labor Notes (June 2006); Dan La Botz, “Millions March for Immigrant Rights; Virtual Strike in Some Cities,” Labor Notes (May 2006); “We Say We Don’t Want Illegals Here,” Palm Beach Post, April 30, 2006.
62. On the importance of workers’ centers in this organizing, see Ruth Milkman, “Critical Mass: Latino Labor and Politics in California,” NACLA Report on the Americas 40, no. 3 (May–June 2007): 30–38; Miriam Ching Yoon Louie, Sweatshop Warriors: Immigrant Women Workers Take On the Global Factory (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2001); Janice Fine, “Worker Centers: Organizing Communities at the Edge of the Dream,” EPI Briefing Paper 159 (Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, December 14, 2005).
63. Milkman, “Critical Mass.”
64. María Elena Durazo, Living Wage for All: A Plan for a New Living Wage Movement (Los Angeles: Center for the Working Poor, May 12, 2006) http://www.centerfortheworkingpoor.org/living-wages/living-wage-for-all-a-plan-for-a-new-living-wage-movement (accessed May 11, 2017).
65. Ibid.
66. Robin Abcarian, “Obama Gets Major Labor Endorsement,” Los Angeles Times, January 16, 2008, http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-labor16jan16-story.html; Randy Shaw, “Cesar Chavez and the Roots of Obama’s Field Campaign,” In These Times, November 6, 2008, http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/4024/cesar_chavez_and_the_roots_of_obamas_field_campaign.
67. Joel Gehrke, “Obama Took ‘Yes, We Can’ from Dolores Huerta,” Washington Examiner, May 29, 2012.
68. Danae Tapia, “My Experience,” August 10, 2010, unpublished essay (in author’s collection). See also S.I.N. Collective, “Students Informing Now (S.I.N.) Challenge the Racial State in California without Shame . . . Sin Vergüenza!,” Educational Foundations (Winter–Spring 2007): 71–90.
69. Ibid.
70. “Regional Leadership Development Conferences,” Labor Council for Latin American Advancement, January 29, 2009, http://www.lclaa.org/65-calendar/calendar.
71. William Johnson, “Smithfield Meatpackers Stay Off Work to Demand Martin Luther King Holiday,” Labor Notes (January 26, 2007).
72. David Bacon, “Unions Come to Smithfield,” American Prospect, December 17, 2008, http://prospect.org/article/unions-come-smithfie
ld.
73. “Hispanic Women Energize Unions,” Baltimore Sun, June 23, 2002; John Trumpbour and Elaine Bernard, “Unions and Latinos: Mutual Transformation,” in Suárez-Orozco and Mariela Páez, Latinos: Remaking America, 126–45.
74. UC Berkeley Labor Center, “Data Brief: Blacks in Unions: 2012,” April 8, 2013, 2–3.
75. Jerry Mead-Lucero, “Chicago Sitdown Strike Produces Wins for Workers, Not Banks,” Labor Notes (December 22, 2008), http://labornotes.org/2008/12/chicago-sitdown-strike-produces-win-workers-not-banks.
76. The workers subsequently “decided to buy the factory for ourselves and fire the boss.” See “Our Story: New Era Windows Cooperative,” http://newerawindows.com/about-us/our-story (accessed January 4, 2017); Kari Lydersen, “Chicago Window Workers Who Occupied Their Factory in 2008 Win New Bankruptcy Payout,” In These Times, January 25, 2016, http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/18802/republic-windows-doors-factory-occupation-bankrupcty-ue-union.
77. CNNPolitics.com, Election Center 2008, “CNN Electoral Map Calculator: You Call the Race,” exit polling data, http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/calculator (accessed, May 11, 2017).
78. David Moberg, “Obama and the Union Vote,” In These Times, November 10, 2008, http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/4035/obama_and_the_union_vote/.
79. Mark Hugo Lopez, The Hispanic Vote in the 2008 Election (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, November 5, 2008), http://www.pewhispanic.org/2008/11/05/the-hispanic-vote-in-the-2008-election/; Casey Woods, “Obama Wins Florida’s Hispanic Vote,” Hispanic Business.com, November 5, 2008.
80. Paul Ortiz, “On the Shoulders of Giants,” Truthout, November 25, 2008, http://www.truth-out.org/archive/item/81229:on-the-shoulders-of-giants.
81. Dara Kam, “Early Voting Limits Motivated Democrats, Minorities to Turn Out,” Palm Beach Post, December 1, 2012.
82. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Union Members—2012,” https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/union2_01232013.pdf (accessed June 15, 2017).
83. “Buoyed by the Election Results, Unions Take Stand,” Gainesville Sun, November 23, 2012.
84. “Early Voting Limits Motivated Democrats, Minorities to Turn Out.”
85. Benjy Sarlin, “Poll: Latino Vote Devastated GOP Even Worse Than Exits Showed,” Talking Points Memo (blog), November 7, 2012, http://talkingpointsmemo.com/election2012/poll-latino-vote-devastated-gop-even-worse-than-exits-showed; Mark Hugo Lopez and Paul Taylor, Latino Voters in the 2012 Election (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, November 7, 2012), www.pewhispanic.org/2012/11/07/latino-voters-in-the-2012-election.
86. Manu Raju et al., “Immigration Reform Returns to Fore,” Politico, November 8, 2012, http://www.politico.com/story/2012/11/2012-election-puts-spotlight-on-immigration-reform-083552.
87. “Immigration Raid Breaks Up Organizing Drive at Iowa Meatpacking Plant,” Labor Notes, August 26, 2008.
88. David Bacon, “Mass Firings, the New Face of Immigration Raids,” Progressive, December 2009–January 2010.
89. David Bacon, “Feds Crack Down on Immigrant Labor Organizers,” American Prospect (May 9, 2007).
90. “Abuses Against Workers Taint U.S. Meat and Poultry,” news release, Human Rights Watch, January 24, 2005, https://www.hrw.org/news/2005/01/24/abuses-against-workers-taint-us-meat-and-poultry.
91. J. Morgan Kouser, Colorblind Injustice: Minority Voting Rights and the Undoing of the Second Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 58–68; “Voting Rights Act of 1965,” Harvard Law Review 122, no. 1 (November 2008): 495–96.
92. “Voting Laws Roundup 2013,” Brennan Center for Justice, New York University School of Law, August 6, 2013, http://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/election-2013-voting-laws-roundup.
93. “Illegal Voters: The Winning Edge,” Washington Times, editorial, June 4, 2012, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/jun/4/illegal-voters-the-winning-edge.
94. Luis Carlos Lopez, “Latinos Upset About Supreme Court’s Voting Rights Decision,” Huffington Post, June 26, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/26/latinos-voting-rights-act_n_3502303.html.
95. Jim Rutenberg, “A Dream Undone: Disenfranchised,” New York Times Magazine, July 29, 2015.
96. “Voter Protection Efforts,” Mexican American Legal Defense Fund, http://maldef.org/voting_rights/public_policy/voter_protection/ (accessed August 4, 2015).
97. Joseph Shapiro, “Jail Time for Unpaid Court Fines and Fees Can Create Cycle of Poverty,” Code Switch, National Public Radio, February 9, 2015, http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/02/09/384968360/jail-time-for-unpaid-court-fines-and-fees-can-create-cycle-of-poverty; Joseph Shapiro, “In Ferguson, Court Fines and Fees Fuel Anger,” All Things Considered, National Public Radio, August 25, 2014, http://www.npr.org/2014/08/25/343143937/in-ferguson-court-fines-and-fees-fuel-anger; Mark Jay, “Policing the Poor in Detroit,” Monthly Review 68, no. 8 (January 2017): 21–35.
98. For a critique of the broken-windows theory, see Robert J. Sampson and Stephen Raudenbush, “Systematic Social Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods,” American Journal of Sociology 105, no. 3 (1999): 603–51; Eric Boehm, “Nanny State of the Week: City Fines Residents for Chipped Paint, Mismatched Curtains,” Missouri Watchdog.org, December 21, 2015, http://watchdog.org/252413/nanny-state-pagedale-missouri-fines.
99. Laura Sullivan, “Prison Economics Help Drive Ariz. Immigration Law,” Morning Edition, National Public Radio, October 28, 2010, http://www.npr.org/2010/10/28/130833741/prison-economics-help-drive-ariz-immigration-law.
100. NAACP, Born Suspect: Stop-and-Frisk Abuses & the Continued Fight to End Racial Profiling in America (Washington, DC: NAACP, September 2014), 1.
101. Bryan Stevenson, “We Need to Talk About an Injustice,” TED: Ideas Worth Spreading, March 2012, https://www.ted.com/talks/bryan_stevenson_we_need_to_talk_about_an_injustice/transcript?language=en (accessed June 11, 2016).
102. Charlie Spiering, “Obama Lectures Hollywood for Perpetuating Muslim Stereotypes,” Breitbart, February 3, 2016, http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/02/03/obama-lectures-hollywood-for-perpetuating-muslim-stereotypes.
103. “Al Sharpton Wears ‘Los Suns’ Jersey During March to Arizona Capitol Protesting SB 1070,” Phoenix New Times Blogs, May 6, 2010 http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2010/05/al_sharpton_wears_los_suns_jer.php.
104. “Chuck D Calls Jan Brewer a Hitler,” Resistance to SB 1070: No Borders, No State, No Papers (blog), June 21, 2010, http://sb1070resistance.blogspot.com/2010/06/chuck-d-calls-jan-brewer-hitler.html.
105. “Immigration Advocates Rally for Change,” New York Times, May 1, 2010.
106. “Dems: Ariz. Law Like Jim Crow, apartheid,” Politico, April 28, 2010, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0410/36503.html.
107. “Rewriting History? Texas Tackles Textbook Debate,” CBS News, September 16, 2014, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/rewriting-history-texas-tackles-textbook-debate/; Ellen Bresler Rockmore, “How Texas Teaches History,” New York Times, October 21, 2015; “Arizona Gov. Signs Bill Targeting Ethnic Studies,” Yahoo News, May 12, 2010, http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100512/ap_on_re_us/us_arizona_ethnic_studies (accessed, May 20, 2010).
108. For the success of ethnic studies in improving student learning and success, see A. F. Romero, “Towards a Critically Compassionate Intellectualism Model of Transformative Education: Love, Hope, Identity, and Organic Intellectualism,” PhD diss., University of Arizona, 2008; Conrado Gómez and Margarita Jiménez-Silva, “Mexican American Studies: The Historical Legitimacy of an Educational Program,” Association of Mexican-American Educators Journal 6, no. 1 (2012): 15–23.
109. Stephen Ceasar, “L.A. Unified to Require Ethnic Studies for High School Graduation,” Los Angeles Times, September 4, 2016.
110. Susan Chandler and Jill B. Jones, Casino Women: Courage in Unexpected Places (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011); Paul Ortiz, “Charging Through the Archway of History:
Immigrants and African Americans United to Transform the Face of Labor and the Power of Community,” Truthout, February 16, 2013, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/14540-charging-through-the-archway-of-history-immigrants-and-african-americans-unite-to-transform-the-face-of-labor-and-the-power-of-community.
111. Steven Greenhouse, “Obama Receives Union Endorsements,” New York Times, January 9, 2008; “Obama Gains Key Labor Backing in Nevada,” NBC News, January 9, 2008, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/22575934/ns/politics-decision_08/t/obama-gains-key-labor-backing-nevada.
112. “Obama Statement on the Culinary Workers Union Local 226 Strike Authorization Vote,” September 12, 2007, online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=90992 (accessed September 5, 2016); “Obama Statement on the Culinary Workers Union Local 226 and their Negotiations with the Grand Sierra Resort,” August 20, 2007, online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=90989 (accessed September 5, 2016).
113. Chandler and Jones, Casino Women, 55–56.
114. “Nation’s Longest Strike Comes to an End,” Las Vegas Sun, September 5, 2016.
115. “Student Activism Leads to Undocumented Scholarship,” Oberlin Review, February 23, 2017, https://oberlinreview.org/8844/opinions/student-activism-leads-to-undocumented-scholarship.
116. “Newswatch,” Labor Notes 450 (September 2016): 5.
117. Jana Kasperkevic, “Workers Rally Around Wages, Race and Plans to Protest Presidential Debates,” Guardian, August 14, 2016.
118. Dream Defenders, “About,” http://www.dreamdefenders.org/about (accessed October 12, 2015); Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, From #BlackLives-Matter to Black Liberation (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2016); Wesley Lowery, “They Can’t Kill Us All”: Ferguson, Baltimore, and a New Era in America’s Racial Justice Movement (Boston: Little, Brown, 2016).
119. Movement for Black Lives, “Invest-Divest,” https://policy.m4bl.org/invest-divest/ (accessed September 4, 2016).