The English: A Social History, 1066–1945 (Text Only)

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The English: A Social History, 1066–1945 (Text Only) Page 107

by Christopher Hibbert


  crime, arson, 490

  drunkenness and, 375

  framebreaking, 484

  increase in provinces, 665

  leprosy, 158

  London underworld, 185

  in Middle Ages, 138–48 passim

  punishable by death, 662

  sexual offences, 399, 400

  in 1613, 242

  under Puritans, 260

  criminals, children, 662

  execution of, 661–2

  highwaymen and robbers, 73–4

  murderers, 663

  poachers, 360

  thieves, 184–5, 339, 414, 520, 661

  vagabonds, 179–80, 184–5

  Crown, authority of, 176

  Civil War, 252

  Declaration of Rights, 258

  Dissolution of the Monasteries, 177, 186

  guilds, 99

  jurisdiction, 142

  management of national defence, 672

  supports universities, 129

  curfew, 74

  dancing, dance halls, 678

  Elizabeth I, 219

  long gallery, 197

  May Day, 57

  mediaeval, 14

  Morris dancing, 93–4

  death, Bills of Mortality, 437

  child mortality, 386, 392, 428, 581

  chimney sweeps’ boys, 595

  fall in rate of, 706

  First World War, 690

  heriot, 24, 26, 43

  mediaeval funerals, 44–5

  metal grinders, 595

  mortality age and rate in northern industrial towns, 570

  navvies, 646; ‘Popish rites of Burial’, 189

  prisoners, 144, 666, 667

  Public Health Act and death rate, 582

  registration of, 438

  sanitary conditions and mortality rate, 580

  tournaments, 84

  vaccination and, 435–6

  women in marshlands, 304–5

  workhouse, 493

  causes, burning, 375

  factory accidents, 597

  famine and starvation, 178, 564

  iron bodice, 393

  mining disasters, 474

  pillory, 400

  road accidents, 677

  spirits consumption, 379 from disease, cholera, 439

  fever and typhus, 436–7

  influenza, 707

  plague, 32–4, 162–3, 164

  smallpox, 432

  tuberculosis, 438–9, 673

  dentistry (see also teeth), 707

  Derby, 301, 487

  Devonshire House, 309

  dining-rooms, 12, 324, 325, 544, 617

  disease (see also medicine), army health compared with that of civilian population, 673

  coalminers, 585

  copulation and, 400–401

  evacuees, 698

  in farm labouring gangs, 599

  improved treatment of, 704

  industrial, 474

  masturbation and, 399, 634

  mountebanks’ treatment of, 426–30

  navvies, 646

  occupational disease and deformities in nineteenth century, 597

  prisoners, 667

  recorded by Bills of Mortality, 437

  sanitary conditions and, 436, 580–82

  sea water as remedy for, 679

  teeth and, 444, 446 specific diseases, Black Death, 32–4

  cancer, 287, 436, 595

  cholera, 439–40, 531, 667

  gaol fever, 666

  gonorrhoea, 397, 679

  gout, 287, 294

  influenza, 707

  leprosy, 158–60, 287

  mental illness, 430–31, 668

  plague, 162–5, 246, 247, 269

  rheumatism, 294

  scrofula, 437

  scurvy, 667

  smallpox, 166–7, 352, 432–6

  syphilis, 165–6

  tuberculosis, 437, 438–9, 679

  typhoid, 436

  venereal, 395, 397, 638, 639

  Dissolution of the Monasteries, and the economy, 233

  effect on London buildings, 229–30

  hospitals closed by, 160–61

  Pilgrimage of Grace, 176

  property transferred to Crown, 186

  resentment created by, 177

  stone from monasteries, 194

  vagrancy, 179

  Donington Park, 555

  drainage (see also sanitation), of Fens, 254, 257

  drawing rooms of London town houses, 325

  drink and drinking, alcohol consumption in nineteenth century, 622

  alcohol forbidden, 577

  brandy smuggling, 361

  at cricket matches, 372

  drunkenness, 294, 375, 411, 414, 623, 646, 674, 701

  eighteenth century, 375–9

  expenditure on wine at Woburn, 291

  farm labourers’ perquisites, 561

  First World War and drinking habits, 700–701

  Ingatestone servants, 205

  in Middle Ages, 11, 20

  navvies, 646

  parish nurses, 395

  payment of wages in public houses, 593

  poverty and, 470

  in prisons, 666

  provided for domestic servants, 504–5

  seventeenth century, 285, 288–9

  teetotalism, 11

  in Tudor country houses, 202–3, 204, 205

  undergraduates, 460

  alcoholic drinks, ale, 52–5, 240

  beer, 376, 380, 559, 565, 699. 701

  gin, 376, 378–9: spirits, 377. 379–80, 699–700

  wine, 11, 52

  non-alcoholic drinks, chocolate, 291, 324

  coffee, 291, 325

  milk, 20, 522, 648

  tea, 291, 324, 325, 361, 474, 571, 572

  water, 205, 288

  duels, 294, 414

  Dulwich College, 245

  Durham, 80, 117–18, 282, 473, 608

  dustmen, 526

  East India Company, 284, 309

  Easton Lodge, 546

  Eaton Hall, 497, 542, 555

  education (see also schools and universities), age of pupils, 120

  apprentices, 105

  in army, 674

  cost of, 118–19

  costermongers’children, 528

  after First World War, 694

  free, 117–18

  girls, 121–2, 272–6, 393, 451

  Grand Tour, 324, 335, 463–5

  heir to throne, 121

  higher, 270

  medical education for women, 703

  of the poor, 450

  public lectures, 463

  school-leaving age, 694

  schoolmasters, 119–20

  seventeenth-century, 265–76 passim; sixteenth century, 239

  Society for Promotion of Christian Knowledge, 266–7, 275

  study of law, 136–7

  teachers, 449, 451

  theological colleges, 314

  upper class attitude to, 120–21

  women, 388, 389

  electricity, domestic power points, 676

  industry, 699

  vehicles powered by, 656–7, 658, 659–60

  emigration, 464

  enclosure of land, common land, 177

  effect on owner-occupiers, 320

  fishing industry and, 176

  hardship caused by, 472–3

  increases farming profitability, 172

  riots against, 254, 490

  in Windsor Forest, 488

  entertainments (see also theatre and sports), Bedlam, 431

  broadcasting, 678

  in eighteenth century, 363–6

  entertainers, 96, 280, 419, 420, 421, 424

  holiday camps, 687

  masques, 220

  mediaeval, 14

  puppet-shows, 422–3

  at seaside resorts, 681

  social intercourse in eighteenth century, 392

  Southwark, 231, 241–2

  sword-fight between women,
365

  Twelfth Night ball at Welbeck, 504

  environment, control of, 676

  Erddig, 509

  etiquette, books on, 613–15

  carving, 13

  eighteenth-century manners, 337–8

  informality, 325

  mediaeval drinking, 11

  mediaeval table manners, 6–7

  Eton College, age of pupils, 120

  curriculum, 116

  First World War casualties, 690

  flogging, 239, 269

  football, 623

  Henry VI founds, 115

  single classroom, 117

  sons of peers, 456

  executioners, 663

  Exeter, charity schools, 266

  Grammar School, 239

  lace makers, 284

  London Inn, 356

  mayors, 101

  population, 233, 538

  public latrines, 103

  university, 694

  water supply, 103

  factories, 467

  boot factories, 594–5

  child labour, 469, 594–5

  discipline, 475

  earnings at Ford’s, 699

  football clubs, 624

  inspectors, 589

  Luddites attack, 485, 486, 487

  match factories, 594

  model factory owners, 474–5

  munitions, 691

  new opportunities for work in, 513

  pottery, 594

  wages, 578

  working conditions, 468, 474–5, 576–8

  fairs, 105

  Abingdon, 105

  Aldeburgh, 535

  attempts to close, 422

  Bartholomew, 105, 286, 364, 421, 422

  books for sale, 218

  boxing matches, 364–5

  cattle, 105

  country people’s reliance on, 535

  entertainments, 421

  Hiring Fair, 559

  Horn Fair, 306–7

  Liverpool fairground, 622

  Mayfair, 364

  mop fairs, 307, 498

  popularity, 363

  puppet-shows, 422–3

  sheep, 488

  Southwark, 364, 422

  Stourbridge, 105. 306, 345

  straw hats, 345

  strolling players’ booths, 421–2

  tooth-drawers, 441

  family, size of, 386–7, 699

  famine, 31, 564

  fans, 342, 443

  farmers, and rioting labourers, 491

  small holdings, 320

  tenant, 321

  yeomen, 320

  farming, see agriculture and animal husbandry

  feminist movement, 693, 704

  fireworks, 367, 424

  flats, 612

  food (see also meals and prices) for actors in miracle plays, 90

  adulteration, 598–9

  alehouse, 377

  Christ’s Hospital, 452

  commons allowance, 135

  costermongers, 528, 529

  diet and health, 428, 439, 707

  diet in London hospitals, 705

  eighteenth century wage-earners, 473

  expenditure at Woburn, 290–91

  farm boy, 558

  farm labourers, 561, 563–4

  free with ale, 288

  Ingatestone servants, 204–5

  markets, 535

  Middle Ages, 7–11, 20–21, 22, 31, 55, 117, 118

  middle-class expenditure, 617

  monastic, 46–7

  navvies, 646

  Oxford and Cambridge colleges, 132–3, 278

  Parson Woodforde, 312–13

  passenger trains, 652

  of the poor, 256, 571, 572, 637

  poor scholars, 133, 134

  prison diet, 666–9

  passim

  railway transport, 648

  rationing in wartime, 707, 708

  seaside hotels and lodgings, 682–3

  servants in great families, 503–4

  seventeenth century inns, 355

  shellfish stalls at seaside, 681, 685

  sold at chandlers’ shops, 521

  threats over bread prices, 477

  wage-earning workmen, 474

  withheld from prisoners, 668

  workhouse, 492, 493

  working-class expenditure on, 699

  specific foods, bread, 473

  cheese, 206, 286, 300

  fruit, 287–8, 291

  ice-cream, 685

  meat, 286

  milk, 522, 648

  oysters, 291, 304

  potatoes, 564

  poultry and game, 286, 287

  sugar and cinnamon, no

  toast, 324–5

  vegetables, 287

  forests, cut down for farmland, 257

  dangerous and turbulent in eighteenth century, 478–9

  destruction of, 358

  oak, 174

  shrinking, 174

  Windsor, 359, 360, 488

  Foundling Hospital, 395–6, 428

  friendly societies, 622

  Frome, poverty and affluence, 489

  fuel (see also coal), expenditure on, 290

  oil, 698

  petrol rationing, 708

  Fulham Palace, 198

  funerals, 44–5, 55

  furniture and furnishings, alehouses, 376, 377

  artisans, 576

  care of, 502

  dining-table, 324

  eighteenth century houses, 332–3, 335–6

  eighteenth century inn bedrooms, 356

  Graham’s ‘celestial bed’, 430

  Hertfordshire vicarage, 611–12

  influence of cinema on, 677

  Jews, 534

  mediaeval, 12, 17, 19

  Oxford and Cambridge Universities, 132

  pianoforte, 321

  of seventeenth century poor, 289

  Southey’s Daniel Dove, 331

  Tudor country houses, 197, 200–202

  Victorian, 618

  gambling, 372–4

  boxing matches, 364

  Chelsea pensioners, 335

  cock-fights, 367, 368

  costermongers, 529

  cricket, 371, 372

  gaming-houses, 185

  London poor, 573

  sword-fight between women, 365

  games and pastimes, in alehouses, 376

  billiard rooms, 554, 555

  cards, 16

  chess, 15

  children’s, 394, 626

  Laudian Code, 281

  long gallery, 197

  Middle Ages, 15, 16

  pastimes of sixteenth century lady, 238

  proscribed, 131, 132, 185

  under Puritans, 260

  shovelboard parlour, 196

  in Tudor times, 211–13; ‘unlawful’ games, 57

  Victorian indoor games, 625

  gangs, agricultural, 559–61

  navvies, 645, 646

  gardens and gardening, Blenheim, 545

  disappearing in London, 229, 230

  eighteenth century, 326–30

  flowers, 198

  Mary II, 273

  mediaeval cottagers, 20

  mediaeval manor houses, 59–60; ‘mounts’, 198–9

  pleasure gardens, 363

  town villas, 612

  trees, 198

  Tudor country houses, 197–200

  wages of footman-gardener, 503

  gin palaces, 622

  gipsies, 181, 255

  Gloucester, 97, 165, 301, 388

  Grand Tour, 324, 335, 463–5, 554

  grave-robbers, 444

  Great Exhibition (1851), 617

  guests, 7, 10, 13–14, 17, 219

  guilds, aid to pilgrims, 79

  barbers and surgeons, 155

  conditions for membership, 30

  Crown and, 99

  hospitals, 156

  liveries, 87

  minstrels, 95

  miracle plays, 90–93
<
br />   pageants, 87–8

  power in decline, 176

  purpose, 99

  schools, 115

  hair, cost of haircut, 285

  costermongers, 528

  dye, 550

  eighteenth century women, 339, 340–41

  false, 550

  gentlemen wear their own, 340

  hair-powder, 339, 340

  pigtails, 672

  undergraduates, 281

  women’s, after First World War, 704

  Halifax, 233

  Chartist rally, 494

  cloth market, 302

  Defoe on, 303, 304

  housing conditions, 570

  halls, Norman, 4–5

  Hampton Court Palace, 195, 198–9, 201, 211, 230

  Hardwick Hall, 194, 196, 197, 309, 324

  Harrow School, 272, 456, 623

  Hastings, 648, 684

  Hatfield House, 199, 511, 555

  heating, 334, 356, 377, 698

  Hedingham Castle, 207

  Hereford, 301, 645

  hermits, 65–6

  Higham Ferrers, 30

  Highclere, 555

  highwaymen, 73, 349–50

  Holdenby House, 199, 208 holidays, cheap public transport widens scope for, 679

  Christmas, 626–7, 683

  Dissenting Academy, 463

  farm labourers, 559

  holiday camps, 686–7

  honeymoon, 383

  hop-picking, 687–8

  May Day, 55–7

  in Middle Ages, 55, 116–17

  omnibus workers, 653, 655

  organized outings, 683

  public, 599, 683–4

  rich family, 686

  Saturday half-holidays, 599, 623

  seaside, 680–83

  with pay. 683

  Holkham Hall, 334, 502

  horses (see also sports), bathing machines, 682

  breeding, 359

  circus, 424

  clothiers, 303

  eighteenth century inns, 356

  horse-drawn vehicles, 653, 656

  hunting, 359

  mounted troops, 672

  packhorses, 69

  pit ponies, 583

  prices, 67

  racing, 368–9

  sumpter-horses, 69

  tournaments, 84

  hospitality demanded by royal household, 75–6

  hospitals, Bethal, Norwich, 431

  Bethlehem Royal (Bedlam), 160, 430–31

  expense of treatment in, 707

  lepers, 158, 160

  lunatic asylums, 431

  Manchester Royal Lunatic Asylum, 430

  mediaeval, 156, 157–8, 160–62

  nineteenth century, 705, 706

  outpatients departments, 698

  Royal Free, 703

  St Thomas’s, 705, 706

  syphilis, 166

  tuberculosis sanatoria, 439

  Houghton Hall, 309

  house parties, 544–9 passim

  houses (see also country houses and individually named houses), billeting of troops, 672

  of ‘carriage people’, 611

  castellated manor houses, 4

  demolished for railways, 647–8

  domestic offices, 502

  interiors, 331–6

  Lancashire factory workers, 576

  London poor, 572–3

 

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