Royal Navy, 283, 300
Women’s Royal Naval Service, 708
Royal Society, 256–7
Rugby School, 454, 455, 456, 623, 640
Sabbatarians, 642, 643
St Albans, 118, 451
St James’s Palace, 158, 195, 211
St Paul’s Cathedral, 87
St Paul’s School, 116, 117, 271, 453–4, 456
Salford, 64a, 692
Salisbury, 104, 160, 234, 300, 490
Sandwich, 101, 271
sanitation, close-stools, 200
conditions in sweat-shops, 591
country houses, 555
and disease, 436
evacuees’ ‘insanitary habits’, 698
factory privy, 596
London’s drainage system, 440
mediaeval privy, 17
in mediaeval towns, 102–3
plague, 163
prisons, 667–8
privies in northern industrial towns, 569
public health, 580, 707
railway trains, 652
satisfactory drainage, 676
schoolboys’ urine, 117
stool-house, 196
urination in streets, 634
water-cloaet, 200, 335
Savoy Palace, 230
Scarborough, 463, 679
schoolmasters, seventeenth-century, 268–70
schools (see also education and public schools), charity, 113, 266–7, 450–51
classrooms, 272
curriculum, 271, 274–5, 453
dame schools, 448–9; ‘Dissenting Academies’, 272, 461–3
fees, 270–71
girls’ 272, 274–6, 450–51, 454
grammar, 117, 118, 239, 266, 453
holidays, 271
in Middle Ages, 113–18
private, 454
Sunday, 452–3
sculpture, 324
seaside resorts, accommodation, 682–6 postim; amenities, 684
bathing, 679, 681–2, 685
cheap public transport, 679–80
entertainments, 681
population growth, 684
socially differing, 680–81
servants, accommodation in sixteenth century, 196
compensations for low wages, 503, 506
duties of domestics, 498–503 passim
food, 503–4, 505
gaming houses, 374
in holy orders, 39
literacy, 122
maids travel by train, 685–6
in mediaeval household, 5, 6, 12–13
monastic, 47, 49
mop fairs, 498
nomenclature, 508
numbers employed by various social classes, 496–7
percentage of population in domestic service, 497
perquisites, 509
at Restoration theatre, 410
royal progresses, 207
savings, 512
seduction, 640
sleeping arrangements, 17–18, 77, 196
servants’ hall, 323
social hierarchy, 310, 497–500, 504, 508–9
thrashed, 107
vails, 509–11, 512
wages, 178, 204, 474, 503, 513, 697
in household of: Bedford, 290, 293
Belvoir Castle, 501–2
Carlyle, 505–6
Holkham Hall, 502
Ingatcstone Hall, 204–5; Pepys, 403–4
Petre, 207
royal, 75
Ruskin, 643
types of: butler, 324
chambermaids, 17, 354
footmen, 324
general maidservants, 513–14
governesses, 392
nursemaids, 392
reeves, 22
wet-nurses, 387, 392
Sevenoaks, 117, 118, 120
sex (see also prostitutes), adultery, 85
birth control, 386, 398–9, 701, 702
Borstal boys. 670
coalminers, 586
condoms, 397–8
criminal activities, 399–400
First World War and sexual behaviour, 701
and health, 401
homosexuality, 405–6, 666
masturbation, 399, 634
men and, 633; My Secret Lift, 635
punishment for sexual offences, 28
seduction of maidservants, 640
seventeenth and eighteenth century attitudes to, 400–401
Victorian attitude to promiscuity, 640
women and, 633
Shadwell Park, 555
Sheffield, cutlers, 284
Defoe on, 302
foundries, 467, 473
John Brown and Company, 595
music halls, 630
Woodhead Tunnel, 646
shipbuilding, 473, 698
shipping, see mercantile marine
shops, assistants, 520–21
Boot’s Chemists, 678
chain stores, 699
chandlers, 521
cookahops, 523, 524
credit, 518, 519
department stores, 520
eighteenth-century London, 515–16
First World War, 691–2
fixed prices, 518
Harrods, 550, 619, 707
Marks and Spencer, 699
price tags, 520
rag and bottle shops, 522–3
sale of spectacles, 707
smashed and looted, 695
tradesmen’s signs and emblems, 516–17
village, 518
wages, 697
W. H. Smith’s railway bookstalls, 651
work in, 513
working conditions, 520
Shrewsbury School, foundation, 266
fees, 271
flogging, 239
football, 623
foundation, 266
peers’ sons, 456
Sidney at, 464
signs and emblems, tradesmen’s 516–17
slaves, 182
slums, 336, 569–70, 676, 698
smoking, see tobacco
smuggling, 306, 361–2
social hierarchy, after Black Death, 35
artisans, 487
church worship and, 641
Civil War and, 254–5
clergy, 310–11
cricket, 371
Cromwell wishes to preserve, 254
Defoe’s classification, 308
landed nobility, 308–10
landowners, farmers and smallholders, 563
marriage, 384, 385mobility within, 310, 556; nouveaux riches, 310
number of servants, 496–7
professions, 605–6
Restoration theatre, 410
sixteenth-century, 225–7
social climbing, 567
squires, 318–20
squires’ servants, 496
tenant farmers, 321
yeomen, 320
social reform, demands for, 694, 695
societies, cultural, 622
Society of Apothecaries, 703
Somerset House, 220
Southampton, declining prosperity, 233
paviour, 103
priory, 51
public latrines, 103
railway, 645, 648
stone houses, 101–2
university, 694
water supply, 103
Southend, 679, 684, 685
sports, angling, 211
animal baiting, 210, 241, 366–7, 368
in army, 674
bowls, 211
boxing. 364–6
cock-fighting, 367
cock-throwing, 368
cricket, 211–12, 370–72
croquet, 625
fencing, 197
fishing, 359–60
football, 212–13, 370, 623–5
golf, 625
hare-coursing, 211
hawking, 61, 211, 359
hunting, 60–61, 208, 210, 358–9
Laudian Code, 281
mediaeval, 58
Newmarket races, 306
pigeon-flying, 621
prize-fights, 623
proscribed at Universities, 279
racing, 368–9
shooting, 359
tennis, 211, 625
tilting, 59, 231
under Puritans, 260
wrestling, 58
staircases, 323, 325
Stanton Harcourt, 5
Stokesay Castle, 4
Stourbridge Fair, 105, 306, 345
Stowe, 324, 327, 555
Strawberry Hill, 497, 511
street vendors, 525–6, 529–31
strikes, 495, 568, 694, 696
suffrage, 494, 693
suicide, 373, 431–2, 662, 668
Sunday Schools, 452, 622, 683
Sundays, at Blenheim, 545
Bournemouth, 681
navvies work on, 646
seaside, 685
Victorian 642–3
sweat-shops, 591–2
taverns, 523, 622
taxes, death duties, 695
hair powder, 340
income, 695
newspaper, 627
poll, 36, 38
rates, 675
spirits, 380
tolls charged ‘by cartload’, 69
turnpikes, 350–51
teeth, decay widespread, 707
dental profession, 446–7
false, 343, 427, 445–6
hygiene, 442–3
masticators, 444–5
sale of, 444
tooth-drawers, 441
treatment, 442, 443–4
theatre (see also cinema), actors, 245–7, 260, 419–20, 421, 550
amateur theatricals, 674
behaviour of audiences, 411, 414–18
Boswell at, 416
censorship, 411, 413
circus, 424–5
costume, 419
Covent Garden, 408, 411, 416, 418
eighteenth-century, 412–14
first London theatres, 243–4
Garrick’s influence on, 418–19
managers, 420, 421
miracle plays, 90–93
mumming plays, 93
music halls, 629–31, 681
nativity plays, 89–90
orange-girls, 287
pantomime, 413
penny gaffs, 529
prices, 410, 411
private theatres, 244–5
provincial, 419–20, 632
puppet shows, 422–3
reform, 411–12
Restoration, 408–10
royal patents, 408, 412, 419
shut by plague, 246, 247
sixteenth-century, 240–49
strolling players, 180, 419–22passim; suppressed, 249–51
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, 408–10 passim, 412, 416– 18 passim, 424
Theobalds, 199, 207–8
thief-takers, 663
thieves, see criminals
Thoresby Hall, 504
tips, vails, 509–11, 512
tobacco, alehouses, 377
cigar-smoking, 554;
cost, 291
expenditure on, 699
price, 559
Prince of Wales, 542, 553
Queen Victoria dislikes, 553–4
smoking rooms, 553–5
smuggling, 361, 362
trade, 291–2
women smokers, 692, 699
Tolpuddle Martyrs, 492
tommy shops, 487, 646
tools (see also utensils), brewing, 53
coalmining, 585
dental instruments, 442
farming, 173, 559
hiring charges, 592
mop fairs, 307, 498
navvies, 645
tournaments, 84–6
Tower of London, 36, 37
towns, industrial, 473–4, 568–70
mediaeval 97–104
nineteenth-century migration to, 568
small provincial, 473
Sundays in provincial, 642–3
toys, 394
trade, cloth, 302–3
cotton, 303
distributive trades’ employees, 699
fourteenth-century, 98
guilds, 99
prosperity, 467
slave, 284, 466
slump, 698–9
tobacco, 291–2
wool, 31, 34, 98, 173, 254
trade unions, agricultural, 564, 565
Chartism and, 494
Combination Acts, 480, 482
early, 492
First World War, 691, 694
membership, 694
militancy, 695
outings organized, 622
Tolpuddle Martyrs, 492
Tranby Croft, 556
transport (see also railways and travel), bicycles, 658–9
cabmen, 655
cabriolets, 655–6
carriages, 68–9
carting, 290
carts, 69–70, 74, 231
coaches, 347, 348, 352
eighteenth-century, 352
fares, 352
General Strike, 696
growlers, 656
hackney coaches, 655
hansom cabs, 656
holidays and cheap public transport, 679
horse, 67–8, 69, 303
litters, 68
mail-coaches, 352–3, 354
motor-cars, 659–60, 677
omnibuses, 643, 652–5 passim, 660, 692
post-chaise, 314, 352
Queen Anne’s hunting carriage, 359
river, 70–71, 86, 304
sedan chairs, 294, 500
in sixteenth-century London, 231–2
stage-coaches, 680
steamboats, 679
Sunday, 643
taxicabs, 656
traffic jam, 652
tramcars, 656–7
transport workers strike, 695
trolley-buses, 657
travel, alehouses, 79
dangers of, 72–4
eighteenth-century, 347, 352
inns, 77–8
in large parties, 74
mail-coach, 354
pilgrims, 79–80
railway opens opportunity for, 648
rich households, 76–7
royal household, 75–6
servants and masters, 507
by train, 649–50
trees, 198, 254, 329–30
truck system, 587, 646
Tunbridge Wells, 294, 295
turnpikes, 350–52 umbrellas, 342–3
unemployment, agriculture, 469, 490, 564
between First and Second World Wars, 695, 696–7, 699
early nineteenth-century, 489
fear of, 592
seventeenth-century, 284
sheep farming, 173
in Tudor times, 176, 177, 178
unemployment benefit, 696–7
universities (see also education, Cambridge and Oxford), 458–61
age of students on entry, 135
begging scholars, 183
curriculum in eighteenth century, 458
duration of courses, 134–5
expense, 133–4
football, 623
medicine, 155, 157
Officer Training Corps, 690
poor scholars, 134, 135, 277–8
theology, 136
utensils (see also tools), drinking, 11, 376
kitchen, 336
mediaeval cottagers’ domestic, 19
mediaeval dining, 5, 6, 13, 133
roasting jack, 523–4
table silver, 202, 285
washing, 132
vagabonds, criminals, 179–80, 184–5
Dissolution of Monasteries, 179
enlistment in army, 671, 672
legislation, 182–3, 185
number in seventeenth-century, 255
punishment, 182, 183
roaming, 179–80
skills and tricks, 181
Statute of
Liveries responsible for, 178
at theatre, 240, 242
vermin, 335, 355, 403, 573, 595
vineyards, 11, 200
visiting cards, 614–15
Vyne, the, 197
Wadley, 201
wages and salaries, between First and Second
World Wars, 694, 697, 698
Chartists’ demands, 494
Combination Acts, 480
fee for inoculation, 433
fixed rates, 176
increase during First World War, 691
inequality between men’s and women’s, 704
inflation after Black Death, 34
Luddism and, 484
paid in food and drink, 53
perquisites supplement, 468, 472
Poor Law. Amendment Act, 492
prices and, 254
riots over, 490–91
Royal Commission on Equal Pay, 709
seventeenth-century, 255, 257–8, 284–5
Tolpuddle Martyrs, 492
in various trades and professions: actors, 91, 246, 420, 421, 631
agriculture, 177–8, 471, 558, 559, 562, 563, 564, 565, 697
army, 672
chain- and nail-making, 587
children at industrial charity schools, 451
children in pottery factories, 594
chimney sweeps, 596
clergy, 192–3, 310–11, 312, 608
clerks, 609
clothworkers, 482
coalminers, 468, 585, 587
costermongers’ earnings, 528–9
domestic servants, 503, 505, 512, 513, 612
dentists, 446
eighteenth century labourers, 472
factory workers, 699
footballers, 624
framework knitters, 483
hired labourers, 177–8
household staff at Woburn, 290
lead miners, 305
male manual workers, 684
mediaeval doctors, 150
mediaeval peasants, 27, 28, 31
messengers, 68
Metropolitan Police, 664–5
miners, 699
minstrels, 95
navvies, 645
nineteenth century London labouring classes, 571–2
paviour, 103
Pepys, 285
porters, 70
pottery workers, 699
Prince Regent’s chef, 499
prostitutes, 409, 638
Sarah Mapp, 429
schoolmasters and tutors, 119–20, 268, 451
shop assistants, 520
sixteenth-century workers, 234
Sydney Smith, 312
tailoring sweat-shop workers, 592
water-cress seller, 530
weavers and knitters, 577
whipping boy, 113
women labourers, 468
Wakefield, 91, 302, 304, 670
Walsingham, 80, 110, 111
Wanstead, 324
Wardour Old Castle, 195
Warwick Castle, 512
watch and ward, 100, 101
water supply, Chester, 300
disease, 436, 440
drinking, 288
and health standards, 707
house sites, 332
Ingatestone, 205
London slums, 573
mediaeval, 103
north London, 231
piped, 676
pollution, 165
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