by John Egerton
15.17 Ira De A. Reid, W. E. B. Du Bois (Archives and Special Collections, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center)
15.18 Lillian Smith, Mary McLeod Bethune, Eleanor Roosevelt (Washington Star collection, District of Columbia Public Library)
15.19 FDR’s funeral train (Atlanta Journal and Constitution)
Photographs following this page
24.1 Ralph McGill, Carl Sandburg (Photograph by Kenneth Rogers for the Atlanta Journal and Constitution Magazine)
24.2 Lucy Randolph Mason, Paul Christopher (Southern Labor History Archives, Georgia State University)
24.3 Columbia, Tennessee, disturbance (Nashville Banner)
24.4 Athens, Tennessee, disturbance—two scenes (Nashville Banner)
24.5 Herman Talmadge bill-signing (Atlanta Journal and Constitution)
24.6 Isaac Woodard (Amsterdam News photograph: Georgia State University Archives)
24.7 Walter White, Albert Harris (South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina)
24.8 Klansman in robe (Stetson Kennedy papers, Georgia State University Library)
24.9 Ellis Arnall, Stetson Kennedy (Photograph by John DeBiase for the New York newspaper PM: Courtesy of Stetson Kennedy)
24.10 Paul Robeson (South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina)
24.11 Duke Ellington (Royal collection, Photographic Archives, Ekstrom Library, University of Louisville)
24.12 J. Waties Waring and friends (Waring papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University Library)
24.13 Greenville, South Carolina, lynch trial (Photograph by Ed Clark: Life magazine)
24.14 Clark Foreman, John Henry Faulk, Henry Wallace, James Dombrowski (Faulk papers, Center for American History, University of Texas)
24.15 Frank Sinatra, Joe Louis, others (Archives and Special Collections, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center)
24.16 Southern Conference for Human Welfare officers (Southern Patriot, February 1946: Tennessee State Library and Archives)
24.17 Monticello gathering (Southern Patriot, December 1948: Tennessee State Library and Archives)
24.18 J. William Fulbright (Historical Office, U.S. Senate)
24.19 Estes Kefauver (Historical Office, U.S. Senate)
24.20 Lyndon B. Johnson, Tom C. Clark (Lyndon Baines Johnson Library)
24.21 Francis Pickens Miller (Washington Star collection, District of Columbia Public Library)
24.22 E. H. Crump (Nashville Tennessean)
24.23 Truman Civil Rights Committee (Dorothy R. Tilly papers, Special Collections, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University)
24.24 Truman and Barkley campaigning (Jonathan Daniels papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina)
24.25 Truman speech to NAACP (Photograph by Abbie Rowe, National Park Service: Harry S. Truman Library)
24.26 Truman with Claude Pepper, George Smathers (U.S. Navy photograph: Harry S. Truman Library)
24.27 Blacks voting in Columbia (South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina)
24.28 Theodore S. Bilbo (Photograph by Harris & Ewing: Washington Star collections, District of Columbia Public Library)
24.29 Henry Wallace campaigning in the South (Memphis Press-Scimitar photograph: Special Collections, Memphis State University Library)
24.30 Dixiecrat convention (Courtesy of Stefan Lorant)
24.31 Strom Thurmond, Fielding Wright (Godwin Advertising collection, Mississippi State University)
24.32 Frank Porter Graham, Kerr Scott (Raleigh News & Observer photograph: North Carolina Division of Archives and History)
24.33 Frank Porter Graham campaigning (North Carolina Division of Archives and History)
Photographs following this page
33.1 Harry Ashmore (Photograph by Rodney Dungan, Arkansas Gazette: Courtesy of Harry Ashmore)
33.2 Hodding Carter (Carter papers, Special Collections, Mississippi State University Library)
33.3 Edwin Embree, George Streator (Julius Rosenwald papers, Special Collections, Fisk University Library)
33.4 W. E. B. Du Bois (Photograph by Carl Van Vechten: Special Collections, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center)
33.5 Benjamin E. Mays (Skip Mason, Digging It Up, Atlanta)
33.6 John H. McCray (South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina)
33.7 Clarendon County plaintiffs (South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina)
33.8 James O. Eastland, Strom Thurmond (Historical Office, U.S. Senate)
33.9 Kenneth D. McKellar (Nashville Banner)
33.10 Albert Gore, Sr. (Photograph by Joe Rudis: Nashville Tennessean)
33.11 Highlander billboard (Photograph by Dale Ernsberger: Nashville Tennessean)
33.12 James E. Folsom (Wayne Greenhaw and the Alabama Department of Archives and History)
33.13 Legal Defense Fund in Richmond (Courtesy of Oliver W. Hill)
33.14 Southern Regional Council (Photograph by Paul Christopher: Charles S. Johnson papers, Special Collections, Fisk University Library)
33.15 President Eisenhower, Walter White (Photograph by Harris & Ewing: Washington Star collection, District of Columbia Public Library)
33.16 Supreme Court justices (Special Collections, University of Kentucky Library)
33.17 Rosa Parks, Myles Horton (Nashville Banner)
Annotated Bibliography
Including Books, Dissertations and Theses,
Government Documents, and Reference Works
Abram, Morris B. The Day Is Short: An Autobiography. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982.
Adams, Frank T. Unearthing Seeds of Fire: The Idea of Highlander. Winston-Salem: Blair, 1975. (On Myles Horton and the Highlander Folk School.)
_____. James Dombrowski: An American Heretic, 1897–1983. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992.
Ader, Emile B. The Dixiecrat Movement: Its Role in Third Party Politics. Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1955. (A short and relatively contemporaneous analysis of why the Dixiecrats failed to capture the South.)
Agar, Herbert, and Allen Tate, eds. Who Owns America? A New Declaration of Independence. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1936. (Eight of the Vanderbilt Agrarians and thirteen others contributed to this follow-up of sorts to the 1930 Agrarian Manifesto.)
Agee, James, and Walker Evans. Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1941.
Allred, William Clifton, Jr. “The Southern Regional Council, 1943–1961.” Master’s thesis, Emory University, 1966.
Alsop, Joseph, and Turner Catledge. The 168 Days. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1938. (An account of the six-month struggle between FDR and Congress over the President’s plan to enlarge the Supreme Court.)
Anderson, Jervis. A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.
Anderson, Sherwood. Puzzled America. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1935. Reprint, Mamaroneck, N.Y.: Paul P. Appel, 1970. (Sketches of America in the mid-1930s by the noted novelist-journalist-activist.)
Anderson, William. The Wild Man of Sugar Creek: The Political Career of Eugene Talmadge. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1975.
Angelou, Maya. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. New York: Random House, 1969. (The poet’s autobiography, beginning with her growing-up years in rural Arkansas in the 1930s.)
Aptheker, Herbert, ed. Against Racism: Unpublished Essays, Papers, Addresses, 1887–1961. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1985.
Arnall, Ellis Gibbs. The Shore Dimly Seen. New York: Acclaim, 1946. (The Georgia governor’s postwar vision of the South, largely ghost-written by journalist DeWitt Roberts.)
Arnow, Harriette. The Dollmaker. New York: Macmillan, 1954. (A novel about a Kentucky mountain family’s experiences living and working in Detroit during World War II.)
Ashby, Warren. Frank Porter Graham: Southern Liberal. Winston-Salem: Blair, 1980.
Ashmore, Harry S.
An Epitaph for Dixie. New York: W. W. Norton, 1958. (Early reporting and analysis of the civil rights struggle.)
_____. Hearts and Minds: The Anatomy of Racism from Roosevelt to Reagan. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982. Updated and revised, Cabin John, Md.: Seven Locks Press, 1988. (The revised edition has a different subtitle: A Personal Chronicle of Race in America.)
_____. Civil Rights and Wrongs: A Memoir of Race and Politics, 1944–1994. New York: Pantheon, 1994.
Bailey, Thomas Pearce. Race Orthodoxy in the South: And Other Aspects of the Negro Question. New York: Neale, 1914.
Baldwin, Sidney. Poverty and Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Farm Security Administration. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968.
Bardolph, Richard. The Negro Vanguard. New York: Rinehart, 1959. (Profiles and character sketches of prominent blacks in American history.)
_____. The Civil Rights Record: Black Americans and the Law, 1849–1970. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1970.
Barnard, William D. Dixiecrats and Democrats: Alabama Politics, 1942–1950. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1974.
Barnes, Catherine A. Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.
Bartley, Numan V. The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South During the 1950’s. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969.
_____, ed. The Evolution of Southern Culture. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988. Bartley, Numan V., and Hugh Davis Graham. Southern Politics and the Second Reconstruction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975.
Bass, Jack. Unlikely Heroes: The Dramatic Story of the Southern Judges of the Fifth Circuit Who Translated the Supreme Court’s Brown Decision into a Revolution for Equality. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981.
_____. Taming the Storm: The Life and Times of Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr., and the South’s Fight over Civil Rights. New York: Doubleday, 1993.
Bass, Jack, and Walter DeVries. The Transformation of Southern Politics: Social Change and Political Consequence Since 1945. New York: Basic Books, 1976.
Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock. New York: McKay, 1962. (Memoir of the 1950s racial crisis.)
Beckham, Sue Bridwell. Depression Post Office Murals and Southern Culture: A Gentle Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989. (Public art in the New Deal era.)
Belfrage, Cedric. South of God. New York: Modern Age, 1941. (Biography of Claude Williams, a Southern white radical.)
Bendiner, Robert. Just Around the Corner: A Highly Selective History of the Thirties. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
Bennett, Lerone, Jr. Before the Mayflower: A History of the Negro in America, 1619–1964. Chicago: Johnson, 1962. Revised edition, Baltimore: Penguin, 1966.
_____. Confrontation: Black and White. Chicago: Johnson, 1965.
Bergreen, Lawrence. James Agee: A Life. New York: Dutton, 1984.
Berman, William C. The Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1970.
Bernstein, Carl. Loyalties: A Son’s Memoir. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989. (Concerning, in part, the virus of postwar anticommunism.)
Berry, Wendell. The Hidden Wound. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970. (An essay on white attitudes about race by a Kentucky writer and farmer.)
Beth, Loren P. John Marshall Harlan: The Last Whig Justice. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1992.
Bilbo, Theodore G. Take Your Choice: Separation or Mongrelization. Poplarville, Miss.: Dream House, 1947. Self-published call to arms by the notoriously racist senator from Mississippi.)
Black, Earl. Southern Governors and Civil Rights: Racial Segregation as a Campaign Issue in the Second Reconstruction. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.
Black, Earl, and Merle Black. Politics and Society in the South. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987.
_____. The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987.
Blair, Lewis H. A Southern Prophecy: The Prosperity of the South Dependent upon the Elevation of the Negro. Boston: Little, Brown, 1964. (An 1889 volume, edited with a new introduction by C. Vann Woodward.)
Bledsoe, Thomas. Or We’ll All Hang Separately: The Highlander Idea. Boston: Beacon, 1969. (The earliest of several books about the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee.)
Bogardus, Ralph F., and Fred Hobson, eds. Literature at the Barricades: The American Writer in the 1930s. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1982. (Among the essays: Louis D. Rubin, Jr., on Southern literature and the depression, and Jack B. Moore on Richard Wright as a Southern writer.)
Bolte, Charles G. The New Veteran. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1945. (This volume outlines the need for and aims of the American Veterans Committee.)
Bond, Horace Mann. The Education of the Negro in the American Social Order. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1934.
Bontemps, Arna. Black Thunder. New York: Macmillan, 1936. (novel)
_____. 100 Years of Negro Freedom. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1961.
Bourke-White, Margaret. Portrait of Myself. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1963. (This book deals in part with Bourke-White’s marriage to Erskine Caldwell.)
Bowles, Billy, and Remer Tyson. They Love a Man in the Country: Saints and Sinners in the South. Atlanta: Peachtree, 1989. (Profiles of Southern political characters.)
Boyle, Sarah Patton. The Desegregated Heart: A Virginian’s Stand in Time of Transition. New York: Morrow, 1962.
Braden, Anne. The Wall Between. New York: Monthly Review, 1958. (Anne and Carl Braden, white, and Charlotte and Andrew Wade, black, battle against segregated housing in Louisville, 1954.)
Brady, Tom P. Black Monday. Winona, Miss.: Association of Citizens’ Councils, 1955. (A Mississippi circuit judge’s thundering denunciation of the Supreme Court’s school desegregation decision.)
Branch, Taylor. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–1963. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.
Brinkley, David. Washington Goes to War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988. (The nation’s capital in the 1940s.)
Brisbane, Robert H. The Black Vanguard: Origins of the Negro Social Revolution, 1900–1960. Valley Forge, Pa.: Judson, 1970.
Brooks, Thomas R. Walls Come Tumbling Down: A History of the Civil Rights Movement, 1940–1970. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1974.
Brown, Sterling A. Southern Road. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1932. (A volume of poetry.)
Brown, Sterling A., Arthur P. Davis, and Ulysses Lee, eds. The Negro Caravan: Writings by American Negroes. New York: Dryden, 1941.
Buck, Pearl. My Several Worlds. New York: John Day, 1954. (The autobiography of the West Virginia–born, Virginia-educated author.)
Bunche, Ralph J. The Political Status of the Negro in the Age of FDR. Edited with an introduction by Dewey W. Grantham. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973. (Previously unpublished working papers of Bunche, a principal investigator for Gunnar Myrdal on his American Dilemma project, 1938–1944.)
Burk, Robert Fredrick. The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984.
Burrows, Edward F. “The Commission on Interracial Cooperation, 1914–1944.” Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1955.
Byrnes, James F. All in One Lifetime. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958. (An autobiography.)
Cable, George W. The Silent South. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1885. (Early liberal thought on Southern social issues.)
Caldwell, Erskine. Deep South: Memory and Observation. New York: Weybright & Talley, 1968. (An autobiography, part of which was originally published in England under the title In the Shadow of the Steeple.)
Caldwell, Erskine, and Margaret Bourke-White. You Have Seen Their Faces. New York: Viking/Modern Age, 1937. (The depression-era South in words and photographs.)
Campbell, Edward D. C., Jr. The Celluloid South: Hollywood and the
Southern Myth. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1981.
Campbell, Will D. Brother to a Dragonfly. New York: Seabury, 1977. (A Mississippi writer recounts the separate paths he and his brother took out of the depression and into recent times.)
_____. Providence. Atlanta: Longstreet, 1992. (The story of Providence Cooperative Farm in Mississippi.)
Carawan, Guy, and Candie Carawan. Voices from the Mountains. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975. (Life and struggle in the Appalachian South, captured in words, photographs, and songs.)
Carmer, Carl. Stars Fell on Alabama. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1934. Reprint, with a new introduction by J. Wayne Flynt, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1985. (A diplomatically critical portrait of the time and place.)
Caro, Robert A. The Years of Lyndon Johnson. 2 vols. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982, 1990.
Carpenter, Ronnie J. “Hodding Carter, Jr., and the Race Issue.” Master’s thesis, Louisiana State University, 1983.
Carter, Dan T. Scottsboro: A Tragedy of the American South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969. Enlarged and revised edition, 1979.
Carter, Hodding. The Winds of Fear. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1944. (fiction)
_____. Southern Legacy. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1950.
_____. Where Main Street Meets the River. New York: Rinehart, 1953.
_____. First Person Rural. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1963.
Carter, Paul A. The Decline and Revival of the Social Gospel: Social and Political Liberalism in American Protestant Churches, 1920–1940. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1954.
Cash, W. J. The Mind of the South. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941.
Cashman, Sean Dennis. African-Americans and the Quest for Civil Rights, 1900–1990. New York: New York University Press, 1991.
Cason, Clarence. 90° in the Shade. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1934. Reissued, with a new introduction by J. Wayne Flynt, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1983. (Observations and interpretations by a sensitive native Alabamian.)
Catledge, Turner. My Life and “The Times.” New York: Harper & Row, 1971. (A memoir by a Southerner and longtime managing editor of the New York Times.)