25.C. E. Borchgrevink, First on the Antarctic Continent, Being an Account of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1898–1900 (London: George Newnes, 1901), 242–45.
26.William G. FitzGerald, “Mr. C. E. Borchgrevink,” Strand Magazine, September 1900, 238.
27.Borchgrevink, First on the Antarctic, 280.
28.G. Allen Mawer, South by Northwest: The Magnetic Crusade and the Contest for Antarctica (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2006), 166.
29.Borchgrevink, First on the Antarctic, 245.
30.J. Austin Hussey to H. R. Mill, July 27, 1922, Scott Polar Research Institute, MS 100/49/3 D, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (hereafter cited as SPRI).
31.J. Austin Hussey to H. R. Mill, May 15, 1922, MS 100/49/1 D, SPRI.
32.Edward Wilson, Diary of the “Discovery” Expedition to the Antarctic Regions 1901–1904 (New York: Humanities Press, 1967), 150–51.
33.Robert F. Scott, Voyage of “Discovery” (London: Smith, Elder, 1905) 2:20.
34.Ibid., 2:23.
35.Wilson, Diary of the “Discovery,” 226.
36.Ibid., 228.
37.Scott, Voyage of “Discovery,” 2:52.
38.Ibid., 2:79–80.
39.Ibid., 2:125.
40.“Antarctic Exploration,” Times (London), September 10, 1904.
41.Robert Scott to Hannah Scott, February 24, 1903, MS 1542/8/1 D, SPRI (depicting Shackleton as “a very good fellow and only fails from his constitution point of view”).
42.Scott, Voyage of “Discovery,” 2:121. See also, Robert to Hannah Scott, February 24, 1903, SPRI: “Our own journey to the South was, of course, the severest, the distance travelled was the longest, the time longest, and our food allowance the least. For Wilson and myself, saddled as we were with an invalid for three weeks at the end, it was especially trying.”
43.G. W. Gregory, “The Work of the National Antarctic Expedition,” Nature 63 (1901): 610–11.
44.Robert to Hannah Scott, February 24, 1903, SPRI.
45.David Branagan, T. W. Edgeworth David: A Life (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 2005), 19.
46.“Man and the Great Ice Age,” Sydney Morning Herald, August 29, 1893.
47.Diary of Cara David, June 23, 1897, David Family Papers, MS 8890, National Library of Australia, Canberra.
48.Douglas Mawson to Margery Fisher, [1956?], Mawson Papers, 5.1.54 (48 DM), South Australian Museum, Adelaide.
49.Ernest Shackleton to Emily Shackleton, January 22, 1908, MS 1581/1/3 D, SPRI.
50.Douglas Mawson to Edgeworth David, September 28, 1907, Correspondence of Douglas Mawson, MS 3022/1, Mitchell State Library of New South Wales, Sydney.
51.For example, one earlier article wrote about David, “Professor David is a young man, pale and studious in appearance. He is possessed of a lively sense of the duties and responsibilities of his position.” [“T. W. E. David,” Illustrated Sydney News, December 16, 1893.] In these respects, except for growing older, David never changed.
52.Paquita Mawson, Mawson of the Antarctic: The Life of Sir Douglas Mawson (London: Longmans, 1964), 23 (quoting J. W. Turner).
53.Philip Ayres, Mawson: A Life (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1999), 209 (quoting Mawson).
54.Ibid.
55.D. Mawson, “The Geology of the New Hebrides,” Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, pt. 3 (October 25, 1905): 402.
56.D. Mawson, “Preliminary Note on the Geology of the New Hebrides,” Reports of the Australian Association for the Advancement of Science 10 (1904): 214.
57.Mawson, Mawson of the Antarctic, 27.
58.“Yesterday’s Celebrations,” Sunday Times (Sydney), May 7, 1905.
59.Mawson, Mawson of the Antarctic, 27 (quoting H. G. Foxall).
60.Douglas Mawson to Margery Fisher, [1956?], Mawson Papers.
Chapter 4: The Great Game
1.“Proceedings of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society,” Scottish Geographical Magazine 24 (1908): 95.
2.Mirella Tenderini and Michael Shandrick, The Duke of the Abruzzi: An Explorer’s Life (Seattle: Mountaineers Books, 1997), 87. See also “Duke of the Abruzzi’s Visit,” Glasgow Herald, December 21, 1907, which quoted the lord provost’s toast to the duke on behalf of the townspeople of Glasgow: “That second highest peak of the Himalayas was still unclimbed, and either in connection with that, or some other expedition that would be of advantage to science and geography, they gave him their heartiest wishes.”
3.“Proceedings of the Royal Scottish,” 95.
4.William Wordsworth, “The Prelude, Book Sixth: Cambridge and the Alps,” lines 524–25, 529–30, 542–45.
5.Samuel Taylor Coleridge, “Hymn before Sun-rise, in the Vale of Chamouni,” lines 3, 13–16, 26.
6.Mary Shelley, ed. The Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, Essays and Letters Volume (London: Edward Moxon, 1874), 100.
7.Mary Shelley, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (London: Lackington at al., 1818), 256–57.
8.Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Mont Blanc: Lines Written in the Vale of Chamouni,” lines 35-36, 80–84.
9.Lord Byron, Manfred: A Dramatic Poem (London: Murray, 1817), 10.
10.Albert Richard Smith, The Natural History of the Gent (London: David Bogue, 1847), 22–23.
11.C. G. Floyd, “The Ascent of Mount Blanc,” Times (London), August 26, 1851.
12.Ibid.
13.Albert Smith, “Ascent of Mont Blanc,” Times (London), August 20, 1851.
14.“The Ascent of Mount Blanc,” Times (London), November 30, 1852.
15.Ibid.
16.A Tourist, “To the Editor of the Times,” Times (London), September 5, 1854.
17.Peter H. Hansen, “Albert Smith, the Alpine Club, and the Invention of Mountaineering in Mid-Victorian Britain,” Journal of British Studies 34 (1995): 310 (quoting a club officer who then, to illustrate his meaning, purportedly pointed at a workman outside the association’s Saville Row clubhouse and sneered, “I mean that we would never elect that fellow even if he were the finest climber in the world.”)
18.“London, Monday, October 6, 1856,” Times (London), October 6, 1856.
19.Roger W. Patillo, The Canadian Rockies: Pioneers, Legends and True Tales (Aldergrove, B.C.: Amberlea, 2005), 176.
20.Edward Whymper, Scrambles Among the Alps in the Years 1860–’69 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1872), 148.
21.Ibid., 151.
22.Ibid., 152.
23.Ibid., 153.
24.Edward Whymper, “The Matterhorn Accident,” Times (London), August 9, 1865.
25.“London, Thursday, July 27, 1865,” Times (London), July 27, 1865.
26.Charles Dickens, “Foreign Climbs,” All the Year Round 14, 1865, 137.
27.E. T. Cook and Alexander Wedderburn, eds., The Works of John Ruskin (London: George Allen, 1905), 18:21.
28.Ibid., 18:90.
29.Anthony Trollope, Traveling Sketches (London: Chapman & Hall, 1866), 90–91.
30.H. B. George, The Oberland and its Glaciers: Explored and Illustrated with Ice-Axe and Camera (London: A. W. Bennett, 1866), 197.
31.“London: July 29, 1865,” Illustrated London News, July 29, 1865.
32.Theodore Roosevelt to Anna Roosevelt, August 5, 1881, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, MS Am 1834 (187), Harvard College Libraries.
33.Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra, a Book for All and None, trans. Alexander Tille (London: Allen & Unwin, 1908), 86. Later English translations restructured this famous sentence, but this version was the standard English one in 1909, having been published in New York in 1896 and London in 1908, and thus likely the one that Roosevelt and Churchill read.
34.Leslie Stephen, “Alpine Climbing,” in British Sports and Pastimes, 1868, ed. Anthony Trollope (London: Virtue, 1968), 274–75.
35.Roderick Impey Murchison, “Address to the Royal Geographical Society of London,” Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 22 (1852): cxxiii–cxxiv.
36.“Livingstone,” New York Herald, July 2, 1872.
37.H. M. Stanley, “The Uganda Protectorate, Ruwenzori, and the Semliki Forest: Discussion,” Geographical Journal 19 (1902): 40.
38.Duke of the Abruzzi, “The Snows of the Nile,” Geographical Journal 29 (1907): 133–34.
39.Ibid., 135.
40.Ibid., 138–39.
41.“The Ascent of Ruwenzori,” Times (London), January 9, 1907.
42.“London, Wednesday, January 9, 1907,” Times (London), January 9, 1907 (quoting the Roman newspaper Tribuna).
43.“Duke of the Abruzzi Conquers the Mountains of the Moon,” New York Times, October 7, 1906.
44.“The Snows of the Nile: Discussion,” Geographical Journal 29 (1907): 147.
45.See, for example, Martin Conway, “The Duke of the Abruzzi’s Climb,” The Speaker, January 19, 1907, 466 (“As an amateur [the duke] ranks among the best and is so recognized in the confraternity of mountaineers”) and Tenderini and Shadrick, Duke of the Abruzzi, 86, which quotes Edward Whymper’s comment that, although the Ruwenzori could have been climbed by a less skilled mountaineer, the duke contributed “the perfect management, the adoption of the right means to attain the ends, and the completeness of the manner in which the results were attained.”
46.“Italian Warship Brings Royal Duke,” New York Times, May 26, 1907.
47.“Warship Visited by Eager Crowds,” New York Times, May 31, 1907.
48.“Duke D’Abruzzi Alpine Club Guest,” New York Times, May 29, 1907.
Chapter 5: The Peary Way
1.“Holiday Throngs Visit Peary’s Ship,” New York Times, July 5, 1908.
2.“Bids Peary Goodby: President and His Family Inspect Roosevelt before She Sails,” New York Tribune, July 8, 1908.
3.Theodore Roosevelt to Daniel Coit Gilman, December 18, 1903, in The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. Elting E. Morison (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951), 3:671.
4.Theodore Roosevelt to R. E. Peary, September 9, 1903, Theodore Roosevelt Papers, reel 332, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
5.Wally Herbert, The Noose of Laurels: Robert E. Peary and the Race to the North Pole (New York: Atheneum, 1989), 156.
6.R. E. Peary, [Cullun Geographical Medal Acceptance Speech], Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 29 (1897): 121.
7.Theodore Roosevelt to Walter Wellman, March 17, 1898, in Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 1:796.
8.Theodore Roosevelt to Cecil Arthur Spring Rice, April 11, 1908, in Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 6:796.
9.“Presentation to Commander Peary,” Report of the Eighth International Geographic Congress (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1905), 111.
10.“Resolutions Adopted by the Eighth International Geographic Congress,” Eighth International Geographic Congress, 107.
11.Robert E. Peary, “Address of the President of the Congress,” Eighth International Geographic Congress, 77, 79.
12.Ibid., 78, 80.
13.R. A. Harris, “Evidences of Land Near the North Pole,” Eighth International Geographic Congress, 397.
14.Frederick A. Cook, “A Comparative View of the Arctic and Antarctic,” Eighth International Geographic Congress, 708.
15.Frederick A. Cook, “Results of a Journey Around Mount McKinley,” Eighth International Geographic Congress, 762.
16.Cook titled his book about climbing on Denali “To the Top of the Continent.” Frederick A. Cook, To the Top of the Continent: Discovery, Exploration and Adventure in Sub-arctic Alaska (New York: Doubleday, 1908).
17.Frederick A. Cook, “The Voyage of the Belgica,” Eighth International Geographic Congress, 710.
18.R. E. Peary, Nearest the Pole: A Narrative of the Polar Expedition of the Peary Arctic Club in the S. S. Roosevelt, 1905–1906 (New York: Doubleday, 1907), 35. Peary also called the Inuits “my people” or “my faithful people” [ibid., 25, 26].
19.Ibid., 30. Peary reported slightly higher figures three pages later [ibid., 33].
20.Ibid., 33, 40.
21.Ibid., 44–45, 49.
22.Ibid., 50.
23.With respect to his 1908–09 expedition, Peary used the phrase “Peary system.” [Robert E. Peary, “The Discovery of the North Pole,” Hampton’s Magazine, June 1910, 780.]
24.See, for example, Robert A. Bartlett, The Log of Bob Bartlett: The True Story of Forty Years of Seafaring and Exploration (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1928), 149.
25.Ibid., 117; Herbert, Noose of Laurels, 173.
26.Peary, Nearest the Pole, 105.
27.Ibid., 114.
28.Ibid., 115, 116, 118.
29.Ibid., 118, 119.
30.The numbers here are computed from Peary, Nearest the Pole, 119, 130, and “30,000 Seek to Greet Peary at his Lecture,” New York Times, December 9, 1906.
31.Peary, Nearest the Pole, 126.
32.Ibid., 127.
33.Ibid., 124.
34.Ibid., 125–30; R. E. Peary, Diary (transcription), April 5, 1906, Robert E. Peary Papers, Papers Relating to Arctic Expeditions, Ai/I-V/box 18A, National Archives (hereafter cited as Peary Papers).
35.Herbert, Noose of Laurels, 175–85.
36.Peary, Nearest the Pole, 130–32.
37.Ibid., 134; Peary, Diary (transcription), April 30, 1906, Peary Papers.
38.Peary, Nearest the Pole, 144–47.
39.Henson placed the original number of dogs on the northern journey at one hundred thirty, but Peary put the number at one hundred twenty. Compare Matthew A. Henson, A Negro Explorer at the North Pole (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1912), 13, with “Bolder Dash for Pole Next Time, Says Peary,” New York Times, November 29, 1906. Peary stated that only two of the dogs with his party survived the trip but more came back with the other parties. [Peary, Nearest the Pole, 166.]
40.Peary, Nearest the Pole, 228.
41.Ibid., 234.
42.Ibid., 190.
43.Ibid., 280.
44.Compare Peary, Nearest the Pole, 235–36, with Robert A. Bartlett, The Log of Bob Bartlett (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1928), 164–65.
45.Bartlett, Log of Bob Bartlett, 168.
46.Ibid., 166.
47.Henson, A Negro Explorer, 13.
48.“30,000 Seek to Greet Peary at his Lecture,” New York Times, December 9, 1906.
49.Ibid; see also “Peary Takes Audience on Trip to the Pole,” New York Times, December 13, 1906 (Peary Arctic Club dinner); “Jesup Disappointed,” New York Times, November 3, 1906 (expressing initial disappointment).
50.“President Praises Peary’s Hardy Virtue,” New York Times, December 16, 1906.
51.Peary, Nearest the Pole, ix–xi. (Roosevelt’s presentation speech and Peary’s acceptance speech are reprinted in this book.)
52.“Peary Gets D.K.E. Flag to Plant at the Pole,” New York Times, January 17, 1907.
53.Herbert, Noose of Laurels, 204.
54.“Bolder Dash for Pole Next Time, Says Peary,” New York Times, November 29, 1906; “Peary Ready for another Pole Dash,” New York Times, April 10, 1907.
55.“Peary Ready to Start but Still Lacks $4,000 of the Money He Wants,” New York Tribune, July 6, 1908.
56.“Commander Peary Again to Seek the Pole,” The New York Times Magazine, March 8, 1908.
57.“To Try New Route to Pole,” New York Times, October 5, 1907.
58.“Dr. Cook’s Feat Doubted,” New York Times, November 10, 1907.
59.In his letter to Theodore Roosevelt, for example, Peary informed the president that “John R. Bradley, Cook’s backer in this enterprise, . . . is a well-known gambler, known in certain circles as ‘Gambler Jim’” and went on to suggest that Bradley was “a card sharp” and allowed both men and women to gamble at his Palm Beach casino. [Robert E. Peary to Theodore Roosevelt, July 15, 1908, Letters and Telegrams Sent 1908, P/1/box 11, Peary Papers.]
60.“Dr. Cook’s Experiment,” New York Times, October 4, 1907.
61.Robert E. Peary to Robert A. Bartlett, July 4, 1908, Letters and Telegrams Sent 1908 (telegram), Peary Papers.
; 62.Bartlett, Log of Bob Bartlett, 183.
63.Compiled from “Roosevelt Bids Peary Godspeed,” New York Times, July 8, 1908; “Bids Peary Goodby: President and His Family Inspect Roosevelt before She Sails,” New York Tribune, July 8, 1908; Robert E. Peary, The North Pole: Its Discovery Under the Auspices of the Peary Arctic Club (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1910), 27. Bartlett noted Roosevelt’s “glistening teeth” [Bartlett, Log of Bob Bartlett, 183].
Chapter 6: Beyond the Screaming Sixties
1.“The King and the Nimrod,” Citizen (Gloucester), August 5, 1907. As implied by the text, the king’s question is quoted in the article; Shackleton’s reply is suggested in it. See also “The King and the Home Fleet,” Times (London), August 5, 1907.
2.“The King and the South Pole,” Daily Mail (London), August 5, 1907.
3.“Dash for the Pole,” Waggo Waggo Express (New South Wales), November 28, 1907.
4.“To the South Pole,” Clarence River Advocate, November 23, 1907.
5.Ernest Shackleton to Emily Shackleton, February 12, 1907, Scott Polar Research Institute, MS 1537/2/12/15 D, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (hereafter cited as SPRI).
6.Emily Shackleton to Hugh Robert Mills, March 27, 1922, MS 100/104/4 D, SPRI (“I adopted Browning’s ‘principle’ that a man contends to the uttermost for his life’s set prize be it what it may”).
7.Ernest Shackleton to Hugh Robert Mills, December 26, 1906, MS 100/106/9 D, SPRI.
8.“New British Expedition to the South Pole,” Times (London), February 12, 1907.
9.Ibid. For the circular, see Ernest H. Shackleton, “Plans for an Antarctic Expedition,” MS 1456/13 D, SPRI. The circular describes the expedition as “mainly for the purpose of reaching the Geographical South Pole, and the South Magnetic Pole, and incidentally to do scientific work in the fields of Magnetism, Meteorology, Biology, and Geology.” This circular reflected Shackleton’s view and the common assumption that the south geographic pole lay roughly at sea level on the Ross Ice Shelf and the south magnetic pole was on the lofty Polar Plateau. It also spoke of using “dogs, ponies, and a specially designed motor car” to reach the two poles. Although the circular is not dated, polar historian Beau Riffenburgh estimated that Shackleton wrote it around January 1906. [Beau Riffenburgh, Shackleton’s Forgotten Expedition: The Voyage of the Nimrod (London: Bloomsbury, 2004), 103.]
To the Edges of the Earth Page 32