27. Gauss to Hull, January 6, 1943, FRUS 1943: China, 842.
28. Gauss to Hull, January 7, 1943, FRUS 1943: China, 842–843.
29. Sumner Wells, undersecretary of state, memorandum of conversation, March 29, 1943, FRUS 1943: China, 845.
30. U.S. Office of War, “Background on Formosa,” memorandum no. S-3418, ca. 1942, United States Office of War Information Miscellaneous Records, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, Box 1.
31. Da Gong Bao, May 15, 1943, 2.
32. See George H. Kerr, Formosa Betrayed (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), xii, 12–13.
33. Ibid., 18–19.
34. Ibid., 19.
35. Ibid.
36. Douglas J. MacEachin, The Final Months of the War with Japan: Signals Intelligence, U.S. Invasion Planning, and the A-Bomb Decision (Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 1998), 1–5.
37. For more about the Manchurian issue during and after World War II, see, for example, Donald G. Gillin and Ramon H. Myers, eds., Last Chance in Manchuria: The Diary of Chang Kia-ngau (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1989), and John W. Garver, Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), esp. chapter 7.
38. Research and Analysis Branch of Central Information Division, OSS, Special Report on Formosa, January 15, 1944, NARA, RG 226, Entry 210, Box 178; U.S. Joint Strategic Services Committee, “Strategy in the Pacific,” memorandum, February 16, 1944, RG 218, Records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Geographical File 1942–1945, Entry 1, 190:1; Joint Military Transportation Committee, “Amended Shipping Requirements for Pacific Operations,” memorandum, March 14, 1944, RG 218, Records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Geographical File 1942–1945, Entry 1, 190:1.
39. U.S. Joint Intelligence Committee, “Japanese Reactions to an Operation Aimed at the Capture of Formosa,” memorandum, March 3, 1944, NARA, RG 218, Entry 1, 190:1.
40. For a detailed discussion on American planning for Taiwan before the Japanese surrender, see Leonard Gordon, “American Planning for Taiwan, 1942–1945,” Pacific Historical Review, 37 no. 2 (1968): 201–228.
41. U.S. Chief of Naval Operations, “Mounting an Invasion Force for Luzon-Formosa-China Area,” memorandum, March 11, 1944, NARA, RG 218, Entry 2, 190:1.
42. Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, 29–30.
43. Office of the Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Intelligence, Formosa: Interim Report, February 1944, NARA, RG 319, Records of the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff (319.9), Box 1880.
44. Naval School of Military Government and Administration (New York), “Taiwan and the Development of Hainan Island,” ca. December 1943, George H. Kerr Papers, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, Box 5.
45. Office of the Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Intelligence, “Hainan Island: Supplement to Interim Report of September 1943,” July 1944, NARA, RG 319, Box 1881.
46. Research and Analysis Branch of Central Information Division, OSS, Special Report on Formosa, January 15, 1944, NARA, RG 226, Entry 210, Box 178; U.S. Joint Psychological Warfare Committee, “Seizure and Occupation of Formosa,” memorandum, May 16, 1944, RG 218, Entry 2, 190:1.
47. For more about the Taiwan-Luzon controversy during the war, see, for example, William B. Hopkins, The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players that Won the War (Minneapolis, MN: Zenith, 2008), 237–248; William Manchester, American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur, 1880–1964 (London: Little, Brown, 1978), 374–458.
48. Gordon, “American Planning for Taiwan,” 222–223.
49. Samuel Eliot Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, vol. 8, The Liberation of the Philippines, 1944–1945 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959), 3–10.
50. Ibid., 224. See also Bernard C. Nalty, War in the Pacific: Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), 178–192.
51. Hopkins, The Pacific War, 261–271.
52. Stephen Jurika Jr., ed., From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam: The Memoirs of Admiral Arthur W. Radford (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1980), 42–44.
53. OSS, “Formosa Defense Measure,” confidential memorandum, December 12, 1944, NARA, RG 226, Entry 211, Box 4.
54. Joseph W. Ballantine, Formosa: A Problem for United States Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1952), 55–56.
55. John Service, “Chinese Communist Views Regarding Post-War Treatment of Japan,” report enclosure, September 23, 1944, FRUS 1944, vol. 6, China, 585–586.
56. “SWNCC 68 Series—National Composition of Forces to Occupy Formosa,” March 19, 1945, in State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee, ed., SWNCC Summary of Actions and Decisions, Part II, 149, July 7, 1948, NARA, RG 334, Records of Interservice Agencies, State-Army-Navy-Air Force Coordinating Committee Actions and Decisions 1947–1949, Entry 16A, Box 16.
57. OSS Far East Intelligence, “Notes No. 6,” April 2, 1945, United States Office of Strategic Services Miscellaneous Records, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, digital copy on the Hoover Archives workstation.
58. “SWNCC 53 Series—Relations of the Military Government of Formosa with China and the Chinese,” March 13, 1945, in SWNCC Summary of Actions and Decisions, Part I, 116, July 7, 1948, NARA, RG 334, Entry 16A, Box 16.
59. “SWNCC 56 Series—Japanese Investments in Formosa,” March 13, 1945, in SWNCC Summary of Actions and Decisions, Part I, 121, July 7, 1948, NARA, RG 334, Entry 16A, Box 16.
60. U.S. Joint Staff Planners, “Development of Operations in the Pacific,” memorandum, June 23, 1945, NARA, RG 218, Entry 1, 190:1.
61. Joint Chiefs of Staff, “Operational Plan for Secret Intelligence Penetration of Formosa,” memorandum, April 12, 1945, NARA, RG 218, Geographical File 1942–1945, Entry 1, 190:1. See also, Ballantine, Formosa, 56–57, and Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, 31–33.
62. “SWNCC 16/2 Series,” August 31, 1945, in SWNCC Summary of Actions and Decisions, Part I, 121, July 7, 1948, NARA, RG 334, Entry 16A, Box 16.
63. See Qin Xiaoyi, ed., Guomin Geming yu Taiwan [The national revolution and Taiwan] (Taipei, Taiwan: Jindai Zhongguo chubanshe, 1980), 142–143.
64. CKSD, diary entries for November 14, 21, and 24, 1943, Box 43.
65. For more information about Chen Yi and his political careers, see Lai Tse-han, “Chen Yi yu Min Zhe Tai Sansheng Shengzheng” [Chen Yi and the administration of Fujian, Zhejiang, and Taiwan provinces], in Zhonghua Minguo Jianguo Bashinian Xueshu Taolunji [Symposium on eighty-year history of the Republic of China], ed., Symposium Editorial Committee, vol. 4 (Taipei, Taiwan: Jindai Zhongguo chubanshe, 1991), 233–356.
66. Lin Tung-fa, Zhanhou Zhongguo de Bianju—Yi Guomindang wei Zhongxin de Tantao, 1945–1949 [Change of situation in postwar China: An investigation centered on the Kuomintang, 1945–1949] (Taipei: Taiwan Commercial Press, 2003), 238–240.
67. OSS Research and Analysis Branch of Central Information Division, “Formosa,” November 13, 1944, NARA, RG 226, Entry 210, Box 179.
68. Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, 48. For more information about Chen Yi’s trip to Taiwan, see Fujian Provincial Government, ed., Taiwan Kaocha Baogao [Survey report on Taiwan] (Fuzhou, China: Fujian Provincial Government, 1935).
69. Steven Phillips, “Between Assimilation and Independence: Taiwanese Political Aspirations under Nationalist Chinese Rule, 1945–1948,” in Taiwan: A New History, ed. Murray A. Rubinstein (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2007), 280–281. For more information about the “half-mountain people,” see Jacobs, “Taiwanese and the Chinese Nationalists,” 84–118.
70. Zhang Lisheng (secretary-general of the Executive Yuan) to Chiang Kai-shek, March 15, 1944, in Guangfu Taiwan, 41–42; Taiwan Investigation Committee minutes, July 13, 1944, in Guangfu Taiwan, 58–65.
71. See Chen Yi to Chen Lifu, May 10, 1944, and Chen Lifu to Chen Yi, July 10, 1944, in Guangfu Taiwan, 53–55.
72. CKSD, diary entry for October 13, 1945, Box 44.
73. Minutes of the Taiwan Investigation Committee, Ju
ly 21, 1944, in Guangfu Taiwan, 65–76.
74. Ibid.
75. Ibid. For more about the “half-mountain” Taiwanese point of view on governing Taiwan, see also Lu Fangshang, “Taiwan Geming Tongmenghui yu Taiwan Guangfu Yundong, 1940–1945” [The Taiwan Revolutionary League and the movement for the restoration of Taiwan, 1940–1945], in Zhongguo Xiandaishi Zhuanti Yanjiu Baogao [Report of seminar on contemporary Chinese history], ed. Research Center for Historical Materials of the Republic of China, vol. 3 (Taipei, Taiwan: Research Center for Historical Materials of the Republic of China, 1973), 255–315.
76. Chen Yi to Chiang Kai-shek, “Proposal for Taiwan’s Takeover,” October 1944, in Guangfu Taiwan, 86–96. Chiang approved the proposal in March 1945 (pp. 137–147).
77. Gauss to State Department, July 25, 1944, FRUS 1944, vol. 6, China, 1165–1166.
78. Edward Stettinius to Gauss, August 3, 1944; Gauss to Stettinius, August 28, 1944, FRUS 1944, vol. 6, China, 1166.
CHAPTER 2 ▪ A Troubled Beginning
1. OSS, Intelligence Division, “Notes on the New Governor of Formosa,” September 22, 1945, NARA, RG 226, Entry 211, Box 4.
2. OSS, “Formosa Governor Appointment,” August 22, 1945, NARA, RG 226, Entry 211, Box 4.
3. U.S. Department of the Navy, Report of Evacuation of United Nations Prisoners of War from Formosa, October 4, 1945, NARA, RG 127, Records of Marine Units, Box 25.
4. For more about Wedemeyer and the KMT-CCP confrontation in the immediate postwar period, see Albert C. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports! (New York: Henry Holt, 1958), 344–365.
5. Sir Horace Seymour (British ambassador to China) to Foreign Office, Report on Tour of Formosa 24th October~14th November, 1945, February 4, 1946, FO 371/53577, F10998/911/10.
6. Ralph J. Blake to U.S. embassy in China, Report on conditions in the Taihoku [Taipei] area, Formosa, August 30, 1945, no. 894A.00/8–3045, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 1; Research and Analysis Branch of Central Information Division, November 13, 1945, RG 226, Entry 211, Box 4.
7. Report by Taiwan Provincial Garrison Command regarding the takeover of Taiwan, April 1946, in Taiwan Guangfu he Taiwan Guangfuhou Wunian Shengqing [The Taiwan recovery and the provincial situation of the ensuing five years] ed. Chen Mingzhong and Chen Xingtang (Nanjing: Nanjing chubanshe, 1989), 1:155–162; Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, 74–75.
8. Research and Analysis Branch of Central Information Division, Report on the Political situation in Formosa, October 16, 1945, NARA, RG 226, Entry 211, Box 4.
9. Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, 73–74, 77. See also Blake, Report on Conditions in the Taihoku (Taipei) area, Formosa for similar observations.
10. Seymour, Report on Tour of Formosa.
11. C. M. Maclehose (British acting consul in Shanghai) to Foreign Office, FO 371/53671, F10998/911/10, July 29, 1946; Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, 96.
12. “SWNCC 83 Series—U.S. Policy toward China,” April 3, 1945, in SWNCC Summary of Actions and Decisions, Part 2, 167, July 7, 1948, NARA, RG 334, Entry 16A, Box 16.
13. For more information, see FRUS, 1946, vol. 10, The Far East: China, 1261–1267.
14. U.S. Embassy in China to secretary of state, Report on Situation in Taiwan, confidential, August 22, 1947, no. 894A.00/8–2247, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 1.
15. Maclehose to Foreign Office, July 29, 1946.
16. Research and Analysis Branch of Central Information Division, “Formosa: Survey of conditions in Formosa,” March 15, 1946, NARA, RG 226, Entry 211, Box 36.
17. Tai-chun Kuo and Ramon H. Myers, Taiwan’s Economic Transformation: Leadership, Property Rights and Institutional Change 1949–1965 (London: Routledge, 2012), 30–31.
18. “General report on the takeover of Japanese properties in Taiwan,” June 30, 1947, Research and Analysis Branch of Central Information Division, “Formosa: Survey of conditions in Formosa,” March 15, 1946, NARA, RG 226, Entry 211, Box 36, 400–496. See also Ming-sho Ho, “The Rise and Fall of Leninist Control in Taiwan’s Industry,” China Quarterly no. 189 (2007): 162–179.
19. U.S. Consulate General in Shanghai to State Department, July 27, 1946, NARA, RG 59, 893.6363/7–2746.
20. John Leighton Stuart (U.S. ambassador to China) to State Department, August 13, 1946, NARA, RG 59, 893.6363/8–1346; Stuart to State Department, August 26, 1946, 893.6363/8–2646.
21. Steven Phillips, “Between Assimilation and Independence,” 282–283. On Chen Yi’s economic philosophy, see also Su Jiahong and Wang Chengxiang, “Chen Yi zai Tai Zhuzheng Qijian di Jingji Zhengce: Sun Zhongshan Xiansheng ‘Minsheng Zhuyi’ di Shijian yu Beili” [Chen Yi’s economic policies during his administration in Taiwan: The practice of and deviation from Sun Yat-sen’s Principle of the People’s Livelihood], Guoli Guofu Jinianguan Guankan [Journal of National Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall], vol. 12 (2003): 55–70.
22. See Chen Yi’s instructions dated October 29 and December 7, 1945, and January 24 and February 18, 1946, in Zhengfu Jieshou Taiwan Shiliao Huibian [Collection of data on the ROC’s taking over of Taiwan] ed. Academia Historica (Taipei, Taiwan: Academia Historica, 1990), 1:123, 155–158, 179–180, 232–235.
23. Research and Analysis Branch of Central Information Division, “Formosa,” January 18, 1946, NARA, RG 226, Entry 211, Box 4.
24. Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, 95.
25. Ibid., 93, 95.
26. Lai Tse-han, Ramon H. Myers, and Wei Wou, A Tragic Beginning: The Taiwan Uprising of February 28, 1947 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991), 86–87.
27. Research and Analysis Branch of Central Information Division, “Survey of Conditions in Formosa,” March 15, 1946, NARA, RG 226, Entry 211, Box 4.
28. Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, 144–145.
29. Xiang Junci (head of the Department of Mechanized Infantry, Ministry of Military Affairs) to Chiang Kai-shek, June 7, 1946, in Zhengfu Jieshou Taiwan Shiliao Huibian, 1:221–222.
30. Lai et al., A Tragic Beginning, 87–89. See also Denny Roy, Taiwan: A Political History (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003), 55–75.
31. U.S. Embassy in China to secretary of state, “Political and Social Conditions and Personalities and Group Interests on Taiwan,” confidential enclosure, September 14, 1946, no. 894A.00/9–1446, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 1.
32. Jin Chongji, Zhuanzhe Niandai: Zhongguo di Yi-jiu-si-qi nian [A turning point: 1947 in China] (Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing, 2002), 35–52.
33. CKSD, diary entries for October 22 and 24, 1946, Box 45.
34. CKSD, diary entry for October 24, 1946, Box 45.
35. CKSD, diary entry for October 25, 1946, Box 45.
36. CKSD, diary entry for October 26, 1946, Box 45.
37. See Chiang Kai-shek’s remarks on the press conference in Taipei, October 27, 1946, in Taiwan Guangfu, ed. Chen and Chen, 1:303–305.
38. Douglas Mendel, The Politics of Formosan Nationalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970), 29–31.
39. U.S. Consulate in Taipei to U.S. Embassy in Nanking, “Public Uneasiness and Rumors and Comment concerning the United States,” memorandum, January 10, 1947, enclosed in U.S. Embassy China to secretary of state, February 14, 1947, no. 894A.00/2–1447, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 1.
40. G. M. Tingle (British consul in Tamsui), enclosed in Ralph Stevenson (British ambassador in China) to Foreign Office, “Conditions in Formosa,” March 24, 1947, FO 371/63320, F4030/2443/10. See also Lai et al., A Tragic Beginning, 96–98; Phillips, “Between Assimilation and Independence,” 292–293.
41. Mei-ling T. Wang, The Dust That Never Settles: The Taiwan Independence Campaign and U.S.-China Relations (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1999), 102–105.
42. For a detailed, officially commissioned account of the February 28 incident, see Lai Tse-han, “Er-er-ba Shijian” Yanjiu Baogao [A research report on the February 28 incident] (Taipei, Taiwan: China Times, 1994).
43. Andrew D. W. Forbes, Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949 (Ca
mbridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 208–209.
44. Hao Weimin, ed., Neimenggu Zizhiqu shi [A history of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region] (Hohhot, China: Neimenggu Daxue chubanshe, 1991), 2–25.
45. An analysis of the 1947 Tibetan civil war can be found in Hsiao-ting Lin, Tibet and Nationalist China’s Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928–49 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2006), 182–198.
46. CKSD, diary entries for March 7 and 8, 1947, Box 46.
47. CKSD, diary entry for March 15, 1947, Box 46.
48. For more about the settlement committee, see Chen Yi-shen, “Zaitan Er-er-ba Shijian Chuli Weiyuanhui—Guanyu qi Zhengzhi Lichang yu Jiaose Gongneng di Pinggu” [Reexamining the February 28 Incident Settlement Committee: An evaluation of its political stance, role, and function], in Er-er-ba Shijian Yanjiu Lunwenji [Essays on the study of the February 28 incident], ed. Zhang Yanxian, Chen Meirong, and Yang Yahui (Taipei, Taiwan: Wu San-lien Historical Foundation, 1998), 153–168.
49. CKSD, diary entry for March 8, 1947, Box 46.
50. CKSD, diary entry for March 15, 1947, Box 46; U.S. Embassy in China to State Department, “Report on Formosa,” enclosure, March 14, 1947, no. 894A.00/3–1447, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 1. For more about the Nationalist military suppression of the incident and the decision-making process, see also Peng Mengqi, “Taiwan Er-er-ba Shijian Huiyilu” [A recollection of the February 28 incident of Taiwan], in Er-er-ba Shijian Ziliao Xuanji [Selections from the February 28 incident historical materials], ed. Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica (Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, 1992), 1:39–108.
51. For debates on whether and how much the Nationalist leaders were responsible for causing the February 28 incident, see, for example, Chen Yi-shen, “Qizhi shi ‘Weichi Zhi’an’ Eryi—Lun Jiang Jieshi yu Taisheng Junzheng Shouzhan dui Er-er-ba Shijian de Chuzhi” [More than just ‘preserving public security’—On the disposition of the February 28 incident by Chiang Kai-shek and Nationalist military and political leaders in Taiwan], in Er-er-ba Shijian Xinshiliao Xueshu Lunwenji [Symposium on the new source materials from the February 28 incident], ed. Li Wang-tai (Taipei, Taiwan: February 28 Incident Memorial Foundation, 2003), 144–161; and Huang Chang-chian, Er-er-ba Shijian Zhenxiang Kaozhenggao [A draft of evidential investigations into the truth of the 2/28 incident] (Taipei, Taiwan: Lianjing chubanshe, 2007).
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