14. Shao Yulin (Chinese ambassador to South Korea) to Chiang, telegram, August 1, 1949, TD / DHW, vol. 68, no. 54898; Chiang to Zhen Yanfen and Hong Lanyiu, telegram, August 7, 1949, TD / DHW, vol. 68, no. 54908; Huang Shaogu and Dong Xianguang to Chiang, top secret report, December 20, 1949, TD / DHW, vol. 68, no. 54949.
15. Shao Yulin to Chiang, August 1, 1949, TD / DHW, vol. 68, no. 54928; CKSD, diary entry for August 8, 1949, Box 47.
16. CKSD, diary entry for July 19, 1949, Box 47.
17. CKSD, diary entries for August 18 and 19, 1949, Box 47; Edgar to Acheson, August 24, 1949, no. 894A.00/8–2449, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 2.
18. Internally circulated report by the South China working unit, 1949 (n.d.), in Guangdong Geming Lishi Wenjian Huiji, 49:141.
19. British Consulate in Tamsui to Foreign Office, July 10, 1949, in Taiwan Political and Economic Reports, 1861–1960, ed. Jarman, 8:412.
20. John J. MacDonald (U.S. consul general in Taipei) to Dean Acheson, August 11, 1949, NARA, RG 59, 893.001 Chiang Kai-shek/8–1149; Edgar to Acheson, August 19, 1949, no. 894A.001/8–1949, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 2; Edgar to Acheson, August 24, 1949, no. 894A.00/8–2449, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 2.
21. MacDonald to Acheson, August 30, 1949, no. 894A.00/8–3049, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 2.
22. Edgar to Acheson, June 3, 1949, no. 894A.00/6–349; State Department, office memorandum, June 8, 1949, no. 894A.00/6–849; Edgar to Acheson, August 24, 1949, no. 894A.00/8–2449; MacDonald to Acheson, August 30, 1949, no. 894A.00/8–3049, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 2. See also CIA memorandum, June 14, 1949, CIA Research Reports: China, 1946–1976, reel 1.
23. MacDonald to Acheson, October 31, 1949, no. 894A.20/10–3149, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 3.
24. MacDonald to Acheson, September 16, 1949, no. 894A.01/9–1649, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 3.
25. Clark to Acheson, August 5, 1949, NARA, RG 59, 893.00/8–549; Tong and Li, The Memoirs of Li Tsung-jen, 526–527.
26. Clark to Acheson, August 5, 1949, NARA, RG 59, 893.00/8–549; Guo, ed., Bai Chongxi Xiansheng Fangwen Jilu, 2:879–881.
27. Clark to Acheson, August 6, 1949, NARA, RG 59, 893.00/8–649.
28. Wellington Koo to Acheson, “Memorandum on Proposed Military Aid Program from U.S.A. for China,” August 15, 1949, NARA, RG 59, 893.50 Recovery/8–1549.
29. Wesley Jones to Acheson, August 28, 1949, NARA, RG 59, 893.20/8–2849.
30. Robert Strong to Acheson, September 6, 1949, NARA, RG 59, 893.00/9–649.
31. Strong to Acheson, September 16, 1949, NARA, RG 59, 893.20/9–1649.
32. Johnson to Acheson, “Memorandum by the Joint Chiefs of Staff,” enclosure, October 14, 1949, NARA, RG 59, 893.50 Recovery/10–1449.
33. Max W. Bishop to Dean Rusk (deputy under secretary of state), “Study on the Problems Involved in Military Aid to China,” memorandum, October 21, 1949, NARA, RG 59, 893.24/10–2149.
34. CIA China Research Report ORE 76-4, “Survival Potential of Residual Non-Communist Regimes in China,” October 19, 1949, CIA Research Reports: China, 1946–1976, reel 1. See also John Ranelagh, The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1986), 184–185.
35. Li Zonghuang, Li Zonghuang Huiyilu [The memoirs of Li Zonghuang] (Taipei, Taiwan: Society of China Local Autonomy, 1972), 2:271.
36. For a detailed discussion of the intricate relationship between Long Yun and Chiang Kai-shek, see Yang Weizhen, Cong Hezuo dao Juelie: Long Yun yu Zhongyang de Guanxi, 1927–1949 [From cooperation to disintegration: on the relations between Long Yun and the central government, 1927–1949] (Taipei, Taiwan: Academia Historica, 2000).
37. LaRue R. Lutkins (U.S. vice consul in Kunming) to Acheson, March 16, 1949, NARA, RG 84, China: Kunming Consulate, Classified General Records, 1944–49, 350/Yunnan.
38. Li, Li Zonghuang Huiyilu, 2:271–272.
39. CKSD, diary entries for August 20 and 27, 1949, Box 47.
40. CKSD, diary entry for August 20, 1949, Box 47.
41. Office of the Generalissimo, memorandum, August 12, 1949, TD / XW, vol. 62, no. 54097; Executive Yuan, minutes of conference, September 9, 1949, AMFA-2, 019/42; Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission to Executive Yuan, memorandum, September 24, 1949, AMFA-2, 019/42.
42. CKSD, diary entries for August 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30, 1949, Box 47; Strong to Acheson, August 28, 1949, NARA, RG 59, 893.00/8–2849; Ralph Stevenson to Foreign Office, September 20, 1949, FO 371/75733 F14296.
43. CKSD, diary entries for August 31 and September 2, 1949, Box 47; Yu Jishi to Yu Chengwan, September 4, 1949, CB, 10–0991; Chiang to Yu Chengwan, September 5, 1949, CB, 10–1000.
44. See Shen Zui, Wo de Tewu Shengya [My espionage career] (Beijing: Zhongguo Wenshi chubanshe, 2005), 288–291.
45. CKSD, diary entries for September 3, 4, and 5, 1949, Box 47; Zhou, Jianggong yu Wo, 123–124; Lutkins to Acheson, top secret, September 6, 1949, NARA, RG 84, 350/Yunnan.
46. CKSD, diary entries for September 7 and 8, 1949, Box 47; Report submitted by Zhang Qun to Chiang concerning Yunnan, January 6, 1950, in Zhonghua Minguo Zhongyao Shiliao Chubian, 7 (2), 959–963.
47. Foreign Office, monthly summary of foreign political developments, September 1949, FO 370/1933/L5649; Lutkins to Acheson, September 13, 1949, RG 84, 350/Yunnan; A. Doak Barnett, China on the Eve of Communist Takeover (New York: Praeger, 1963), 290.
48. CKSD, diary entries for September 10, 17, and 24, 1949, Box 47.
49. MacDonald to Acheson, September 7, 1949, no. 894A.00/9–749; State Department, “Deteriorating Situation in Formosa,” memorandum, September 9, 1949, no. 894A.00/9–949, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 2.
50. MacDonald to Acheson, September 8, 1949, no. 894A.00/9–849, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 2.
51. CKSD, diary entry for October 5, 1949, Box 47.
52. CKSD, diary entry for October 16, 1949, Box 47.
53. MacDonald to Acheson, November 6, 1949, no. 894A.20/11–649; MacDonald to Acheson, November 9, 1949, no. 894A.20/11–949, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 3. See also Tucker, ed., China Confidential, 74.
54. CKSD, diary entry for November 3, 1949, Box 47.
55. V. K. Wellington Koo, Gu Weijun Huiyilu [The memoirs of V. K. Wellington Koo] (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1988), 7:530–531; K. C. Wu, Cong Shanghai Shizhang dao Taiwan Shengzhuxi, 1946–1953 [From Shanghai mayor to Taiwan provincial governor, 1946–1953] (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1999), 95–99.
56. Zhou, Jianggong yu Wo, 143–147.
57. MacDonald to Acheson, top secret, November 29, 1949, no. 894A.20/11–2949, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 3.
58. Office of Intelligence Research, State Department, “Estimate of the Political, Economic, and Military Position of M.D.A.P.,” Part 2: “The Far East,” OIR Report no. 5178.2, March 8, 1950, O.S.S./State Department Intelligence and Research Reports VIII: Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, and the Far East Generally: 1950–1961 Supplement, ed. Paul Kesaris (Washington, DC: University Publications of America, 1977), microfilm, reel 1.
59. CKSD, diary entries for November 30 and December 3, 1949, Box 47.
60. Tong and Li, The Memoirs of Li Tsung-jen, 544–545; Robert Strong to Acheson, November 15, 1949, NARA, RG 59, 893.00/11–1549; Foreign Office, monthly summary of foreign political developments, November 29, 1949, FO 370/1933/L6291.
61. Bai Hongliang to Chiang Kai-shek, “Bandit suppression operations in Sichuan,” November 21, 1949, TD / ZJX, no. 54329.
62. CKSD, diary entries for November 18 and 24, 1949, Box 47.
63. CKSD, diary entries for December 1 and 2, 1949, Box 47; Chiang, “Weiji Cunwang zhi Qiu,” 267–270.
64. Lutkins to Acheson, November 15, 1949, NARA, RG 84, 350/Yunnan. See also Tucker, ed., China Confidential, 67–68.
65. Lutkins to Acheson, November 21, 1949, NARA, RG 84, 350/Yunnan.
66. Acheson to Lutkins, November 22, 1949, NARA, RG 84, 350/Yunnan.
67. Lutkins to Acheson, November 28, 1949, NARA, RG 84, 350/Yunnan.
&
nbsp; 68. CKSD, diary entries for December 9 and 10, 1949, Box 47; Lutkins to Acheson, December 10, 1949, NARA, RG 84, 350/Yunnan; Foreign Office, monthly summary of foreign political developments, December 1949, FO 370/1933/L5649.
69. Zhou, Jianggong yu Wo, 159–162; Li Yu, Yuan Yunhua, and Fei Xianghao, eds., Xinan Yiju: Lu Han Liu Wenhui Qiyi Jishi [The righteous act in the Southwest: a record of Lu Han and Liu Wenhui’s righteous revolution] (Chengdu, China: Sichuan renmin chubanshe, 1987), 184–194.
70. CKSD, diary entries for December 9 and 10, 1949, Box 47; Chiang to He Guoguang, December 13, 1949, CB, 10–1054; Chiang to Hu Zongnan, December 13, 1949, CB, 10–1058.
71. CKSD, diary entry for December 10, 1949, Box 47.
CHAPTER 6 ▪ Floating State, Divided Strategy
1. CKSD, diary entry for December 4, 1949, Box 47.
2. See 6th Division of the KMT Director-General’s Office, confidential report, December 20, 1949, TD/XW, vol. 62, no. 54067; Guang Lu and Abdullah to Chiang Kai-shek, report, January 4, 1950, TD/XW, vol. 62, no. 54119.
3. Wu, Ye Lailin, 259.
4. Chen Cheng, Chen Cheng Xiansheng Huiyilu, 1:86–89.
5. Donald Edgar (U.S. consul-general in Taipei) to Dean Acheson, December 14, 1949, no. 894A.00/12–1449; Edgar to Acheson, December 16, 1949, no. 894A.00/12–1649, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 3.
6. The military attaché then sought advice from Washington’s military quarters. See Office of the U.S. Military Attaché in Taipei to U.S. Department of Army, top secret, January 5, 1950, ROCA, reel 14.
7. Robert Strong to Dean Acheson, March 3, 1950, no. 794A.00(W)/3–350, Formosa 1950–1954, reel 2; Tong and Li, The Memoirs of Li Tsung-jen, 553–554.
8. Ibid., 554–555; CKSD, diary entries for March 2 and 3, 1950, Box 48.
9. See Tucker, ed., China Confidential, 75.
10. The story was first revealed by Koo to Chiang Ching-kuo when the latter visited the United States in October 1953. See CKSD, diary entry for October 23, 1953, Box 50.
11. Strong to Acheson, March 11, 1950, no. 794A.00(W)/3–1150, Formosa 1950–1954, reel 2; CKSD, diary entries for March 4 and 6, 1950, Box 48.
12. For K. C. Wu’s complains about his difficult position in the Taiwan provincial government, See Wu, Cong Shanghai Shizhang dao Taiwan Shengzhuxi, 113–117.
13. CKSD, diary entries for March 4 and 11, 1950, Box 48.
14. Strong to Acheson, April 25, 1950, no. 794A.00/4–2550, Formosa 1950–1954, reel 1.
15. See General Sun Liren, daily work reports, March 27, April 7, 8, and 11, 1950, in Shen Keqin Papers, Box 3.
16. Strong to Acheson, April 23, 1950, no. 794A.00(W)/4–2350, Formosa 1950–1954, reel 2.
17. Strong to Acheson, March 26, 1950, no. 794A.00(W)/3–2650, Formosa 1950–1954, reel 2.
18. See Strong to Acheson, March 8, 1950, no. 794A.11/3–850; Strong to Acheson, March 10, 1950, no. 794A.11/3–1050, Formosa 1950–1954, reel 3.
19. Wu, Ye Lailin, 260.
20. According to the CIA, by the fall of 1949, the total Communist “Hainan Column” under Feng Baiju amounted to approximately 10,300, including six divisions. See CIA Information Report entitled “Chinese Communist Organization on Hainan,” September 15, 1949, CIA Research Reports: China, 1946–1976, reel 1. According to Feng’s own report to the CCP around that time, the column forces numbered 13,000, including 5,000 combat forces and 8,000 logistical personnel. See “Report on the military activities of the Hainan Column,” December 1949, in Guangdong Geming Lishi Wenjian Huiji, vol. 48, 541–564.
21. Zhang Fakui, Jiang Jieshi yu Wo, 457–458.
22. Westad, Decisive Encounters, 285–287; Huang Hsiang-yu, ed., Fuguo Dao Liu Yue Guojun Shiliao Huibian [Collection of historical documents on Nationalist army in Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam] (Taipei, Taiwan: Academia Historica, 2006), 1:382–383.
23. CIA, “Offer by Chen Chi-tang to Turn Over Hainan,” memorandum, January 1950, CIA Research Reports: China, 1946–1976, reel 1. See also Evan Thomas, The Very Best Men: The Daring Early Years of the CIA (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 50–51.
24. Chen Jitang to William Knowland, letter, January 16, 1950, enclosed in Knowland to Walter Judd, February 7, 1950, Walter H. Judd Papers, Hoover Institution Archives, Box 163.
25. Gan Jiehou to State Department, January 4, 1950, no. 794A.00/1–450, Formosa 1950–1954, reel 1.
26. “Free China Labor Union schedule for the first stage,” January 1950, CRCA, 6–4.1/85, microfilm, reel 4.
27. General Gu Zhutong to Chiang Kai-shek, draft plan, January 31, 1950, TD/JMBZ, vol. 102, no. 58103.
28. See CCP Party Committee of the Hainan District, “Directives for the Current Urgent Tasks,” March 9, 1950, in Guangdong Geming Lishi Wenjian Huiji, 48:580–581. Similar observations can be found in the CIA intelligence report of this time: “Prediction and Cause of Unrest in Kwangtung Province,” February 8, 1950, CIA Research Reports: China, 1946–1976, reel 1 and “Nationalist and Communist Order of Battle and Military Information, South China,” February 25, 1950, CIA Research Reports: China, 1946–1976, reel 1.
29. CIA, “Nationalist Naval Forces, Hainan,” March 6, 1950, CIA Research Reports: China, 1946–1976, reel 1; CIA, “Communist Landings, Hainan,” March 5–7, 1950, CIA Research Reports: China, 1946–1976, reel 1; CIA, “Situation in Hainan: Supply of Nationalist Guerrillas, China Mainland,” March 1950, CIA Research Reports: China, 1946–1976, reel 1.
30. British Consulate in Tamsui to Foreign Office, “Political Report: Summary of Events in Formosa during the month of March, 1950,” April 5, 1950, in Taiwan Political and Economic Reports 1861–1960, ed. Jarman, 9:97–98; CIA, “Situation, Hainan,” March 20, 1950, CIA Research Reports: China, 1946–1976, reel 1.
31. CIA, “Communist Landings, Hainan,” March 25–April 5, 1950, CIA Research Reports: China, 1946–1976, reel 1; CIA, “Communist Military Losses in Preliminary Landings, Hainan Island,” March 6–April 10, 1950, CIA Research Reports: China, 1946–1976, reel 1.
32. Policy Information Committee of the State Department, memorandum, April 12, 1950, in Dennis Merrill, ed., Documentary History of the Truman Presidency, vol. 32, The Emergence of an Asian Pacific Rim in American Foreign Policy: The Philippines, Indochina, Thailand, Burma, Malaya, and Indonesia (Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 2001), 208–209.
33. John W. Garver, The Sino-American Alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War Strategy in Asia (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1997), 15–21.
34. See, for example, Peter Lowe, The Origins of the Korean War, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1997), 130–136.
35. John Lewis Gaddis, “The Strategic Perspective: The Rise and Fall of the ‘Defensive Perimeter’ Concept, 1947–1951,” in Uncertain Years: Chinese-American Relations, 1947–1950, ed. Dorothy Borg and Waldo Heinrichs (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), 82–84; Robert Accinelli, Crisis and Commitment: United States Policy toward Taiwan, 1950–1955 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 11–12.
36. Butterworth to Acheson, “Memorandum Respecting Formosa,” top secret, December 16, 1949, no. 894A.00/12–1649, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 1.
37. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969), 349–353.
38. Acheson to Edgar, top secret, December 30, 1949, NARA, RG 59, 711.94A/12–3049. See also Accinelli, Crisis and Commitment, 12.
39. See Gordon Chang, Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948–1972 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990), 62; Nancy B. Tucker, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States, 1945–1992: Uncertain Friendship (New York: Twayne, 1994), 29–30; Lowe, The Origins of the Korean War, 136–137.
40. Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 86–88; Lowell Thomas, History As You Heard It (New York: Doubleday, 1957), 371.
41. Tucker, ed., China Confidential, 18; Victor S. Kaufman, Confronting Communism: U.S. and British Policies toward China (Columbia: University of Missouri Press
, 2001), 20–30.
42. Robert Strong, minutes of conversation with Nationalist foreign minister George Yeh, January 9, 1950, TD/DMW, vol. 7, no. 54541.
43. Chen, Chen Cheng Xiansheng Huiyilu, 1:90–92. See also Wu, Cong Shanghai Shizhang dao Taiwan Shengzhuxi, 130–132.
44. Ong, “A Formosan’s View of the Formosan Independence Movement,” 107–114; Mendel, The Politics and Formosan Nationalism, 146–161.
45. Chen Zhengmao, “Liao Wenyi yu Taiwan Zaijiefang Lianmeng” [Liao Wenyi and the Formosa League for Re-emancipation], Zhuangji Wenxue (Biographical Literature), 94, no.1 (2009), 7–8.
46. Sebald to John M. Allison (deputy director, Division of Far Eastern Affairs, State Department), February 9, 1949, no. 894A.01/2–949, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 3.
47. Sebald to Allison, intelligence summary no. 2370, top secret, March 11, 1949, no. 894A.01/3–1149, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 3.
48. The Philippines Consul-General in Hong Kong Mariano Ezpeleta had shown particular enthusiasm about supporting the FLR. He invited Liao to visit Manila and promised to pull the league closer to his country. See R. M. Service (U.S. vice consul in Hong Kong) to State Department, May 15, 1949, no. 894A.01/3–1549, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 3.
49. Clark to State Department, May 11, 1949, no. 894A.01/5–1149, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 3.
50. MacDonald to State Department, August 16, 1949, no. 894A.01/8–1649, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 3.
51. MacDonald to State Department, August 5, 1949, no. 894A.01/8–549, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 3.
52. Thomas Liao to Philip Jessup, “Recommendation for Disposing of Formosa under the Present Circumstances,” September 2, 1949, no. 894A.00/9–249, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 1.
53. MacDonald to State Department, November 19, 1949, no. 894A.00/11–1949, Formosa 1945–1949, reel 1.
54. Donald Edgar to State Department, transmission of a memorandum of conversation, January 5, 1950, no. 794A.00/1–550, Formosa 1950–1954, reel 1.
55. W. E. Nelson to Edgar, memorandum, January 6, 1950, no. 794A.00/1–650, Formosa 1950–1954, reel 1.
Accidental State Page 33