by Mike Rapport
During the writing of this book, our little daughter, Lily Jessica Anita, arrived: she is a firecracker with all her mother’s strength of will. She has made the late evenings of tapping at the laptop worth it - and, besides all the joy she has brought us, I thank her for sleeping through the night! Finally, the last year has been one of the busiest, but perhaps one of the happiest, of my life: this is thanks to Helen, who has done so much to make this book possible. I have no doubt that, given her feisty nature, she would have been among the women standing on the barricades in 1848. This book is dedicated to her with gratitude and love.
It is also a tribute to the memory of my grandfather, a great, expansive, generous and good man, and to that of my brother-in-law, John, a kind, gentle, decent and dependable friend who passed away suddenly during the last day of editing. Both are sorely missed. Eternal and blessed memory.
Mike Rapport
Stirling, April 2008
NOTES
PREFACE
1 Most notably (among many others) by Priscilla Robertson, Revolutions of 1848: A Social History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952); Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848-1851 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Roger Price, The Revolutions of 1848 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998); David Ward, 1848: The Fall of Metternich and the Year of Revolution (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1970).
2 J. A. Hawgood, ‘1848 in Central Europe: An Essay in Historical Synchronisation’, Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 26 (1947-8), pp. 314-28.
3 J. Keates, The Siege of Venice (London: Chatto and Windus, 2005), p. 2.
CHAPTER 1
1 A. Herzen, My Past and Thoughts: The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1982), pp. 313-14.
2 On Herzen, see E. H. Carr, The Romantic Exiles (London: Serif, 1998); I. Berlin, ‘Introduction’, in A. Herzen, From the Other Shore (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. vii-xxv; J. E. Zimmerman, Midpassage: Alexander Herzen and European Revolution, 1847-1852 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989); E. Acton, Alexander Herzen and The Role of the Intellectual Revolutionary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
3 R. Tombs, France 1814-1914 (London: Longman, 1996), p. 357.
4 Quoted in A. Palmer, Metternich, Councillor of Europe (London: Phoenix, 1997), p. 132.
5 Quoted in ibid., p. 35.
6 Prince Richard de Metternich (ed.), Mémoires, documents, et écrits divers laissés par le Prince de Metternich, vol. 3 (Paris, 1881), pp. 440-1.
7 Ibid., vol. 3, p. 444.
8 I. Deak, The Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians 1848-1849 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), pp. 3-4, 15-16.
9 P. Robertson, Revolutions of 1848: A Social History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952), pp. 335-6.
10 A. Sked, The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire 1815-1918 (London: Longman, 1989), pp. 46-50.
11 R. Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy c. 1765-1918: From Enlightenment to Eclipse (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2001), p. 78.
12 R. Tempest, ‘Madman or Criminal: Government Attitude to Petr Chaadaev in 1836’, Slavic Review, vol. 43 (1984), pp. 281-7.
13 Quoted in H. A. Winkler, Germany: The Long Road West, 1789-1933 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 78.
14 Ibid., pp. 64-5.
15 Quoted in S. J. Woolf, A History of Italy 1700-1860: The Social Constraints of Political Change (London: Routledge, 1991), p. 227.
16 Quoted in Sked, Decline and Fall, p. 10.
17 Quoted in ibid., p. 10.
18 Quoted in Palmer, Metternich, p. 246.
19 Metternich, Mémoires, vol. 3, p. 629.
20 R. Gildea, The Past in French History (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 35.
21 D. Mack Smith, Mazzini (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 33-4.
22 Quoted in ibid., pp. 35-6.
23 Quoted in L. Riall, Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2007), p. 10.
24 Quoted in Mack Smith, Mazzini, p. 13.
25 Herzen, My Past and Thoughts, p. 366.
26 Quoted in Mack Smith, Mazzini, p. 12.
27 Ibid., p. 50.
28 Ibid., p. 31-2; Carr, Romantic Exiles, p. 29; J. Ridley, Garibaldi (London: Phoenix, 2001), pp. 105-6.
29 M. Rapport, Nineteenth Century Europe, 1789-1914 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2005), p. 66.
30 Quoted in D. Blackbourn, The Fontana History of Germany 1780-1918: The Long Nineteenth Century (London: Fontana, 1997), p. 128.
31 Herzen, My Past and Thoughts, p. 321.
32 J. Keates, The Siege of Venice (London: Chatto and Windus, 2005), pp. 61-2.
33 M. Price, The Perilous Crown: France between Revolutions 1814-1848 (London: Pan Macmillan, 2007), pp. 165-71.
34 F. Crouzet, ‘French Economic Growth in the Nineteenth Century Reconsidered’, History, vol. 59 (1974), pp. 167-79.
35 J. Harsin, Barricades: The War of the Streets in Revolutionary Paris, 1830-1848 (New York: Palgrave, 2002), pp. 101-2.
36 Quoted in T. E. B. Howarth, Citizen-King: The Life of Louis-Philippe, King of the French (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1961), p. 229.
37 Tombs, France, p. 363.
38 Quoted in R. J. Goldstein, Political Repression in Nineteenth-Century Europe (London: Croom Helm, 1983), p. 148.
39 Harsin, Barricades, pp. 114-15.
40 Extracts in D. Beales and E. F. Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy, 2nd edn (Harlow: Pearson Education, 2002), pp. 229-33.
41 H. Kohn, Absolutism and Democracy 1814-1852 (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1965), pp. 156-7.
42 Quoted in Winkler, Germany, p. 75.
43 C. A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire 1790-1918 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968), p. 218.
44 J. Droz, Les Révolutions Allemandes de 1848 (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1957), pp. 106-7.
45 J. Polišenský, Aristocrats and the Crowd in the Revolutionary Year 1848: A Contribution to the History of the Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Austria (Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1980), p. 39.
46 Quoted in L. O’Boyle, ‘The Problem of an Excess of Educated Men in Western Europe, 1800-1850’, Journal of Modern History, vol. 42 (1970), p. 488.
47 Droz, Révolutions Allemandes, p. 81.
48 S. Z. Pech, ‘Czech Peasantry in 1848’, in M. Rechcigl, Jr., Czechoslovakia Past and Present (The Hague and Paris: Mouton, 1968), pp. 1277-9.
49 J.-P. Himka, Galician Villagers and the Ukrainian National Movement in the Nineteenth Century (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 2-3, 11, 13-14.
50 Droz, Révolutions Allemandes, p. 78.
51 Polišenský, Aristocrats and the Crowd, p. 39.
52 Ibid., p. 39.
53 Quoted in W. H. Sewell, Work and Revolution in France: The Language of Labour from the Old Regime to 1848 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), p. 224.
54 Quoted in L. Chevalier, Labouring Classes and Dangerous Classes: Paris during the First Half of the Nineteenth Century (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973), p. 206.
55 Droz, Révolutions Allemande, pp. 79-80; Polišenský, Aristocrats and the Crowd, p. 54.
56 Quoted in R. J. W. Evans, Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years, 1830-1910 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 119.
57 M. Gailus, ‘Food Riots in Germany in the late 1840s’, Past and Present, no. 145 (1994).
58 Price, Perilous Crown, pp. 326-7.
59 Sked, Decline and Fall, p. 76.
60 Quoted in L. Namier, 1848: The Revolution of the Intellectuals (London: Oxford University Press, 1946), p. 5.
61 E. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848 (London: Abacus, 1977), p. 370.
62 Quoted in Robertson, Revolutions of 1848, p. 11.
63 S. Kieniewicz, The Emancipation of the Polish Peasantry (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1969), pp. 113-26.
64 Quoted in Namier, 1848, p. 3.
65 Herzen, My Past and Thoughts, p. 332.
CHAPTER 2
1 A. de Tocqueville, Souvenirs (Paris: Gallimard, 1999), pp. 23-6.
2 D. Beales and E. F. Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy, 2nd edn (Harlow: Longman, 2002), pp. 87-8; Ward, 1848, p. 118.
3 Quoted in Sked, Decline and Fall, pp. 62-3.
4 P. Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848-49 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), pp. 67-80.
5 D. Mack Smith, A History of Sicily: Modern Sicily after 1713 (London: Chatto and Windus, 1968), pp. 415-18; S. J. Woolf, A History of Italy 1700-1860: The Social Constraints of Political Change (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 373-5; D. Mack Smith (ed), The Making of Italy 1796-1870 (London: Macmillan, 1968), pp. 126-35.
6 A. Herzen, Letters from France and Italy 1847-1851, trans. J. E. Zimmerman (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995), pp. 98, 100.
7 G. Pepe, Histoire des révolutions et des guerres d’Italie en 1847, 1848 et 1849, 3 vols (Paris, 1850), i, pp. 14-15.
8 Settembrini in Beales and Biagini, Risorgimento, p. 249.
9 Herzen, Letters from France and Italy, p. 87; Count de Liedekerke de Beaufort in Beales and Biagini, Risorgimento, pp. 239-40.
10 Robertson, Revolutions of 1848, p. 329.
11 Archives Nationales, Paris [hereafter AN], BB/30/296 (Jacques Richard’s testimony).
12 D. Stern, Histoire de la Révolution de 1848 [1850-2] (Paris: Balland, 1985), p. 98.
13 Ibid., p. 100.
14 Ibid., p. 101.
15 Lamartine, History of the French Revolution of 1848, 2 vols (Boston, 1852), i, p. 35.
16 J. Harsin, Barricades: The War of the Streets in Revolutionary Paris, 1830-1848 (New York: Palgrave, 2002), pp. 255-6.
17 Stern, Histoire, p. 103.
18 AN, BB/30/298 (dossier 9843).
19 Stern, Histoire, p. 110.
20 Ibid., p. 111; Tocqueville, Souvenirs, pp. 43-5; D. Johnson, Guizot: Aspects of French History 1787-1874 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973), pp. 258-9.
21 AN, BB/30/298 (dossier ‘Dispositions des citoyens ayant combattu contre les troupes’); G. Duveau, 1848: The Making of a Revolution (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967), p. 30, Stern, Histoire, p. 122.
22 Ibid., pp. 124-5.
23 Tocqueville, Souvenirs, pp. 54-5.
24 Ibid., pp. 60-1.
25 Harsin, Barricades, p. 258.
26 Tocqueville, Souvenirs, pp. 78-9.
27 A. de Circourt, Souvenirs d’une Mission à Berlin en 1848, 2 vols (Paris: Picard, 1908), i, pp. 37-8.
28 G. Flaubert, L’Education sentimentale [1869] (Paris: Gallimard, 1965), pp. 314-16. A very useful English version is the recent Penguin edition of Sentimental Education, translated by Robert Baldick and annotated by Geoffrey Wall (London, 2004).
29 Stern, Histoire, pp. 150-4, 157-8.
30 AN, BB/30/298 (dossier ‘Dispositions des citoyens ayant combattu contre les troupes’).
31 T. E. B. Howarth, Citizen-King: The Life of Louis-Philippe, King of the French (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1961), pp. 324-34.
32 Flaubert, L’Education sentimentale, pp. 316-18; Stern, Histoire, p. 169.
33 Tocqueville, Souvenirs, pp. 66, 68, 77-8.
34 Lamartine, History, i, p. 89.
35 Quoted in Duveau, 1848, p. 50.
36 W. H. Stiles, Austria in 1848-49: Being a History of the Late Political Movements in Vienna, Milan, Venice, and Prague, 2 vols (New York, 1852), i, p. 96.
37 C. Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3 vols (London: John Murray, 1909), i, pp. 111, 116.
38 ‘Declaration of the Heidelberg Assembly’, in F. Eyck, The Revolutions of 1848-49 (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1972), pp. 48-50.
39 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, i, p. 102.
40 C. A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790-1918 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968), p. 323.
41 Quoted variously in ibid., p. 323; L. Deme, The Radical Left in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 (Boulder and New York: East European Quarterly and Columbia University Press, 1976), p. 15; I. Deak, The Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians, 1848-1849 [1979] (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), p. 67.
42 R. J. Rath, The Viennese Revolution of 1848 [1957] (New York: Greenwood Press, 1969), p. 43-4.
43 Robertson, Revolutions of 1848, p. 207; Palmer, Metternich, p. 307.
44 August Silberstein, quoted in Rath, Viennese Revolution, p. 49.
45 Quoted in Palmer, Metternich, p. 309.
46 Fischhof’s speech is quoted in full in Rath, Viennese Revolution, pp. 59-60.
47 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, i, p. 105.
48 C. von Hügel, ‘The Story of the Escape of Prince von Metternich’, National Review, vol. 1 (1883), p. 590.
49 Ibid., p. 589.
50 W. Siemann, The German Revolution of 1848-49 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 61-2.
51 Rath, Viennese Revolution, p. 66.
52 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, i, p. 106.
53 Hügel, ‘The Story’, pp. 594-601; Palmer, Metternich, p. 310.
54 Quoted in Macartney, Habsburg Empire, p. 332.
55 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, i, p. 112.
56 Quoted in Rath, Viennese Revolution, p. 85.
57 Quoted in G. Spira, A Hungarian Count in the Revolution of 1848 (Budapest: Akadèmai Kiadó, 1974), p. 67.
58 L. Deme, ‘The First Soldiers of the Hungarian Revolution: The National Guard in Pest in March-April, 1848’, in B. K. Király and G. E. Rothenberg (eds), War and Society in East Central Europe, vol. 1, Special Topics and Generalizations on the 18th and 19th Centuries (New York: Brooklyn College Press, 1979), p. 82.
59 Quoted in C.-L. Chassin, Alexandre Petoefi: poète de la révolution hongroise (Brussels and Paris, 1860), p. 201.
60 Quoted in Deme, Radical Left, p. 18; Deak, Lawful Revolution, p. 71.
61 Eyewitness Ákos Birányi, quoted in Deme, Radical Left, p. 19.
62 Deme, ‘First Soldiers’, p. 83.
63 Quoted in Deme, Radical Left, p. 20.
64 Quoted in Deak, Lawful Revolution, p. 73.
65 S. Z. Pech, The Czech Revolution of 1848 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969), pp. 3-4.
66 Ibid., p. 58.
67 Ibid., pp. 66, 68.
68 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, i, p. 377.
69 Quoted in ibid.
70 Pech, Czech Revolution, p. 62.
71 Circourt, Souvenirs, i, p. 150.
72 Quoted in ibid., p. 125 n.
73 R. Stadelmann, Social and Political History of the German Revolution (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1975), p. 56.
74 Quoted in ibid.
75 Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, pp. 51-3.
76 Circourt, Souvenirs, i, p. 148.
77 Quoted in Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, p. 53.
78 Anonymous account in ibid., p. 62.
79 Anonymous account in ibid., pp. 63-4.
80 Quoted in G. A. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640-1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955), p. 99.
81 Gerlach and anonymous account in Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, pp. 64-5.
82 Gerlach in ibid., p. 56.
83 Quoted in Stadelmann, Social and Political History, p. 61.
84 Gerlach in Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, p. 57.
85 Quoted in full in Circourt, Souvenirs, i, pp. 172-4.
86 Gerlachin in Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, p. 58.
87 V. Valentin, 1848: Chapter of German History (London: Allen and Unwin, 1940), pp. 210-11.
88 Quoted in Robertson, Revolutions of 1848, p. 122.
89 Proclamation of 21 March in Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, pp. 68-9.
90 Quoted in Robertson, Revolutions of 1848, p. 122.
91 Siemann, The German Revolution, p. 66.
92 O. von Bismarck, Reflections and Reminiscences, 2 vols (London, 1898), i, p.
27.
93 Excerpts in Beales and Biagini, Risorgimento, pp. 254-5.
94 Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, p. 132.
95 J. de Hübner, Une Année de ma vie, 1848-1849 (Paris, 1891), pp. 22-3.
96 C. Cattaneo, ‘L’Insurrection de Milan en 1848’, in Tutti le opere di Carlo Cattaneo, ed. L. Ambrosoli, 7 vols (Verona: Arnoldo Mondadori, 1967), iv, pp. 199, 205.
97 Hübner, Une Année, p. 54.
98 Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, p. 132 n.
99 C. Osio, ‘Alcuni fatti delle Cinque Gloriose Giornate’, in F. Della Peruta (ed.), Milan nel Risorgimento dall’età napoleonica all’ Cinque Giornate (Milan: Edizione Comune dil Milano, 1998), pp. 215-16.
100 Quoted in Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, p. 133.
101 Hübner, Une Année, p. 60.
102 Cattaneo, ‘L’Insurrection’, p. 212.
103 Osio, ‘Alcuni fatti’, p. 216.
104 Cattaneo, ‘L’Insurrection’, pp. 215, 227.
105 Hübner, Une Année, pp. 60-3, 66-78, 80.
106 Cattaneo, ‘L’Insurrection’, p. 247.
107 Ibid., p. 219; Robertson, Revolutions of 1848, p. 344.
108 Cattaneo, ‘L’Insurrection’, p. 228.
109 Hübner, Une Année, pp. 78-9, 81-3.
110 Cattaneo, ‘L’Insurrection’, pp. 223-5.
111 Ibid., pp. 229-31.
112 Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, pp. 135-6.
113 Cattaneo, ‘L’Insurrection’, p. 238.
114 Ibid., p. 245.
115 Ibid., p. 245.
116 Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, pp. 133, 138-41.
117 Osio, ‘Alcuni fatti’, pp. 222-7.
118 Hübner, Une Année, pp. 104, 107.
119 Quoted in F. Walker, The Man Verdi (London: Dent and Sons, 1962), p. 188.
120 J. Keates, The Siege of Venice (London: Chatto and Windus, 2005), pp. 97-104.