1848
Page 51
16 From Sobrier’s letter-book, pp. 192-3, in AN, W//574 (‘Pièces concernant Sobrier’).
17 Quoted in Harsin, Barricades, p. 295.
18 Document in M. Agulhon (ed.), Les Quarante-huitards (Paris: Gallimard-Julliard, 1975), p. 152.
19 Document in Price, Documents, pp. 79-80.
20 Document in ibid., pp. 83-4.
21 M. du Camp, Souvenirs de l’année 1848 (Paris, 1876), pp. 238-9.
22 Ibid., p. 241.
23 Caussidière, Mémoires, ii, p. 222.
24 K. Marx, Class Struggles in France 1848-1850 (New York: International Publishers, 1964), p. 56.
25 Extract in Price, Documents, p. 83.
26 F. A. de Luna, The French Republic under Cavaignac (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), pp. 135-6.
27 A. Herzen, From the Other Shore (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 46.
28 Document in Agulhon, Quarante-huitards, pp. 155-6.
29 Herzen, From the Other Shore, p. 46.
30 Price, French Second Republic, p. 171.
31 Du Camp, Souvenirs, p. 242.
32 Quoted in de Luna, French Republic, p. 140.
33 Robertson, Revolutions of 1848, p. 90. Robertson quotes the women as screaming, ‘Cowards, do you dare fire on the belly of a woman?’, but one suspects that ‘belly’ was not the exact word used. The story originates, I think, with Victor Hugo.
34 Quoted in de Luna, French Republic, p. 142.
35 Tocqueville, Souvenirs, p. 196.
36 Du Camp, Souvenirs, pp. 253, 256-7.
37 Ibid., pp. 270-2.
38 Document in Price, Documents, p. 94.
39 Ibid., pp. 94-5.
40 Price, French Second Republic, pp. 176-7.
41 AN, BB/18/1465A (dossier 59: Insurrection du 23 juin à Paris).
42 Caussidière, Mémoires, ii, p. 224.
43 Price, French Second Republic, pp. 159, 168, 171.
44 L. Blanc, Histoire de la Révolution de 1848, 5th edn (Paris, 1880), ii, pp. 153-4.
45 Ibid., pp. 153-4.
46 R. L. Hoffman, Revolutionary Justice: The Social and Political Theory of P.-J. Proudhon (Urbana, Chicago and London: University of Illinois Press, 1972), pp. 137-8.
47 Blanc, Histoire, ii, p. 147.
48 Quoted in de Luna, French Republic, p. 147.
49 Extract in Agulhon, Quarante-huitards, p. 168.
50 Extract in Price, Documents, pp. 101-2.
51 Ibid., p. 98.
52 De Luna, French Republic, p. 150; Price, French Second Republic, p. 187; Marx, Class Struggles, pp. 56-7.
53 Flaubert, Sentimental Education, Part 3, Chapter 1.
54 Caussidière, Mémoires, ii, pp. 232-3.
55 Herzen, From the Other Shore, p. 47.
56 Tocqueville, Souvenirs, pp. 190-1.
57 Ibid., p. 182.
58 Marx, Class Struggles, p. 56.
59 Price, French Second Republic, pp. 162-6.
60 Quoted in S. Zucker, Ludwig Bamberger: German Liberal Politician and Social Critic, 1823-1899 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1975), p. 26.
61 Engels, Germany: Revolution and Counter-Revolution, p. 63.
62 Quoted in Siemann, German Revolution, p. 92.
63 Quoted in Stadelmann, Social and Political History, p. 163.
64 ‘Demands of the Communist Party in Germany’, in Engels, Germany: Revolution and Counter-Revolution, pp. 132-4.
65 Sperber, Rhineland Radicals, p. 228.
66 Quoted in ibid., p. 227.
67 Zucker, Ludwig Bamberger, p. 25.
68 Stadelmann, Social and Political History, p. 170; Siemann, German Revolution, p. 90.
69 Quoted in ibid., p. 90.
70 Stadelmann, Social and Political History, pp. 168-9.
71 Ibid., pp. 170-3.
72 Siemann, German Revolution, p. 91.
73 Lewald, Year of Revolutions, pp. 102-3.
74 Sheehan, German Liberalism, p. 53.
75 Lewald, Year of Revolutions, pp. 97, 100.
76 Siemann, German Revolution, pp. 137-8.
77 Lewald, Year of Revolutions, pp. 113-14.
78 Quoted in Robertson, Revolutions of 1848, p. 135.
79 Quoted in Valentin, 1848, pp. 293-4.
80 Bismarck, Reflections and Reminiscences, i, p. 52.
81 Quoted in Valentin, 1848, p. 294.
82 Bismarck, Reflections and Reminiscences, i, p. 50.
83 Siemann, German Revolution, p. 166.
84 H. W. Koch, A Constitutional History of Germany in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (London: Longman, 1984), pp. 55-6.
85 Siemann, German Revolution, pp. 80-1.
86 Quoted in Winkler, Germany: The Long Road West, vol 1, p. 98.
87 Letter of Theodor Paur, 19 September 1848, quoted in Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, p. 112.
88 Schurz, Reminiscences, i, pp. 142-3.
89 Ibid., vol. i, p. 143.
90 Lewald, Year of Revolutions, pp. 121, 129, 133.
91 Letter of C. Koch-Gontard, in Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, p. 112.
92 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, i, p. 136.
93 Ibid., vol. 1, p. 142.
94 Rath, Viennese Revolution, p. 253.
95 Hübner, Une Année, pp. 267-9.
96 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, i, p. 153; Engels, Germany: Revolution and Counter-Revolution , p. 68.
97 Hübner, Une Année, pp. 278-9; Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, i, p. 156.
98 Quoted in Rath, Viennese Revolution, p. 296.
99 Engels, Germany: Revolution and Counter-Revolution, p. 68.
100 Rath, Viennese Revolution, pp. 292-6.
101 Pech, Czech Revolution, p. 291.
102 Polišenský, Aristocrats and the Crowd, pp. 127-8; Pech, Czech Revolution, p. 140.
103 Polišenský, Aristocrats and the Crowd, pp. 138-9.
104 Ibid., pp. 153-62; Pech, Czech Revolution, pp. 145-7.
105 L. D. Orton, The Prague Slav Congress of 1848 (Boulder, Col.: East European Quarterly, 1978), pp. 33-6.
106 Namier, 1848, p. 111.
107 Orton, Prague Slav Congress, p. 94.
108 Namier, 1848, p. 103.
109 Orton, Prague Slav Congress, pp. 107-15.
110 Quoted in Rath, Viennese Revolution, pp. 262-3.
111 Deme, Radical Left, pp. 49-51.
112 Ibid., pp. 60-5, 75; Deak, Lawful Revolution, pp. 142-4.
113 Spira, Hungarian Count, p. 229.
114 Deak, Lawful Revolution, p. 146.
115 Hitchins, The Romanians, pp. 262-3.
116 Quoted in ‘Carpathinus’, ‘1848 and Roumanian Unification’, pp. 393-4.
117 Quoted in Hitchins, The Romanians, p. 233.
118 Glenny, The Balkans, pp. 61-3; Hitchins, The Romanians, pp. 233-6.
119 Ibid., pp. 237-8; D. V. Pleshoyano, Colonel Nicolae Pleşoianu and the National Regeneration Movement in Walachia (Boulder, Col.: East European Monographs, 1991), pp. 18-19.
120 Quoted in Pleshoyano, Colonel Nicolae Pleşoianu, p. 26.
121 Hitchins, The Romanians, pp. 238-45; Glenny, The Balkans, p. 63.
122 ‘Carpathinus’, ‘1848 and Roumanian Unification’, p. 403.
123 Pleshoyano, Colonel Nicolae Pleşoianu, pp. 80-2
124 Hitchins, The Romanians, pp. 240, 245-9; Pleshoyano, Colonel Nicolae Pleşoianu, pp. 70-1, 86-96.
125 Quoted in Glenny, The Balkans, pp. 40-1.
126 Quoted in Deak, Lawful Revolution, p. 139.
127 Quoted in Rothenberg, ‘Jelačić’, p. 55.
128 Quoted in Sked, Decline and Fall, p. 97.
129 Quoted in ibid., p. 98.
130 Glenny, The Balkans, pp. 54-55.
131 Quoted in Deme, Radical Left, p. 99.
132 A. Urbán, ‘The Hungarian Army of 1848-49’, Kiraty and Rothenberg, War and Society in East Central Europe, vol. 1, pp. 97-100.
133 Quoted in Deme, Radical Left, p. 91.
134 Quoted in Spira, Hungarian Count, p. 247.
/>
135 Sked, Survival of the Habsburg Empire, pp. 145-6.
136 Berkeley and Berkeley, Italy in the Making, iii, pp. 352-73.
137 B. King, History of Italian Unity, i, pp. 259-60.
138 Quoted in Sked, Survival of the Habsburg Empire, p. 149.
139 Quoted in B. King, History of Italian Unity, i, p. 263.
140 L. Ambrosoli, notes to Cattaneo, ‘L’Insurrection’, pp. 957-8.
141 C. Hibbert, Garibaldi and his Enemies: The Clash of Arms and Personalities in the Making of Italy (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), p. 32.
142 Garibaldi, My Life, p. 8.
143 Quoted in Woolf, History of Italy, p. 393.
144 Garibaldi, My Life, p. 8.
145 Ibid., pp. 10-11.
146 Mack Smith, Mazzini, p. 63; Garibaldi, My Life, pp. 12-14.
147 E. Flagg, Venice: The City of the Sea from Napoleon to Radetzky, 2 vols (New York: Scribners, 1853), ii, p. 92.
148 Quoted in Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, p. 254.
149 Pepe, Histoire, pp. 124-30.
150 Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, pp. 254-66; Keates, Siege of Venice, pp. 233-49.
151 Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, pp. 266-9; Keates, Siege of Venice, pp. 250-1.
152 Woolf, History of Italy, pp. 393-4; Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, pp. 269-74.
153 B. King, History of Italian Unity, i, pp. 269-72; Berkeley and Berkeley, Italy in the Making, iii pp. 389-90.
154 Ibid., pp. 333-51, 388-9; Bolton King, History of Italian Unity, i, pp. 273-7.
155 Quoted in Mack Smith, History of Sicily, p. 418.
156 Ibid., pp. 416-22; B. King, History of Italian Unity, i, pp. 308-10, 316.
157 Quoted in Hobsbawm, Age of Revolution, p. 359.
CHAPTER 5
1 Bismarck, Reflections and Reminiscences, i, p. 50.
2 Quoted in L. Gall, Bismarck: The White Revolutionary, 2 vols (London: Allen and Unwin, 1986), i, p. 45.
3 Sperber, European Revolutions, p. 131.
4 Agulhon, 1848, pp. 62-3.
5 Sperber, European Revolutions, p. 140.
6 Bismarck, Reflections and Reminiscences, i, p. 50.
7 Quoted in Rath, Viennese Revolution, p. 304.
8 Hübner, Une Année, p. 302.
9 Tocqueville, Souvenirs, p. 228.
10 Sperber, European Revolutions, pp. 184-5.
11 AN, BB/30/333 (dossier 1: Avocat-général of Rennes to the Minister of Justice, 6 June 1848).
12 Siemann, German Revolution, pp. 103-4; Sperber, European Revolutions, p. 162.
13 Deme, Radical Left, pp. 53-4.
14 Pech, Czech Revolution, pp. 67-8.
15 S. Z. Pech, ‘Czech Peasantry in 1848’, M. Rechcigl, Jr, Czechoslovakia Past and Present, 2 vols (The Hague and Paris: Mouton, 1968), ii, pp. 1280-3.
16 Quoted in Blum, End of the Old Order, p. 382.
17 Quoted in Pech, ‘Czech Peasantry’, p. 1285.
18 Quoted in Blum, End of the Old Order, p. 402.
19 Rath, Viennese Revolution, p. 127.
20 Blum, End of the Old Order, pp. 389-90.
21 Quoted in Pech, ‘Czech Peasantry’, p. 1289.
22 Deme, Radical Left, pp. 51-2.
23 Leiningen-Westerburg, Letters and Journal, pp. 73, 74-5.
24 Quoted in Himka, Galician Villagers, p. 27 n.
25 Price, French Second Republic, p. 118.
26 AN, BB/30/333, dossier 1.
27 Blum, End of the Old Order, p. 371.
28 W. J. Orr, Jr., ‘East Prussia and the Revolution of 1848’, Central European History, vol. 13 (1980), pp. 303-31, p. 316.
29 Bismarck, Reflections and Reminiscences, i, p. 49.
30 P. Ginsborg, ‘Peasants and Revolutionaries in Venice and the Veneto’, Historical Journal, vol. 17 (1974), pp. 503-50, p. 537.
31 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, i, p. 172.
32 Ibid., ii, pp. 92-6; Rath, Viennese Revolution, pp. 324-6.
33 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, ii, pp. 97-101; Rath, Viennese Revolution, pp. 326-9.
34 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, ii, p. 110.
35 Hübner, Une Année, p. 342.
36 Rath, Viennese Revolution, pp. 331-4.
37 Ibid., p. 343.
38 Ibid., p. 345.
39 Hübner, Une Année, pp. 359-60.
40 Rath, Viennese Revolution, pp. 346-8.
41 Quoted in Deak, Lawful Revolution, p. 180.
42 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, ii, p. 129.
43 Hübner, Une Année, p. 396.
44 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, ii, p. 132.
45 A. Görgey, My Life and Acts in Hungary in the Years 1848 and 1849, 2 vols (London, 1852), i, p. 70.
46 Deak, Lawful Revolution, pp. 180-2. See also Görgey’s account in My Life and Acts, i, pp. 78-92.
47 Hübner, Une Année, p. 396.
48 Ibid., p. 393.
49 Fröbel’s testimony in Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, pp. 127-33.
50 Hübner, Une Année, pp. 434-5.
51 Sked, Decline and Fall, pp. 137-9.
52 Quoted in ibid., p. 133.
53 Hübner, Une Année, p. 451-2.
54 Rath, Viennese Revolution, p. 364.
55 Quoted in Siemann, German Revolution, p. 166.
56 Valentin, 1848, pp. 340-1.
57 Gall, Bismarck, i, p. 50.
58 Siemann, German Revolution, pp. 105-7; Sperber, European Revolutions, p. 161.
59 Gall, Bismarck, i, pp. 46-51.
60 Quoted in Craig, Politics of the Prussian Army, p. 117.
61 Randers-Pehrson, Germans and the Revolution, pp. 424-9.
62 Quoted in Craig, Politics of the Prussian Army, p. 119.
63 Lewald, Year of Revolutions, p. 141; Stadelmann, German Revolution, p. 154.
64 Lewald, Year of Revolutions, pp. 145-6.
65 Craig, Politics of the Prussian Army, p. 120.
66 Lewald, Year of Revolutions, pp. 148-9.
67 Randers-Pehrson, Germans and the Revolution, pp. 431-6; Siemann, German Revolution, pp. 168-9; Stadelmann, Social and Political History, p. 155; Koch, Constitutional History, p. 71.
68 Quoted in Winkler, Germany: The Long Road West, i, p. 104.
69 Allen and Hughes, German Parliamentary Debates, p. 33.
70 Ibid., p. 92.
71 Ibid., p. 53.
72 Ibid., p. 57.
73 Ibid., p. 50.
74 Ibid., pp. 97-8; Winkler, Germany: The Long Road West, i, pp. 104-7.
75 German constitution in Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, pp. 149-60.
76 Quoted in Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, ii, p. 142.
77 Quoted in Hübner, Une Année, pp. 426-7.
78 Quoted in Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, p. 122.
79 Quoted in Sked, Decline and Fall, p. 125.
80 Spira, Hungarian Count, p. 275.
81 Quoted in Deme, Radical Left, p. 101.
82 Ibid., p. 105.
83 Quoted in Spira, Hungarian Count, pp. 284 (‘I am to be blamed’), 289 (‘Kossuth’s name’).
84 Spira, Hungarian Count, pp. 295-301.
85 Quoted in Deme, Radical Left, p. 109.
86 Deak, Lawful Revolution, pp. 171-2.
87 Ibid., p. 172.
88 Deme, Radical Left, pp. 112-13.
89 Deak, Lawful Revolution, passim, but especially p. 174.
90 Leiningen-Westerburg, Letters and Journal, pp. 92-5.
91 Ibid., pp. 99, 103.
92 Deak, Lawful Revolution, pp. 208-10; Hitchins, The Romanians, p. 259.
93 R. R. Florescu, ‘Debunking a Myth: The Magyar-Romanian National Struggle of 1848-1849’, Austrian History Yearbook, vols 12-13 (1976), p. 82.
94 Leiningen-Westerburg, Letters and Journal, p. 112.
95 Hitchins, The Romanians, pp. 259-60.
96 Leiningen-Westerburg, Letters and Journal, pp. 94-5.
97 Ibid., p. 105.
98 Ibid., pp. 144, 154.
99 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, ii, pp. 155-7.
100 Leiningen-Westerburg, Letters
and Journal, pp. 207-8.
101 Görgey, Life and Acts, i, p. 2.
102 Deak, Lawful Revolution, p. 186; for Görgey’s account of the court martial and his judgement, see Life and Acts, i, pp. 8-31.
103 Ibid., p. 54.
104 Deak, Lawful Revolution, pp. 182-7.
105 Görgey, Life and Acts, i, p. 109.
106 Ibid., p. 120.
107 Deak, Lawful Revolution, pp. 211-15
108 Quoted in Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, p. 296.
109 See Pepe’s account in Histoire, pp. 185-8; Keates, Siege of Venice, pp. 270-2, 278-9, 284-6; Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, pp. 296-301; Trevelyan, Manin, p. 215; Bolton King, History of Italian Unity, i, pp. 342-3.
110 Quoted in Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, p. 278; see also Keates, Siege of Venice, pp. 256-7.
111 Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, pp. 279-89.
112 Quoted in ibid., p. 276.
113 Ibid., pp. 274-7.
114 Quoted in Berkeley and Berkeley, Italy in the Making, iii, p. 411.
115 Woolf, History of Italy, p. 392.
116 Quoted in Berkeley and Berkeley, Italy in the Making, iii, p. 401.
117 Bolton King, History of Italian Unity, i, p. 288.
118 Quoted in Berkeley and Berkeley, Italy in the Making, iii, p. 425.
119 Quoted in Beales and Biagini, Risorgimento, p. 245.
120 Quoted in Berkeley and Berkeley, Italy in the Making, iii, p. 434.
121 Quoted in G. M. Trevelyan, Garibaldi’s Defence of the Roman Republic 1848-9 (London: Longman, 1988), p. 88.
122 Berkeley and Berkeley, Italy in the Making, iii, pp. 440-1.
123 Details on Rossi’s ministry, his murder and the November revolution in Rome in ibid., pp. 395-463; Bolton King, History of Italian Unity, i, pp. 280-5.
124 Quoted in Trevelyan, Garibaldi’s Defence, p. 78.
125 Quoted in Woolf, History of Italy, p. 396.
126 Quoted in Hibbert, Garibaldi and his Enemies, p. 33.
127 Garibaldi, My Life, p. 16.
128 Ibid., p. 17.
129 Quoted in Trevelyan, Garibaldi’s Defence, p. 85.
130 Garibaldi, My Life, p. 19.
131 Ibid., p. 21.
132 Ibid., p. 20.
133 Woolf, History of Italy, pp. 397-9.
134 Quoted in J. F. Macmillan, Napoleon III (Harlow: Longman, 1991), p. 13.
135 Quoted in Tombs, France, p. 398.
136 Details on Louis-Napoleon’s early life in Macmillan, Napoleon III, pp. 7-17; Stern, Histoire, pp. 556-65.
137 Macmillan, Napoleon III, p. 28.
138 Quoted in Stern, Histoire, p. 568.
139 AN, W/574, pc. 17 (minutes of the Club de la Révolution de 1793-1848, 17 June)