27. From a Budget correspondent in Loyal, Wisconsin, also responding to the Wagler questionnaire.
28. Letters to the editor, Family Life, May 1981, 32.
29. Letter to the editor, Family Life, in Heritage Historical Library, Aylmer, ON.
30. Wenger et al., “Underimmunization in Ohio’s Amish.”
31. See Huntington, “Health Care,” 185–89, for an extensive discussion of immunization.
32. Bobseine, “Working with Amish Communities.”
33. See Huntington, “Health Care,” 172–81.
34. Diary, Feb. 2006, 45.
35. Huntington, “Health Care,” 173–75. See Amelia Reiheld’s description of the Mount Eaton Care Center: “Birthing Center Serves Amish Well.”
36. Showalter, “Birthing among the Amish.”
37. Campanella, Korbin, and Acheson, “Pregnancy and Childbirth,” 334–35.
38. Lemon, “Amish Health Care Beliefs.” See especially pages 56–57 for a list of herbs used in preparation for childbirth.
39. Personal communication from Martha King, March 10, 2012.
40. Huntington, “Health Care,” 166–69.
41. Family Court Act #1012 [f] [1] [A], New York State. From the decision reached in St. Lawrence County Department of Social Services v. G. and B. Hershberger, Dec. 8, 2008. See also Clayton and Kodish, “Baby Aaron and the Elders,” 5.
42. For more on the cultural context, see Cates, “Facing Away” and “Of Course It’s Confidential,” and Reiling, “Boundary Maintenance.” On psychological testing of Amish people, see Cates and Graham, “Psychological Assessment.”
43. “Minutes of the Sixth People Helpers Meeting,” 37.
44. An eight-part series of Family Life essays, “Brighter Days Ahead: Voices of Experience,” appeared from April 1993 to January 1994. Five additional articles were published from January to April 2003.
45. Nolt, “Moving beyond Stark Options.” See also minute booklets from People Helpers meetings, in Steven Nolt’s files.
46. For examples, see Nolt, “Moving beyond Stark Options,” 145–46.
47. Nolt, “Moving beyond Stark Options,” 139–40, and “Green Pasture Report 8/8/05–5/31/10,” in Steven Nolt’s files.
48. For information and research publications, visit www.clinicforspecialchildren.org/.
49. Gura, “Rare Diseases.” See also Strauss and Puffenberger, “Genetics, Medicine, and the Plain People.”
50. Strauss, Puffenberger, and Morton, “One Community’s Effort to Control Genetic Disease.”
51. See www.ddcclinic.org for a detailed description and publications. Windows of Hope, in Holmes County, Ohio, also investigates and provides information on genetic disorders; see www.wohproject.org.
52. Examples include Topeka, Indiana, and Martinsburg, Pennsylvania.
53. See www.umm.edu/news/releases/amish_res_clinic.htm.
54. See the Amish Research Clinic’s annual newsletters, in Donald Kraybill’s files.
55. Cross and Crosby, “Amish Contributions to Medical Genetics,” 465.
CHAPTER 19. GOVERNMENT AND CIVIC RELATIONS
Epigraph: From Jacob U. Gingerich, letter to “Senator,” Nov. 19, 2011, copy in authors’ files.
1. Roger Alford, “Amish Man’s Letters Sway Lawmakers on Buggy Issue,” San Antonio Express-News, Feb. 12, 2012; Gingerich, letter to “Senator.”
2. 1001 Questions, 156.
3. Sylvan Lapp, letter to the editor, Lancaster (PA) Intelligencer Journal-New Era, Jan. 19, 2012.
4. For essays on Amish views of and conflicts with the state, see Kraybill, Amish and the State.
5. 1001 Questions, 156–57.
6. See Ryan Robinson, “Amish Farmers Win Battle in State Court,” Lancaster (PA) New Era, June 2, 2009.
7. C. Lapp, Pennsylvania School History, 140.
8. For numerous examples, see Kidder, “Role of Outsiders.”
9. Jacob Schmucker v. David Byler et al., Geauga County Common Pleas No. 4399, filed Feb. 20, 1917.
10. Friedman, “Conscription and the Constitution”; Russell, “Conscientious Objector Recognition.”
11. This chapter discusses Amish encounters with government in the United States; the situation in Canada bears important similarities but also key differences. See Janzen, Limits on Liberty, 245–71; Regehr, “Relations between the Old Order Amish and the State”; and Thomson, “Canadian Government Relations.”
12. Amanda Peterka, “Amish Farmers in Chesapeake Bay Watershed Find Themselves in EPA’s Sight,” New York Times, Oct. 10, 2011, www.nytimes.com/gwire/2011/10/10/10greenwire.
13. See, for example, N. Stoltzfus, Stories of COs in World War I Army Camps.
14. Beechy and Beechy, Experiences of C.O.’s.; A. Keim, “Military Service and Conscription.” The Amish in Canada faced somewhat different conditions; there was no Cold War draft, and during the few years (1940–1945) when there was conscription in Canada, it was provincially based and almost all Ontario Amish were given farm furloughs.
15. Ferrara, “Social Security and Taxes.”
16. 1001 Questions, 156–57, 158. See also J. Stoll, “Umbrella We Don’t Need.”
17. Hall, “Revolt of the Plain People.” See also Robert Metz, “Amish and Taxes,” New York Times, May 22, 1961; “Unto Caesar,” Time, Nov. 3, 1958, 21; and “U.S. Sells 3 Mares for Amish Tax Debt,” New York Times, May 2, 1961.
18. “Amish Are Granted Exclusion,” New York Times, July 31, 1965; Ferrara, “Social Security and Taxes.”
19. Bush, Two Kingdoms, Two Loyalties, 168–72, 196–97, 239; A. Keim, “Military Service and Conscription,” 56–61.
20. Minutes of Old Order Amish Steering Committee: First Volume, 1.
21. Ibid., 3, 5. The meeting was held Nov. 16, 1966.
22. Ibid., 8.
23. Olshan, “National Amish Steering Committee”; Steven Nolt interview with Freeman L. Yoder (1923–2003), Middlebury, Ind., Oct. 7 and 19, 1999. Yoder, a long-time member of the original committee, reported that the founding members from the Midwest favored the name Amish Central Committee, but that Kinsinger insisted on Amish Steering Committee. “We [in the Midwest] didn’t like the idea of a group ‘steering’ the Amish,” Yoder explained.
24. For one theoretical perspective, see Olshan, “Homespun Bureaucracy.”
25. Minutes of Old Order Amish Steering Committee: Second Volume, 13. On the continuance of the Steering Committee after the demise of the draft, see Olshan, “Homespun Bureaucracy,” 3.
26. Lindholm, “National Committee for Amish Religious Freedom.”
27. A. Keim, Compulsory Education and the Amish, 93–94.
28. The text of the decision appears in A. Keim, Compulsory Education and the Amish, 149–81. Recent appraisals of the case include S. Peters, Yoder Case.
29. The smoke detector requirement is only one of the objections raised by the Swartzentruber Amish. Also contentious, for example, is the requirement that builders submit stamped architectural drawings.
30. New York State has since mandated the installation of carbon monoxide detectors, which are also unacceptable to the Swartzentruber Amish. Settlement of the case has expanded to include these new devices. It is not simply the electrical nature of these devices: wind-up detectors are as forbidden as hard-wired and battery-operated versions.
31. Case 7:09-cv-00007-NPM-GHL Document 85, Filed 11/07/11, United States District Court, Northern District of New York, Levi Yoder et al., v. Town of Morristown et al. Morristown eventually dropped all the charges against the Amish.
32. See Minutes of Old Order Amish Steering Committee: Seventh Volume; Minutes of Old Order Amish Steering Committee: Eighth Volume; and Bontrager, “Encounters with the State.”
33. Justin Quinn, “President Signs Pitts’ Amish Labor Bill,” Lancaster (PA) Intelligencer Journal, Jan. 27, 2004.
34. Diane Smith, “Amish Gain Voice on Nelson Zoning Panel.” Record-Courier (Ravenna, OH), Jan. 6, 2012, www.recordpub.com/news/article/5143
184.
35. Marlys Weaver, “Residents of Shipshewana Speak Out Against Alcohol Sales.” Elkhart (IN) Truth, Jan. 27, 2011.
36. See, for example, Kraybill and Nolt, Amish Enterprise, 153.
37. 1001 Questions, 157–59.
38. Kraybill and Kopko, “Bush Fever.”
39. Jon Rutter, “Amish, Other Plain, Fill Ranks of Fire and Ambulance Companies,” Lancaster (PA) Sunday News, July 8, 2012.
40. Poster advertising “16th Annual LaGrange County Habitat for Humanity Fundraising Auction, Shipshewana Auction Barn, Friday, August 5, 2011,” Steven Nolt’s files.
41. McIntyre, “Donate Blood, Win a Car!” Cleveland Plain Dealer, Aug. 2, 2010. Some Amish also serve as organ donors; see Family Life, May 1988, 30–33.
42. Janowski, “Simple Service.”
43. Detweiler, Hammer Rings Hope; Rebuilding Hope.
44. See Stauffer, “Giant Broom of Destruction” and “By Giving, We Receive.” Both articles were written by an Old Order Mennonite writer but reflect typical Amish sentiments regarding disaster work.
45. Nolt, “MCC’s Relationship with ‘Plain’ Anabaptists.”
46. Founder David N. Troyer later joined a car-driving Beachy Amish congregation.
47. Language used in various CAM publications.
48. Nolt, “MCC’s Relationship with ‘Plain’ Anabaptists,” 144–49; CAM Annual Report 2011, in Steven Nolt’s files.
49. DeGeorgio-Venegas, “Conservative Anabaptist Service Program.” Another organization with which some Amish have served is the Fellowship of Christian Farmers. In 2009 Amish from the Nappanee, Indiana, settlement joined this group on a trip to Texas to clean up damage in the wake of Hurricane Ike; see Cindy Horswell, “Mending Fences: Amish Offer Helping Hand in Wake of Hurricane Ike,” Goshen (IN) News, Feb. 19, 2009. Originally published in Houston (TX) Chronicle: “Good Samaritans: Amish Volunteers Come to Give Ranchers a Hand in Jefferson and Chambers Counties,” Feb. 16, 2009.
50. Nolt, “Mennonite Identity.” The annual Haiti auction began in northern Indiana in 1978; four years later the second auction started in Ohio. The auctions spread to other communities, especially during the 1990s.
51. For an Amish critique of those who travel overseas for mission work and thus neglect their responsibility to their extended families at home, see letter to Family Life, June 1988, 3–4.
52. Old Colony Mennonite Support, Called to Mexico; Sensenig, “Old Order Amish”; issues of Old Colony Mennonite Support Newsletter (2000–); “History Report, Old Colony Mennonites in Mexico [1995–2008],” Steven Nolt’s files; and R. Miller, Vision for the Journey.
53. A. Keim, Compulsory Education and the Amish, 163.
54. Epps, “Amish and the American Oyster,” 267–68, 271.
CHAPTER 20. THE AMISH IN PRINT
Epigraph: Quotations from “Notice: Revision of Guide Lines, Effective July 1990 and Thereafter, by Die Botschaft Committee,” reproduced in Kinsinger and Kinsinger, Little History of Our Parochial Schools, 232–33, and from Die Botschaft, Dec. 31, 2012, 2.
1. Blank, Amazing Story of the Ausbund, viii.
2. V. Weaver-Zercher, Thrill of the Chaste.
3. Kinsinger, Family and History of Lydia Beachy’s Descendants, 119.
4. Kinsinger and Kinsinger, Little History of Our Parochial Schools, 164.
5. Interview with J. Stoll, Jan. 2002.
6. Some ultraconservative groups still use Strayer-Upton arithmetic textbooks in the twenty-first century.
7. “A Word about Pathway,” n.d., in Heritage Historical Library, Aylmer, ON.
8. Girl in the Mirror, [3].
9. Ibid.
10. Staff Notes, Family Life, Jan. 2012, 6–7. For a collection of essays from Family Life, see Igou, Amish in Their Own Words.
11. Joseph Stoll interviews by Karen Johnson-Weiner in 2002 and 2003 on the topic of Pathway, its publishing, and the reception of Pathway materials in different communities. See Johnson-Weiner, Train Up a Child, chap. 8, for a discussion of the progressive influence in Pathway readers.
12. A list of seventeen new Amish publications originating between 1991 and 2001 appears in Staff Notes, Family Life, July 2001, 6.
13. Personal communication to Donald Kraybill, July 18, 2012.
14. Nolt, “Inscribing Community.”
15. Die Botschaft, Dec. 5, 2011. Some communities have several regular writers.
16. Die Botschaft, Aug. 25, 2004, 1.
17. Nolt, “Inscribing Community,” 188–89.
18. The offending ad from a Lancaster County Radio Shack appeared in Die Botschaft on Dec. 3, 10, 17, and 31, 2003, and on Jan. 7, 2004.
19. In fact, almost a fifth of Die Botschaft scribes are Old Order (horse-and-buggy) Mennonites. An Amish publisher based in Millersburg, Pennsylvania, now owns and prints Die Botschaft.
20. On Amish publishing and identity, see Johnson-Weiner, “Publish or Perish.”
21. See D. Weaver-Zercher, Amish in the American Imagination; Buck, “Bloodless Theatre”; and Louden, “Image of the Old Order Amish,” esp. 113–16.
22. Chase and Shaw, “Dimensions of Nostalgia,” 4.
23. Keene, Witch Tree Symbol, 21.
24. Lasky, Beyond the Divide, 13, 20.
25. Keene, Witch Tree Symbol, 153.
26. For a discussion of the Amish and the mystified depictions of pastoral rural life, see Downing, “Witnessing the Amish,” 24–41.
27. McDaniel, Lifted Up By Angels, 70; McDaniel, Until Angels Close My Eyes, 189–90.
28. Myers, Parsley, Sage, Rosemary & Crime, 38–39.
29. Lewis, The Crossroad, 42; Gaus, Broken English, 39.
30. Keene, Witch Tree Symbol, 20.
31. Lang, “Blind Man’s Lantern.”
32. See “Amish Science Fiction,” last modified Oct. 23, 2007, www.adherents.com/lit/sf_amish.html.
33. Workinger, In Dutch Again, 73.
34. Gaus, Blood of the Prodigal, 1.
35. Picoult, Plain Truth, 338.
36. Gaus, Blood of the Prodigal, 29.
37. Lewis, The Shunning, 132.
38. McDaniel, Lifted Up By Angels, 208.
39. Lasky, Beyond the Divide, 6.
40. V. Weaver-Zercher, Thrill of the Chaste, 4–5, reports the sales numbers.
41. Personal correspondence to the authors, March 10, 2012.
42. Conversation with Donald Kraybill, Nov. 8, 2011.
43. E. Miller, “Why We Love Amish Romances.”
44. Personal correspondence to Donald Kraybill, March 13, 2012.
45. V. Weaver-Zercher, Thrill of the Chaste, chap. 8.
46. See D. Weaver-Zercher, “An Uneasy Calling,” 98–99.
47. For examples, see Furlong, Why I Left the Amish; R. Garrett, Crossing Over; Streiker-Schmidt, Separate God, I. Wagler, Growing Up Amish; and W. Weaver, Dust Between My Toes.
48. The number of non-English titles is based on the collection in the Heritage Historical Library in Aylmer, Ontario. In addition to books, there are dissertations, journal articles, and chapters on Amish topics that have been written in or translated into foreign languages.
CHAPTER 21. TOURISM AND MEDIA
1. Trollinger, Selling the Amish, 141.
2. This definition is provided by the National Trust for Historic Preservation: “Heritage Tourism,” National Trust for Historic Preservation, www.preservationnation.org/information-center/economics-of-revitalization/heritage-tourism/.
3. See Chase and Shaw, “Dimensions of Nostalgia.” See also Singer, “Symbolic and Historic Structure.” Singer notes that “the availability and vitality of the past, in short, depends on its being embedded in living cultural traditions and on being reenacted in cultural performances” (434).
4. Graburn, “Secular Ritual,” 31.
5. D. Weaver-Zercher, Amish in the American Imagination, 85.
6. Turco, “Tourism in Amish Communities,” 142.
7. See D. Weaver-Zercher, Amish in the American Imagination, esp. ch
ap. 3. See also Luthy, “Origin and Growth of Amish Tourism.”
8. See Wiley, “Wilderness Theatre,” esp. 124.
9. Meet Your Amish Neighbors, tour brochure by Alma Kaufman and Flair Travel Consultants (1961), in Heritage Historical Library, Aylmer, ON.
10. “Amish Tours for October,” n.d., pamphlet in Karen Johnson-Weiner’s file.
11. See Buck, “Boundary Maintenance Revisited,” for a more in-depth discussion of portrayals of the Amish in tourist literature.
12. As David Weaver-Zercher points out, “The degree of Amish openness to these encounters varied” (Amish in the American Imagination, 92).
13. MacCannell, The Tourist, 98.
14. Buck, “Boundary Maintenance Revisited,” 229.
15. Hearts & Hands: The Official Travel Planner of Amish Country, Holmes County Chamber of Commerce, 16, http://issuu.com/silenyjizda/docs/hh_2009guidebook.
16. Amish Country Tours at Plain & Fancy Farm, Pennsylvania Dutch Convention and Visitors Bureau, www.padutchcountry.com/members/amish_country_tours.asp.
17. Amish Impressions is no longer in business.
18. Amish Experience Theater at Plain & Fancy Farm, Pennsylvania Dutch Convention and Visitors Bureau, www.padutchcountry.com/members/amish_experience_theater.asp.
19. Amish Back Roads, LaGrange County Convention & Visitors Bureau, www.shipshewanatours.org/.
20. See www.allgetaways.com/view_destination.asp?destinationid=XGP517–007.
21. About 81,000 Amish people live in these three settlements. Tourist data provided in June 2012 by staff of the Pennsylvania Dutch Convention and Visitors Bureau, Holmes County Chamber of Commerce and Tourism Bureau, and Elkhart County Convention and Visitors Bureau.
22. Locher, “Look What Tourism’s Done for Lancaster,” quoted in Luthy, “Origin and Growth of Amish Tourism,” 126.
23. Wiley, “Wilderness Theatre,” 122. Wiley cites Walker Percy.
24. For one exception, see Meyers, “Amish Tourism.”
25. For different perspectives on these issues, see Boorstin, The Image; Cohen, “Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences”; Holden, Environment and Tourism; and MacCannell, The Tourist.
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