Salamis, battle of (489 BC)
Salapia, Italy
Salinator, Marcus Livius, consul (208)
Sallust, historian
Samnites
cult of Hercules
and Hannibal
wars with Rome
Sanchuniathon, Phoenician writer
Sant’ Imbenia (modern Alghero), Sardinia
Sant’ Omobono, Rome, temple
sarcophagi, anthropoid
Sardinia
annexed by Rome
Carthaginian attacks on
Carthaginian settlements
cultural hybridization
food supplies for Carthage
metal ores
mints
Nuragic people
Phoenician burials
Phoenician settlements
Punic traditions
rebellion in support of Hannibal
revolt of mercenaries (241 BC)
Roman legion sent to (217)
trade network from
worship of Melqart
Sardinian Sea, Battle of the (535 BC)
Sardus, son of Maceris (Heracles)
Sargon II, king of Assyria
Saw, pass of, defeat of rebel mercenaries in
scarab beetle
Schumann, Franz
Scipio Aemilianus
destruction of and curse on Carthage
and fall of Carthage
and ritual of evocatio before Carthage
Scipio, Gnaeus Cornelius, consul
battle of Hibera invasion of Iberian peninsula
Scipio, Lucius Cornelius
Scipio Nascia, arguments against destruction of Carthage
Scipio, Publius Cornelius (Africanus)
appointed to command
heroic-divine reputation
later years
in North Africa; attack on Carthaginian camps; battle of Zama; treaty with Carthage
preparations in Sicily for invasion of North Africa
return to Rome
siege of New Carthage
tactics at Ilipa
triumph
victory in Spain
view of Hannibal
Scipio, Publius Cornelius, Roman commander
against Hannibal in Italy
battle of Hibera
battle of Ticinius
first contact with Hannibal
sea walls
Second Punic War (218–201 BC)
aftermath
build-up to
declaration of war
Hannibal’s advance to Rome
Hannibal’s years in Italy
Scipio in North Africa
treaty and indemnity
see also Hannibal Barca
Segesta, Sicily
dispute with Selinus
Seleucid Empire
Seleucus I, king of Syria
Selinus, Sicily
dispute with Segesta
new Punic settlement
siege of
temple of Heracles
Sena Gallica, Umbria, battle of
Sennacherib, Great King of Assyria
Septimius Severus (grandfather of emperor)
Septimius Severus, Lucius, Emperor (193 AD)
Servius Tullius, Roman king
ship-building
construction method
and Mediterranean trade
Phoenician advances
ships
bireme
Egyptian
gauloi (merchant ships)
penteconter
Phoenician
quadrireme
quinquereme
story of first boat
trireme
Sibylline books (Roman oracular books)
Sican people, Sicily
Sicca, Numidian town
mercenaries in
sanctuary of Astarte
Sicel people, Sicily
Sicily
Carthaginian control over western part
Carthaginian exports to
Carthaginian fortresses
Carthaginian losses to Pyrrhus
cultural syncretism
First Punic War on
and Hannibal’s propaganda
Heracles in
instability
Mamertine mercenaries
Melqart in
military mints
relations between Punic and Greek populations
Roman control over
Roman interest in
Roman invasion (213–211)
Roman legion sent to (217)
Scipio Africanus in
see also Lilybaeum; Syracuse
Sid, Carthaginian god
Sid Babi (Sardus Pater)
temple at Antas
Sidon
cults of Eshmoun and Astarte
trade from
under control of Tyre
‘Sidonian rights’ (ὺš şdn), in
Carthage
Siga, Numidia
Silenus of Caleacte, historian/writer
association of Heracles with Hannibal
on capitulation of Tarentum
with Hannibal
on Hannibal’s march to gates of Rome
Silius Italicus
Punica (poem)
on temple of Melqart at Gades
silver
collapse in value (6th century)
Greek lack of
see also coins and coinage
silver ore
Etruria
Sardinia
Spain
Spanish mines
skyphoi (Euboean drinking cups)
slaves
freed to fight in army
legal freedom for
in Roman army
Roman law on
in silver mines
Solomon, king of Judah (Israel), sale of cities to Tyre
Solus, Sicily Cannita sarcophagi
Somalia, Tyrian-Israelite expedition
Sophocles
Andromeda
Ichneuta
Sophonisba, daughter of Hasdrubal Gisco
Sosylus of Sparta, historian/writer
and Hannibal
Souma of Khroub, Numidian mausoleum
Spain
Barcid administration of
Carthaginian ambitions in
euhemeristic account of Heracles’ journey from
fiscal structure
Greeks in
Hamilcar Barca’s expedition
mint
Roman campaign in
silver ore
trade to Greece
victory for Scipio in
see also Andalusia; Gades
Sparta, alliance with Athens
Spendius, leader of mercenaries
springs
Caere
Gades
Heracleium
Roman rite
staircases, twin, Acragas
Statilius Taurus
Statius, Roman poet
statuettes
of Heracles
manufacture of
terracotta figurines
steles
double-headed (Baal Hammon and Tanit)
erected by Abibaal
molk inscriptions
motifs
sign of Tanit on
Stesichorus
Geryoneis (poem)
Strabo, Greek geographer
stucco
Su Nuraxi, Nuragic settlement, Sardinia
Sudan, Tyrian-Israelite expedition
suffetes (two elected senior magistrates)
Sulcis, Sardinia tophet
Suniatus, rival to Hanno the Great
Syphax, king of Massaesylian Numidian kingdom
Syracuse
alliance with Segesta
defeat by Rome (263 BC)
and Mamertines
mints
peace treaty (405 BC)
and Pyrrhus
and Roman control of Sicily
Roman
siege (213–211)
support for Carthage against mercenary rebels
as threat to Rome
treaty with Carthage (373 BC)
under Timoleon
wars with Carthage
Syria, northern
Syrtis Major
Syrtis Minor
Numidian occupation
Tagus, river, battle at (220 BC)
Tanit, goddess
Carthage
identified with Juno
new temple in Carthage
sign of
Tarentum, Magna Graecia
and Alexander
capitulation to Hannibal
recaptured by Rome
Roman victory over
Tarquinius Superbus, king of Rome
Tartessus (‘Tarshish’)
decline of
equated with Andalusia
Heracles in
Taurini tribe, northern Italy
taxation
fiscal structure of Barcid Spain
Hannibal’s reforms
of Libyans
Roman
Sicily
technology
agricultural
mining
naval
temples
Apollo
Baal Hammon, Carthage
Carthage
Concordia
Eshmoun
Juno (Cape Lacinium)
Kerkouane
Melqart: Carthage; in Gades; Tyre
Motya (Sicily)
Pyrgi
Rome
Sid, Antas (Sardinia)
Tyre
Terillus, autocrat of Himera
Terracina, Latium
Tharros, Sardinia
sanctuary of Melqart
steles
suffetes
tophet
Thasos, Greek island
temple of Heracles
Thermae Himerae, Sicily
Theron, king of Syracuse
Third Macedonian War
Third Punic War (150–146 BC)
pretext for
Roman demand for hostages
Roman offer of terms
siege and fall of Carthage
Thugga, Numidian town (Tunisia)
Thusca region
Tiberius Claudius of Antium
Tiberius, stepson of Augustus
Ticinus, River, Battle of (218)
Tiglathpileser I, king of Assyria
Tiglathpileser III, king of Assyria
Timeaus of Tauromenium, historian
on Agathocles
on Alexander
on attack on Acragas
on Himera
as source for Diodorus
on synchronicity of foundation of Rome and Carthage
view of Rome
Timoleon, Corinthian ruler of Syracuse
tin, sources of
tombs
Acca Laurentia, Rome
early Carthage
Kerkouane
tophets (sacred enclosures for child sacrifice)
Carthage
Motya
North Africa
in western Mediterranean colonies
trade
Atlantic
Carthage and Greece
Carthage and Rome
commercial
Egypt
Euboea
Greece
long-distance
in luxury goods
in Sicily
trade routes and networks
Carthaginian
Etruscans
Levant to Spain
Sardinia
Tyrian
Tyrrhenian (north–south)
Trasimene, Lake, Battle of (217)
Trebia, River, Battle of (218)
Tribunal of One Hundred and Four
and appointment of generals
Hannibal’s reforms
Troy
and Greece
and Roman foundation myths
Tunes (Tunis)
mercenaries at
Scipio at
taken by Regulus
Turdentani tribe, southern Spain
Tyre
acquisition of hinterland
Assyrian pressure on
colonization of western Mediterranean
colony at Gades
peace with Babylon (573 BC)
relations with Egypt
relations with Israel
revolt against Assyria
role in Carthaginian identity
siege of (332)
and Spanish silver mines
temples
trading network
Tyros, nymph
Ugarit, northern Syrian state
Umbria, under Roman control
Uni, Etruscan goddess
United States of America
as new Rome
Utica
besieged by mercenaries
Scipio’s landing at
Utica, battle of (203)
Valerius Maximus, Roman writer
Varro, Gaius Terentius, Roman commander at Cannae
and Capua
Varro, Roman writer
Vegetius, Roman military writer
Veii, Etruscan city
showers of stones
Velleius, writer
Venus Erycina, Roman goddess
Venus, goddess, patron deity of Rome
Vergil (Vergilius Marro) (Virgil), Aeneid
Via Flaminia
Villaricos, Andalusia
Volcae tribe, Rhône valley
votive monuments
Vulso, Lucius Manlius, consul
Vulturnus, River, valley of
walls
city
Lilybaeum
sea
warfare
brutality in Mercenaries’ Revolt
Carthaginian attrition strategy
Hamilcar’s raids
Hannibal’s tactics
murder of prisoners
phalanx
Roman pace of
see also naval warfare
water supplies
Carthage
Tyre
weapons
and body armour
falaricia (javelin)
falcata (curved sword)
javelins
leather caps
manufacture
shields
slings and shot
spears
swords
weights and measures, Phoenician
wine, laws on
wine production
Sicily
trade
women, rights of
writing
Greek loan words from Phoenician
Phoenician, western Mediterranean
Xanthippus, Spartan commander
Yada’milk, tomb in Carthage
Yahweh, Israelite god
Zama, battle of (202)
Zeus Meilichios, sacred enclosure of
Zonaras, historian, on Mylae
Zybac, tomb in Kerkouane
1. Aeneas’ Farewell from Dido in Carthage, 1675–6, oil painting by Claude Lorrain.
2. Panoramic view of Carthage, reconstruction painting from the Musée National, Carthage.
3. and 4. Gold finger rings with settings adorned with a woman’s head and a man’s head, third century BC, from the necropolis of sainte-Monique, Carthage.
5. Amulets depicting faces, fourth or third century BC.
6. Relief depicting the unloading of wood after transportation by sea, eighth century BC, Assyrian, from the Palace of Sargon II, Khorsabad.
7. Votive Punic Stele depicting Priest holding a child, fourth century BC, dark limestone, from the tophet of Carthage.
8. Punic stelae from the tophet of Carthage.
9. Votive Stele depicting Tanit, goddess of Carthage, holding a caduceus with a dolphin and an inscription, second or first century BC, Phoenician, from Tophet El-Horfa, Algeria.
10. Sarco
phagus of ‘Winged Priestess’, fourth or third century BC, marble, from the necropolis of sainte-Monique, Carthage.
11. Youth of Motya, c. 470–450 BC.
12. Gold sheet with Phoenician text, fifth century BC, from Pyrgi.
13. Gold sheet with Etruscan text, fifth century BC, from Pyrgi.
14. Remains of a Phoenician ship, third century BC, Marsala.
15. Stele of Amrit: Melqart on his lion, c. 550 BC, from Amrit.
16. Bronze statue of Hercules, second century BC, found in the Forum Boarium, Rome.
17. Silver didrachm showing head of Hercules with she-wolf and twins design, Roman, issued c. 275–260 BC.
18. Punic Mausoleum, early second century BC, Sabrata, Tripolitania.
19. Hannibal, first century BC stone bust.
20. Silver double shekel of Carthage showing head of HeraclesMelqart, issued by the Barcid family in Spain, c. 230 BC.
21. Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps, exhibited 1812, oil painting by Joseph Mallord William Turner.
22. The Battle of Zama, 202 BC, 1521, oil painting attributed to Giulio Romano.
23. Scipio Africanus (235–183 BC), marble bust, Roman.
24. Cato the Elder (234–149 BC) in a toga, stone sculpture, Roman.
25. View of the ruins, Carthage.
26. Apotheosis of Alexandria with Personification of the Four Parts of the World (Or: Dido Abandoned by Aeneas), first century AD, mural painting, Roman, from Casa Meleagro, Pompeii.
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