In what may be the most ironic warp of the national memory, the Lee family member whom Americans most remember today is not Richard Henry Lee but Robert E. Lee, who fought to divide the American people and split the nation asunder. Even Stratford Hall, the beautiful ancestral Lee family home and National Historic Landmark, all but ignores its importance as birthplace of Patriot Richard Henry Lee. Sadly, most visitors come instead to see the birthplace of the secessionist Robert E. Lee, who sought to shatter the union of American states that Richard Henry Lee, our First Founding Father, helped create.
Acknowledgments
My deepest thanks to Robert Pigeon, executive editor at Da Capo Press of the Hachette Book Group, for the care, the skills, and the time he invested in this and all my other books. My thanks also to the publishing and editorial team at Da Capo Press: John Radziewicz, publisher; Lissa Warren, vice president, director of publicity; Kevin Hanover, vice president, director of marketing; Cisca Schreefel, manager, editorial production; Justin Lovell, editorial assistant; Trish Wilkinson, designer; Josephine Mariea, copy editor; and to the Hachette Book Group sales team. Thanks as well to website developer Tom Bowler for his skills, artistry, hard work, and patience with a low-tech author.
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Appendix A
The Leedstown, or Westmoreland, Resolves
Richard Henry Lee prepared and proposed the following articles on February 27, 1766, in Leedstown, Virginia, to the people of Westmoreland County. Called the Leedstown or Westmoreland Resolves and signed by six Lees and four Washingtons, they were Virginia’s first protest against taxation without representation and were declared treasonous by the British government.
“Roused by danger and alarmed at attempts, foreign and domestic, to reduce the people of this country to a state of abject and detestable slavery by destroying that free and happy condition of government under which they have hitherto lived,
We, who subscribe this paper, have associated and do bind ourselves to each other, to God, and to our country, by the firmest ties that religion and virtue can frame, most sacredly and punctually to stand by and with our lives and fortunes, to support, maintain, and defend each other in the observance and execution of these following articles—
FIRST: We declare all due allegiance and obedience to our lawful Sovereign, George the Third, King of Great Britain. And we determine to the utmost of our power to preserve the laws, the peace and good order of this Colony, as far as is consistent with the preservation of our Constitutional rights and liberty.
SECONDLY: As we know it to be the Birthright privilege of every British subject (and of the people of Virginia as being such) founded on Reason, Law, and Compact; that he cannot be legally tried, but by his peers; that he cannot be taxed, but by consent of a Parliament, in which he is represented by persons chosen by the people, and who themselves pay a part of the tax they impose on others. If, therefore, any person or persons shall attempt, by any action, or proceeding, to deprive this Colony of these fundamental rights, we will immediately regard him or them, as the most dangerous enemy of the community; and we will go to any extremity, not only to prevent the success of such attempts, but to stigmatize and punish the offender.
THIRDLY: As the Stamp Act does absolutely direct the property of the people to be taken from them without their consent expressed by their representatives and as in many cases it deprives the British American Subject of his right to trial by jury; we do determine, at every hazard, and paying no regard to danger or to death, we will exert every faculty, to prevent the execution of the said Stamp Act in any instance whatsoever within this Colony. And every abandoned wretch, who shall be so lost to virtue and public good, as wickedly to contribute to the introduction or fixture of the Stamp Act in this Colony, by using stamped paper, or by any other means, we will, with the utmost expedition, convince all such profligates that immediate danger and disgrace shall attend their prostitute purposes.
FOURTHLY: That the last article may most surely and effectually be executed, we engage to each other, that whenever it shall be known to any of this association, that any person is so conducting himself as to favor the introduction of the Stamp Act, that immediate notice shall be given to as many of the association as possible; and that every individual so informed, shall, with expedition, repair to a place of meeting to be appointed as near the scene of action as may be.
FIFTHLY: Each associator shall do his true endeavor to obtain as many signers to this association, as he possibly can.
SIXTHLY: If any attempt shall be made on the liberty or property of any associator for any action or thing to be done in consequence of this agreement, we do most solemnly bind ourselves by the sacred engagements above entered into, at the risk of our lives and fortunes, to restore such associate to his liberty and to protect him in the enjoyment of his property.”
In testimony of the good faith with which we resolve to execute this association we have this 27th day of February 1766 in Virginia, put our hands and seals hereto.
Richard Henry Lee * Will. Robinson * Lewis Willis * Thos. Lud. Lee * Saml. Washington * Chas. Washington * Moore Fauntleroy * Francis Lightfoot Lee * Thomas Jones * Rodham Kenner * Spencer M. Ball * Richard Mitchell * Joseph Murdock * Richd. Parker * Spence Monroe * John Watts * Robt. Lovell * John Blagge * Charles Weeks * Willm. Booth * Geo. Turbeville * Alvin Moxley * Wm. Flood * John Ballatine, Jr. * William Lee * Thos. Chilton * Richard Buckner * Jos. Pierce * Will. Chilton * John Williams * William Sydnor * John Monroe * William Cocke * Willm. Grayson * Wm. Brockenbrough * Saml. Selden * Richd. Lee * Daniel Tibbs * Francis Thorn Suggett * Henry Francks * John Bland, Jr. * Jas. Emerson * Thos. Logan * Jo. Milliken * Ebenezer Fisher * Hancock Eustace * John Richards * Thos. Jett * Thos. Douglas * Max Robinson * John Orr
Appendix B
The Signers and the Declaration
31. John Trumbull’s epic 1818 painting of the Founding Fathers signing the Declaration of Independence hangs in the Capitol Rotunda. Fourteen signers are missing because Trumbull could not find likenesses to copy, and he included six who did not sign. To identify each of the signers from Trumbull’s badly drawn figures, see illustration 32 on here.
32. A key to identify the signers of the Declaration of Independence as depicted by John Trumbull in his painting shown in illustration 31.
33. Portraits and signatures of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. The portraits shown are more accurate than the ones in John Trumbull’s painting shown in illustration 31.
34. A copy of the Declaration of Independence with the signatures of all the signers.
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