10. N. L. Segal and S. L. Hershberger, “Virtual Twins and Intelligence: Updated and New Analyses of Within-Family Environmental Influences,” Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005): 1061–73.
11. G. P. Aylward, “Cognitive and Neuropsychological Outcomes: More Than IQ Scores,” Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 8, no. 4 (2002): 234–40; R. S. Wilson, “Twin Growth: Initial Deficit, Recovery and Trends in Concordance from Birth to Nine Years,” Human Biology 6 (1979): 205–20; C. Amiel-Tison and L. Gluck, “Fetal Brain and Pulmonary Adaptation in Multiple Pregnancy,” in Multiple Pregnancy: Epidemiology, Gestation and Perinatal Outcome, ed. L.G. Keith, E. Papiernik, D.M. Keith and B. Luke (New York: Parthenon, 1995), 585–97.
12. R. S. Witte and J. S. Witte, Statistics, 7th ed. (Danvers, MA: John Wiley, 2004).
13. E. Turkheimer et al, “Socioeconomic Status Modifies Heritability of IQ in Young Children,” Psychological Science 14, no. 6 (2003): 623–28; E. Turkheimer and E. E. Horn, “Interactions Between Socioeconomic Status and Components of Variation in Cognitive Ability,” in Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan (Advances in Behavior Genetics), ed. D. Finkel and C. A. Reynolds (New York: Springer, 2014), 41–68.
14. C. R. Reynolds and J. A. Hickman, DAP:IQ: Draw-A-Person Intellectual Ability Test (Dallas: Pro-Ed, 2004).
15. S. O. Lilienfeld, J. M. Wood, and H. N. Garb, “The Scientific Status of Projective Techniques,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 1, no. 2 (2000): 27–66.
16. R. Arden et al., “Genes Influence Young Children’s Human Figure Drawings and Their Association with Intelligence a Decade Later,” Psychological Science 25, no. 10 (2014): 1843–50; K. Imuta et al., “Drawing a Close to the Use of Human Figure Drawings as a Projective Measure of Intelligence,” PloS ONE 8, no. 3 (2013): e58991; E. Willcock, K. Imuta, and H. Hayne, “Children’s Human Figure Drawings Do Not Measure Intellectual Ability,” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 110, no. 3 (2011): 444–52.
Chapter 10: “Twin-Bred” Cultures
1. D. T. Lykken and A. Tellegen, “Is Human Mating Adventitious or the Result of Lawful Choice? A Twin Study of Mate Selection,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65, no. 1 (1993): 56–68; N. L. Segal, Indivisible by Two: Lives of Extraordinary Twins (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005). A few more recent studies have, however, found somewhat greater similarity in some behaviors and attitudes between identical twins’ spouses than between fraternal twins’ spouses, although the resemblance is small to moderate; see, for example, C. Kandler et al., “Left or Right? Sources of Political Orientation: The Roles of Genetic Factors, Cultural Transmission, Assortative Mating, and Personality,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102, no. 3 (2012): 633–45.
2. N. L. Segal, Entwined Lives: Twins and What They Tell Us About Human Behavior (New York: Plume, 2000).
3. Segal, Indivisible by Two.
4. M. C. Ashton and K. Lee, “A Theoretical Basis for the Major Dimensions of Personality,” European Journal of Personality 15 (2001): 327–53; K. Lee and M. C. Ashton, “Psychometric Properties of the HEXACO-100,” Assessment (July 13, 2016): DOI: 10.1177/1073191116659134. Emotionality shares some features with the Big Five trait of neuroticism (e.g., anxiety) but lacks its anger-related content. It also shares some sentimentality-related characteristics with the Big Five trait of agreeableness. M. C. Ashton, K. Lee, and R. E. De Vries, “The HEXACO Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality Factors: A Review of Research and Theory,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 18, no. 2 (2014): 139–52.
5. L. Veselka et al., “A Behavioral Genetic Study of Relationships Between Humor Styles and the Six HEXACO Personality Factors,” Europe’s Journal of Psychology 6, no. 3 (2010): 9–33.
Chapter 11: Twins, Pairs and Pedigrees
1. N. L. Segal, Indivisible by Two: Lives of Extraordinary Twins (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005); Dale S. Wright, The Six Perfections: Buddhism and the Cultivation of Character (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
2. N. L. Segal, Born Together—Reared Apart: The Landmark Minnesota Twin Study (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012); Reuters, “Candidate Admits Using Twin as Stand-In,” Banderas (Puerto Vallarta, Mexico) News, July 6, 2005, http://www.banderasnews.com/0504/nw-twincastros.htm.
3. “Colombia—Military Personnel,” Global Security, https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/colombia/personnel.htm.
4. N. G. Waller et al., “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Religious Interests, Attitudes, and Values: A Study of Twins Reared Apart and Together,” Psychological Science 1, no. 2 (1990): 138–42; L. B. Koenig et al., “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Religiousness: Findings for Retrospective and Current Religiousness Ratings,” Journal of Personality 73, no. 2 (2005): 471–88.
5. Segal, Indivisible by Two.
6. Segal, Born Together—Reared Apart.
7. N. Aghababaei et al., “Honesty–Humility and the HEXACO Structure of Religiosity and Well-Being,” Current Psychology 35, no. 3 (2016): 421–26.
8. C. L. Park, “Religion as a Meaning-Making Framework in Coping with Life Stress,” Journal of Social Issues 61, no. 4 (2005): 707–29.
Chapter 12: Band of Brothers
1. J. Mitchell, “Circle Game,” Ladies of the Canyon (New York, NY: Siquomb Publishing Company, 1970).
2. Attorneys Carlos Medellín and his nephew, Pablo, during interviews conducted in their law offices, April 2015 and July 2016.
Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
abandonment of babies
ability profiles
acetyl groupsn30
adolescence
exercise behavior and
gender and
IQ and
mother-child association and
sports participation and
virtual twins and
adoption
fraternal triplets
intelligence and
mother-child bonds and
non-twin siblings
reared-apart identical twins
religious affiliation and
virtual twins
age, genetic effects and
age, first intercourse
Alcira,121–22
allografts
Alzheimer’s disease
Amado, Ermes (former mayor, La Paz)
amnion
Ancelmo (“Chelmo”)
anemia
See also blood
Apgar scores
Army
assisted reproductive technology (ART)
astigmatism
Atlético Nacional
attorneys. See Medellín, Carlos, Pablo, and Adriana
autografts
baby switching
baldness
Band of Brothers
bereavement studies of twins
loss of parent, 29, 54, 56, 111, 146, 256260
loss of child
loss of sibling
loss of other relatives
Benate, Francisco
Big Five
bipolar disorder
birth defects. See genetic defects
birth order
birth records
birth weight
blood
DNA testing andn20
disorders
genetic relatedness
groups
placentae and
transfusions
types
body mass index (BMI)
body size/type
Bodywatch (TV show)
/>
Bordier, Anaïs
Botero, Fernando
Bouchard, Jr., Thomas J.
breastfeeding
Bucaramanga
caesarean section (C-section)
Calderon, Juan Manuel Santos
Candelaria
Caracol TV
Castro, Joaquin and Julian
cell division
cephalic index
cheiloscopy
Children’s Aid Society of Ottawa
chimerism
China, one-child policyn12
Chinese reared-apart twin study
chorion
clones
clothing choices
coffee production
Colombia
history
population
conception
fertility treatments and
fraternal twins
handedness and
identical twins
parents’ age and
simultaneous conception
vanishing twin syndrome and
See also fertilization
convivencia, 90, 272n32
Craig, Jeffrey
“Crossed Lives” (TV episode)
See also Séptimo Día
Darwin, Charles
dental characteristics, 2, 33, 59, 68, 79, 85, 172, 187,191
depression
dermatoglyphics
See also fingerprints
developmental delays
developmental psychology
diabetes
diet. See eating habits
dizygotic
See also fraternal twins
DNA
gene expression and
human genome and
identical vs. fraternal twins and
identifying parents with
identifying twins with
identity and
mitochondrial (mtDNA)
obtaining samples
testing
Down syndrome
Draw-A-Person Intellectual Ability Test (DAP:IQ)
See also IQ
eating habits
Edelmira
education, identical twins and
See also IQ
elliptocytocis
See also blood
embryo donation
environmental influences
behavior and
clothing choice and
genetics and
handwriting and
HEXACO traits and
identical twins and
intelligence and
mental performance and
personality and
reared-apart twins and
religious affiliation and
replicas and
research on
satisfaction and
sex and
switched twins and
urban vs. rural
virtual twins and
epigenetics
Escobar, Pablo
eye dominance
eyeglasses
eye problems
Facebook
facial recognition
FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia)
fears/phobias
fertilization
epigenetics and 171–73
fertility treatments
fraternal twins and
identical twins and
in vitro fertilization
late splitting of
paternity and
quadruplets and
superfecundation and
fetal crowding
fingerprints
See also dermatoglyphics
Fisher, Helen
football (fútbol)
fraternal twins
ART and
behavior and
blood type and
BMI and
conception
DNA and
eating habits
environment and
fertilization and amnions, chorions
fingerprints and
genetics
handwriting
identical twins vs.
identity and
IQ and
mistaken identity and
personality and
placentae and 180–81
rapport with twin
religiosity and
sexuality and
skin transplants and
sports participation and
switched-at-birth twins mistaken for
switched twins
twin studies and
twinning
virtual twins and
visual problems
fraternal twin pairs
Abby and Becky
George and Lucian
Lauren and Hayleigh
Leah and Miya
Futerman, Samantha
Gallardo-Pujol, David
Galton, Sir Francis
gender
gene-environment interaction
gene expression
genetic defects
genocopies
genogram
Gómez, Ligia
Gran Canaria (Spain)
guerilla forces
Hamm, Morgan and Paul
handedness
handwriting
Haroian, Kevin
height
heritability
HEXACO
See also personality
higher-order multiple births
histone acetylation
Hochshorner, Peter and Pavel
Holmes, George
Hoyo del Aire
human genome
hypodontia
See also dental characteristics
identical, reared-apart twins/triplets
Begoña and Delia
Bob, Eddy, and Dave
Brian and Wilmer
Caroline and Margaret
Elyse and Paula
Jack and Oskar
“Jim twins”
Kasia and Edyta
Lucky and Dianne
Mark and Jerry
Samantha and Anaïs
Sharon and Charlotte (and Sita)
Sharon and Debbie
identical twins
conception
differing backgrounds
environmental influences and
fertilization and
fraternal twins vs.
genetic trait (twinning) in families
hair growth and
identity and
monozygotic (identical)
placentae and
reared apart
religiosity and
reunited
skin grafts and
speech patterns
sports participation and
switched at birth
See also reared-apart twins/triplets
identity
cultural
DNA and
fraternal twins and
gender and
identical twins and
learning one’s true identity
misplacement of babies and
self-confidence
self-description
self-esteem
self-monitoring
self-understanding
separated twins and
switched twins and
See also uniqueness
inclusive fitness
infant misplacements
insulin growth factor (IGF-2)
intelligence
ability profiles
adopted siblings and
environmental factors and
reared-apart twins and
testing for
virtual twins and
See also IQ
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
See also fertilization
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
See also fertilization
IQ
See also Draw-A-Person Intellectual Ability Test; Weschler Adult Intelligence S
cale-IV; IQ
“Irish twins”
See also virtual twins
Jeffreys, Alec
Jiang, Wenwen and Tingting
“Jim twins”
job satisfaction
Joye family
Kaczyński, Lech and Jarosław
“kangaroo care”
Keynes, Skandar
labor
lawsuit
leishmaniasis
Levey, Jerry
Lewis, Jim. See Jim twins
Lewis, Karen and Tom
Lewis, Lucille
lip prints
liver disease
longevity
look-alikes
Lopera, Francisco
loss of a twin
See also bereavement studies
Lourdes Plaza
love styles
Lykken, David T.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
magical realism
Mahre, Phil and Steve
manner of dress. See clothing choices
Márquez, Gabriel García
Martínez, Héctor
maternal ties
maternity uncertainty
Medellín, Carlos, Pablo, and Adriana (attorneys)
Medellín drug cartel
Mehlman, Debbie
memory
Menaechemi, The (Plautus)
methylationn30nn30–31
military
Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart (MISTRA)
mirror image
mirror-imaging
miscarriage
misplacements. See infant misplacements
Moceanu, Dominique
monozygotic
See also identical twins
Montoya, Yesika
mtDNA. See DNA
mutation
myopia
myths about twins
fraternal
identical
National Liberation Army (ELN)
Netherlands
neuroticism
Newman, Mark
Octomom. See Suleman, Nadya
Orjuela, Alberto
ovulation
Page, Eileen
paramilitary
paternity uncertainty
personality
environmental influences on
family resemblances
fraternal twins and
genetics and
intelligence tests and
reared-apart twins and
twin studies and
virtual twins and
See also HEXACO
physical comfort, twins and
physique. See body size/type
Accidental Brothers Page 33