raised by people. Lorenz 1978.
and tree smarts. Durden 1972.
at four weeks. Wayre 1976, 1979.
drag them in. Liers 1951.
edge of a pool. Wayre 1976, 1979.
a learned skill. Blaisdell 1999.
to the sea. Miles 1984.
coming to water. Wayre 1976.
and Janet Mann. Hal Whitehead and Janet Mann, “Female Reproductive Strategies of Cetaceans: Life Histories and Calf Care,” pp. 219–246 in Mann et al. 2000.
the Letaba River. Krüger 2001.
on their own. Dirk van Vuren, “Mammalian Dispersal and Reserve Design,” pp. 369–393 in Caro 1998.
with the area.” Karen Higginbottom and David B. Croft, “Social Learning in Marsupials,” pp. 80–101 in Box & Gibson 1999.
called social play.” Cited in Allen & Bekoff 1997.
Fagen proposes. Fagen 1981.
characteristic of play. Wilson & Kleiman 1974.
making huge splashes. Stirling 1988.
floated down it. Ficken 1977.
on sunny days. Gould & Gould 1999.
in a tent. Durrell 1977.
hours at a time. Ficken 1977.
with a log. Nishiwaki 1962.
seen whales play. Whitehead 1990.
in New Zealand. Diamond & Bond 1999.
dolphins looked on. Reiss 1991.
make bubble rings. Gewalt 1989.
rings this way. Pace 2000.
with a ball. Mather & Anderson 1999.
peekaboo is beguiling. Lyn Miles, “The Argument for Ape Personhood,” presentation at Chimpanzoo 2002 conference.
as an adult.” Wasser 1978.
social ground rules. Bekoff 2002.
to learn discretion.” Diamond & Bond 1999.
what they know. Allen & Bekoff 1997.
each other’s tails. Baldwin & Baldwin 1978.
chow puppy, Nanuq. Temerlin 1975.
won’t play with them. Marc Bekoff and Colin Allen, “The Evolution of Social Play: Interdisciplinary Analyses of Cognitive Processes,” pp. 429–435 in Bekoff et al. 2002.
with other puppies. Corbett 1995.
were this virtuous.” Bekoff 2002.
bravely with it. Maxeen Biben, “Squirrel Monkey Playfighting: Making the Case for a Cognitive Training Function for Play,” pp. 161–182 in Bekoff & Byers 1998.
most of the play. David Powell, Lori Tarou, personal communication 2002.
two muskox calves, David R. Klein, “Comparative Social Learning among Arctic Herbivores: The Caribou, Muskox and Arctic Hare,” pp. 126–140, Box & Gibson 1999.
take it away. Ficken 1977.
keep-away with stones. Ibid.
play keep-away. Fagen 1981.
tail and “hula.” Pryor 1975.
a streamside meadow Park 1971.
over the water. Fagen 1981.
the “carrying dance.” Kummer 1995.
as a doll. Hirata et al. 2001.
a newborn chimp Cited in de Waal 2001.
play with dolls. Savage-Rumbaugh et al. 1998.
from a glass. Lyn Miles, “The Argument for Ape Personhood,” presentation at Chimpanzoo 2002 conference.
came on television.) Kathleen Rita Gibson, “Tool Use, Imitation, and Deception in a Captive Cebus Monkey,” pp. 205–218 in Parker & Gibson 1990.
Zoo in 1940. Gordon M. Burghardt, “The Evolutionary Origins of Play Revisited: Lessons from Turtles,” in Bekoff & Byers 1998.
CHAPTER THREE: LEARNING YOUR SPECIES
of various birds. Oulié 1939.
they never caught. Thomas 2000.
mother rejected him. Laidler 1980.
beware of them. Blaisdell 1999.
confidently after him.” Lorenz 1952, 1978.
to the pens. Laurance 2000.
to eat it. Mealy 2002.
their foster siblings. Penn & Potts 1998.
hamster families. Mateo & Johnston 2000.
from the sheep. Weisbord & Kachanoff 2000.
they grew up. Owens et al. 1999.
for a year.) Kendrick et al. 2001.
studying cockatoos. Rowley & Chapman 1986, 1991; Rowley 1991.
were “double-imprinted.” Zann 1996.
the black robin. Butler & Merton 1992.
Zoo in Vienna. Lorenz 1952.
into raising them. Meine & Archibald 1996.
and raised children. Pittman 2003.
and Helen Snyder. Snyder & Snyder 2000.
raised by puppets. Graham 2000.
flawless condor style. Kay 2002.
the London Zoo. Perry 1969; David Powell, Lori Tarou, personal interview.
dog, to raise. Tilson et al. 1994; Steve Taylor, Gerry Brady, personal interviews.
for mate material. Patterson 1994.
with other leopards. Singh 1982.
owls don’t get rabies). McKeever 1994.
hoped to breed. Berry 1972.
from a nestling. Zann 1996.
laid an egg. Lockley 1961.
rock ptarmigans. Hancock 1977.
whales in sight. Baraff & Asmutis 1995.
nest parasitism. Davies 2000.
not my egg.” Heinrich 1999.
breeding experience.”) Slater 1987.
recognize each other. Hauber et al. 2001.
look like them. Hauber et al. 2000.
cowbirds standing by. Meredith J. West, Andrew P. King, and Todd M. Freeberg, “Building a Social Agenda for the Study of Bird Song,” pp. 41–56 in Snowdon & Hausberger 1997; ten Cate & Vos 1999.
attempt was doomed. Saba and Dudu Douglas-Hamilton, personal communication.
one impala calf. Nzioka 2003.
dead fetus.” Thomas 2000.
followed lions. Schaller 1972.
she brooded devotedly. Durden 1972.
CHAPTER FOUR: HOW TO GET YOUR POINT ACROSS
chimpanzee sounds. Temerlin 1975.
same old tune. Catchpole et al. 1986; Hasselquist et al. 1996.
before giving birth. Grunwald 199593 answers its mother. Charrier et al. 2001.
with one sibling. Nakagawa et al. 2001.
flocks of up to 150. Wanker et al. 1998.
on the reefs. Myrberg & Riggio 1985.
at wild wolves. Harrington & Mech 1979.
writes Richard Zann. Zann 1996.
zebra finch song. Adret 1993.
with their family. Zann 1996.
trained musicians!” Keyser 1894.
to their babble. Snowdon & Elowson 2001.
than they show. Nelson 1989.
raised in isolation. Meredith J. West, Andrew P. King, and Todd M. Freeberg, “Building a Social Agenda for the Study of Bird Song,” pp. 41–56 in Snowdon & Hausberger 1997.
matters differently. Yamaguchi 2001.
had been studied. Martine Hausberger, “Social Influences on Song Acquisition and Sharing in the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris),” pp. 128–156 in Snowdon & Hausberger 1997.
nesting season begins. Baptista et al. 1993.
a Lincoln sparrow. Baptista et al. 1981.
for learning song. Kiester & Kiester 2002; Nottebohm et al. 1981.
in the winter. Barnea & Nottebohm 1994.
had heard before.” Nottebohm & Nottebohm 1969.
North Carolina Zoological Park. Marshall et al. 1999.
your own folks. Peter L. Tyack, “Functional Aspects of Cetacean Communication,” pp. 270–307 in Mann et al. 2000.
persecuted species.” Brown 1985.
with other sparrows. Kipps 1953.
“a rudimentary song.” Summers-Smith 1963.
found in the hummingbirds. Baptista & Schuchmann 1990.
called “baby talk.” Baptista 2001.
are learners too. Rusch 2001.
also to communicate. Dawson 1991.
learn this very quickly Scherrer & Wilkinson 1993.
millions of pups. Balcombe 1990.
over to the loudspeaker. Porter 1979.
tropical rain forest. Boughman 199
7, 1998, telephone interview 2002.
that resembled mimicry. Cruickshank et al. 1993.
by a wild raven. Heinrich 1999.
“See you soon, baboon.” Corbo & Barras 1983.
ornate tail feathers. Reilly 1988.
of social virtue.” Pratt 1940.
to him every morning. Reilly 1988.
are impressive mimics. Oatley 1998.
a use for mimicry. Ibid.
mimicry that goes unnoticed. Goodwin 1986.
Oatley in robin-chats. Oatley 1998.
separation of 20 minutes. Ibid.
the Canadian Journal of Zoology. Ralls et al. 1985.
in The New Yorker. Hiss 1983.
what people said to him. Eaton 1979.
didn’t have to be learned. Wickler 1980.
with loud “tsreeee”s. Oatley 1998.
a new couple learned to duet. Maples et al. 1989.
an underwater canyon. Pryor 1975.
wolves, bears, and boars. Bugnyar et al. 2001.
ethologist Paul Leyhausen. Leyhausen 1979.
baboons, and unfamiliar humans. Robert M. Seyfarth and Dorothy L. Cheney, “Some General Features of Vocal Development in Nonhuman Primates,” pp. 249–273 in Snowdon & Hausberger 1997; Cheney & Seyfarth 1985.
looking toward the sound. Cheney & Seyfarth 1985; Hauser 1988.
baby rabbits to adulthood. Burton 1956.
to humanity from the divine. Amy Samuels and Peter Tyack, “Flukeprints: A History of Studying Cetacean Societies,” pp. 9–44 in Mann et al. 2000; Collet 2000.
regional dialectical differences. McCowan & Reiss 2001.
signature whistle hypothesis. Peter L. Tyack, “Functional Aspects of Cetacean Communication,” pp. 270–307 in Mann et al. 2000.
which change their voices. Ibid.
dolphins—use signature whistles. Janik & Slater 1995.
six months to a year old.” Smolker 2001.
seem to have signatures. Randall 1995.
were vocally normal. Hammerschmidt et al. 2001.
Ivory Coast in the 1980s. Boesch 1991.
decoded by the listening apes. Arcadi 2000.
bonobo proposes to take. Ellen J. Ingmanson, “Tool-Using Behavior in Wild Pan paniscus: Social and Ecological Considerations,” pp. 190–210 in Russon et al. 1996.
one of several colored cloths. Fernald 1984.
talk just as children do. Hayes 1951.
intensive training for six years. Viki lived to the age of six and a half.
were similarly frustrating. Laidler 1980.
comprehension by Pepperberg. Pepperberg 1999.
and shape, for example. Pepperberg 1983.
water when he was thirsty. Lorenz 1952.
their communicative repertoire. Fouts et al. 1984.
gorilla could learn to sign. Patterson & Linden 1981.
her cross-fostered son. H. Lyn White Miles, “The Cognitive Foundations for Reference in a Signing Orangutan,” pp. 511–539 in Parker & Gibson 1990; H. Lyn White Miles, presentation at Chimpanzoo 2002 conference.
for life in the wild. Galdikas 1995.
after linguist Noam Chomsky Terrace 1979.
whence they had come, Linden 1986.
drill on naming objects. Chris O’Sullivan and Carey Page Yeager, “Communicative Context and Linguistic Competence: The Effects of Social Setting on a Chimpanzee’s Conversational Skill,” pp. 269–279 in Gardner et al. 1989.
never be quizzed again.) Amory 1997.
to ask for things. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, Mary Ann Romski, William D. Hopkins, & Rose A. Sevcik, “Symbol Acquisition and Use by Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Homo sapiens,” pp. 266–295 in Heltne & Marquardt 1989.
meaning of 12 lexigrams. Savage-Rumbaugh et al. 1998.
University in Inuyama, Japan. Tetsuro Matsuzawa, “Chimpanzee Ai and Her Son Ayumu: An Episode of Education by Master-Apprenticeship,” pp. 189–195 in Bekoff et al. 2002.
Rumbaugh and Roger Lewin. Savage-Rumbaugh & Lewin 1994.
yet to be discovered.” Boesch 1991.
from birds to humans.” Snowdon & Hausberger 1997.
and get a new male.) Singapore Zoological Gardens Docents 2000.
are safe from predators. Kummer 1995.
direction of the pointed finger. Soproni et al. 2001, 2002.
cling to their mothers. Savage-Rumbaugh et al. 1998.
his group had not noticed. Veà & Sabater-Pi 1998.
learned this from watching. Savage-Rumbaugh et al. 1998.
at the Yerkes Primate Center. Savage-Rumbaugh, E. Sue, Beverly J. Wilkerson, and Roger Bakeman, “Spontaneous Gestural Communication among Conspecifics in the Pygmy Chimpanzee (Pan paniscus),” pp. 97–116 in Bourne 1977.
via an underwater keyboard. Xitco et al. 2001.
Wolves do terribly. Hare et al. 2002.
loved riding in the truck. Krüger 2001.
CHAPTER FIVE: HOW TO MAKE A LIVING
Becoming a Tiger: The Education of an Animal Child Page 43