tiger expert Ron Tilson. Ron Tilson, personal communication.
walking in the forest. Singh 1982.
closed the door. Russon 2000.
for him to perch in. Kipps 1953.
generation has been born. Boyd 2002.
the middle of pine forests. Referenced in Stanley A. Temple, “Manipulating Behavioral Patterns of Endangered Birds: A Potential Management Technique,” pp. 435–443 in Temple 1977.
species of sea anemone. Reebs 2001.
great danger of predation. Scott R. Derrickson and Noel F. R. Snyder, “Potentials and Limits of Captive Breeding in Parrot Conservation,” pp. 133–163 in Beissinger & Snyder 1992.
the birds and eaten them. James W. Wiley, Noel F. R. Snyder, and Rosemarie S. Gnam, “Reintroduction as a Conservation Strategy for Parrots,” pp. 165–200 in Beissinger & Snyder 1992.
perched on top of the pen. DeBlieu 1993.
the researchers noted. Devra G. Kleiman, Benjamin B. Beck, James M. Dietz, Lou Ann Dietz, Jonathan D. Ballou, and Adelmar F. Coimbra-Filho, “Conservation Program for the Golden Lion Tamarin,” pp. 959–979 in Benirschke 1986.
was better survival. Brooke 1989.
sleep on the ground. Carter 1981.
stay off the street. DeBlieu 1993.
around on the surface. Miller et al. 1996.
toward artificial structures. Snyder & Snyder 2000.
landed 15 at a time. San Francisco Chronicle September 2, 1996; Whitaker 1999.
off parked trucks. The Economist January 25, 2003.
slunk out in single file.” Milner 1999/2000.
campground one day. Eaton 2003.
warehouse in Oxford. Macdonald 1987.
“potentially difficult prey.” Mueller & Berger 1970.
open to new menu items. Zwank et al. 1988.
object” they come across. J. M. Whitehead, “Development of Feeding Selectivity in Mantled Howling Monkeys, Alouatta palliata,” pp. 105–117 in Else & Lee 1986.
found he’d been eating. Kilham & Gray 2002.
an island in the Gambia. Carter 1981; Linden 1986.
than to hunting and gathering. Temerlin 1975.
about wild foods. Russon 2000.
seeking what they might devour. Macdonald 1987.
meet in the wild. Devra G. Kleiman, Benjamin B. Beck, James M. Dietz, Lou Ann Dietz, Jonathan D. Ballou, and Adelmar F. Coimbra-Filho, “Conservation Program for the Golden Lion Tamarin,” pp. 959–979 in Benirschke 1986.
endangered least terns. Avery et al. 1995.
tapeworms and nodule worms. Huffman & Caton 2001.
chew, and spit them out. Toshisada Nishida, “Individuality and Flexibility of Cultural Behavior Pattens in Chimpanzees,” pp. 392–413 in de Waal & Tyack 2003.
rub themselves with millipedes. Valderrama et al. 2000.
given an inch of cigar daily. Kathleen Rita Gibson, “Tool Use, Imitation, and Deception in a Captive Cebus Monkey,” pp. 205–218 in Parker & Gibson 1990.
as her daughters watched. Hauser 2000.
what’s on the menu. Diamond & Bond 1999.
prey the species eats. Riedman 1996.
clutching a different can. McCleneghan & Ames 1976.
dwindling prey, elk. Matthiessen 2000.
harmed by the tiger. Locke 1954156 magpie geese to wombats. Corbett 1995.
snapping up caterpillars. de Ruiter 1952.
stems, honey, and funguses.” Galdikas 1995.
once they’ve fledged. Snyder & Snyder 2000.
how to rob nests. Carter 1981.
inept foragers” among birds. Hauser 2000.
62 percent for the adults. Quinney & Smith 1980.
teenaged terns Dunn 1972.
lights to attract insects. French & Whitaker 2002.
rocks in shallow water. Yoerg 1994, 1998.
fledglings in an Oxford garden. Davies 1976.
to achieve independence. Heinsohn 1991.
food items with babies. Boinski & Fragaszy 1989.
prowess gradually improves. Stirling 1988.
a bunch of fish at once. Smolker 2001.
tumbled to the bottom. Bshary et al. 2002.
genuinely dangerous horns. F. C. Eloff, “Ecology and Behavior of the Kalahari Lion,” pp. 90–126 in Eaton 1973.
without human protection. “Living with Tigers,” a Discovery Channel Quest show, viewed at http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/tigers/tigers.html.
not quite two years old. Shah & Shah 1996.
motor pattern is innate. Leyhausen 1979.
a Kenyan national park. Eaton 1970.
South African nature reserves. Pettifer 1980.
they’re a year old. Shah & Shah 1996.
cubs to the bait. Schaller 1967.
on the hindquarters. Thapar 1986.
prey they had caught. Sunquist & Sunquist 1988.
sprang on him. Hedren & Taylor 1985.
partridges, squirrels, and mice. Thapar 1989.
bring himself to eat it. Shah & Shah 1996.
than most great cats. Schaller 1972.
from watching adults. Stander 1992.
she spotted a chital. Shah & Shah 1996.
three yearling cubs. Ibid.
hunting in water. Thapar 1986, 1989; Shah & Shah 1996.
in one of 20 hunts.) Sunquist & Sunquist 1988.
preserve in northern India. Singh 1982.
prowess of a great cat. Krüger 2001.
if they’re really hungry. I owe this analogy to John McCarthy.
certain point in the hunt. Adamson 1980.
‘What next?’” Queen of Shaba, the book describing Penny’s life and release, was published after Joy Adamson was killed. Penny had by this time mated and had cubs. She was an excellent mother, but it is not clear whether she was self-supporting, since the Adamsons were still bringing her food and water.
several litters in the wild. Adamson 1972.
Twycross Zoo in the UK. Singh 1981, 1984.
no difficulty finding food. Byrne & Byrne 1993.
where to find pinecones. Snyder et al. 1994.
of Jerusalem pine. Joseph Terkel, “Cultural Transmission of Feeding Behavior in the Black Rat (Rattus rattus),” pp. 17–47 in Heyes & Galef 1996.
they eat the first one. Riedman 1996.
a goat for them. Sunquist & Sunquist 1988.
place to begin eating. Locke 1954.
had never known shortage. Macdonald 1987.
CHAPTER SIX: HOW NOT TO BE EATEN
them to her presence. Strier 1999.
not view as threats. Nice & ter Pelkwyk 1941.
and hand-raised chicks. Thaler 1986.
release into the wild. Snyder et al. 1994.
thick-billed parrot alarm call. James W. Wiley, Noel F. R. Snyder, and Rosemarie S. Gnam, “Reintroduction as a Conservation Strategy for Parrots,” pp. 165–200 in Beissinger & Snyder 1992.
alarm-called like crazy. Coss & Ramakrishnan 2000.
will fear snakes too. Mineka, Susan, and Michael Cook, “Social Learning and the Acquisition of Snake Fear in Monkeys,” pp. 51–73, in Zentall & Galef 1988.
they couldn’t do it. Ibid.
had never seen a snake. Hayes 1951.
great horned owl, Bubo. Heinrich 1987.
with hostile intent. Krüger 2001.
back toward the snake. Sheldrick 1966.
in a cottonwood grove. Miller 1894.
mobbing some object. E. Curio, “Cultural Transmission of Enemy Recognition by Birds,” pp. 75–97 in Zentall & Galef 1988.
stoats are dangerous. Maloney & McLean 1995.
hand-reared takahe chicks. E. Curio, “Cultural Transmission of Enemy Recognition by Birds,” pp. 75–97 in Zentall & Galef 1988.
whether it’s hungry. Hamerstrom, 1957.
and bands baby crows. Heinrich 1999.
hawk on the wing. Buitron 1983.
as a fox or a cat. Lorenz 1952.
took off for the open sea. Richard C. Connor, “Group Living in Whales and Do
lphins,” pp. 199–218 in Mann et al. 2000.
harassment on their mind. Reebs 2001.
in the Serengeti. Rood 1983.
gazelles inspecting cheetahs. FitzGibbon 1994.
killed by lions. Schaller 1972.
at this inexplicable combination. Krüger 2001.
at first huddle together. Pitcher et al. 1986; Griffin 1992.
pike to the other fish. Dugatkin & Godin 1992.
no predatory mammals. Griffin et al. 2000.
with the greatest alarm. McLean et al. 2000.
predators, particularly red foxes. van Heezik & Maloney 1997; van Heezik et al. 1999.
reduce bustard mortality. van Heezik & Seddon 2001.
rabbits dive for a hole. Corbett 1995.
their noses above ground. Miller et al. 1996.
wolves and grizzly bears. Joel Berger, “Future Prey: Some Consequences of the Loss and Restoration of Large Carnivores,” pp. 80–100 in Caro 1998; Bekoff 2002.
mostly eats algae. Losey 1982.
before help came. Todd 1971.
friendliness to newcomers. Macdonald 1987.
vehicle containing humans. Stirling 1988.
George and Joy Adamson. Adamson 1961.
the coast of France. Collet 2000.
where they can hear. Lord 1998.
targets for poachers. Shah & Shah 1996.
cage birds were used. Collins et al. 1998.
a bottle of liquor. Borner 1985; Matsumoto-Oda 2002.
socializing with humans. Santos 1995.
the wild beavers were. Zurowski 1979.
water with open mouth. Smolker 2001.
up to 300 times a day. Goodey & Liley 1986.
them in the laboratory. Tulley & Huntingford 1987.
white hair on their haunches. Allen & Bekoff 1997.
where it had been nosing about. Sullivan 1979.
flapping and quacking. Cited in Armstrong 1947.
in a Norwegian forest. Sonerud 1988.
who didn’t get distracted. Marcström 1986.
get near their nests. Ristau 1991.
for the sake of the bait. Cypher et al. 2000.
trapped every night. Mary Lynn Fischer, personal communication.
easy to trap red foxes. Macdonald 1987.
local small mammals. Laurance 2000.
ingenuity of all concerned. Diamond & Bond 1999.
CHAPTER SEVEN: INVENTION, INNOVATION, AND TOOLS
for dealing with this. Jones & Kamil 1973.
a case of extreme old age. Corbett 1946.
getting over porcupine fights. Montgomery 1995.
a painful dental abscess. Patterson & Neiburger 2001.
with innate technologies.” Kummer & Goodall 1985.
a troop of vervets. Cambefort 1981.
they were innovators. Laland & Reader 1999.
small island of Koshima. Bennett G. Galef Jr., “Social Transmission of Acquired Behavior: A Discussion of Traditions and Social Learning in Vertebrates,” pp. 77–100 in Rosenblatt et al. 1976; Michael A. Huffman, “Acquisition of Innovative Cultural Behaviors in Nonhuman Primates: A Case Study of Stone Handling, a Socially Transmitted Behavior in Japanese Macaques,” pp. 267–289 in Heyes & Galef 1996; de Waal 2001.
an Einstein among macaques. Avital & Jablonka 2000.
putting it in the water. Lovell 1958.
been spotted doing this. Higuchi 1987, 1988.
fish to their doom. Sisson 1974.
south Florida, and western Africa. Baptista 1994.
do it, without success. Gould & Gould 1999.
bits of wood, and anvils. Henty 1986.
whale-watching cruises. Weinrich et al. 1992.
Special about Using Tools?” Hansell 1987.
of cognitive skills. Robert Shumaker, “Numerical Competence in Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus),” presentation at Chimpanzoo 2002 conference.
were closely meshed. Gibson & Ingold 1993.
physical causality.” Cited in Elisabetta Visalberghi and Luca Limongelli, “Acting and Understanding: Tool Use Revisited through the Minds of Capuchin Monkeys,” pp. 57–79 in Russon et al. 1996.
in their environment. Richard W. Byrne, “The Misunderstood Ape: Cognitive Skills of the Gorilla,” pp. 111–130 in Russon et al. 1996.
high for her to reach. Prince-Hughes 2001, personal communication.
trees in their enclosure. Nakamichi 1999.
they make rain hats. Ellen J. Ingmanson, “Tool-Using Behavior in Wild Pan paniscus: Social and Ecological Considerations,” pp. 190–210 in Russon et al. 1996.
peat swamp forests. van Schaik & Fox 1996.
easygoing and gregarious. de Waal 2001221 macaques of Cayo Santiago. Cited by Elisabetta Visalberghi and Dorothy Munkenbeck Fragaszy, “Do Monkeys Ape?” pp. 247–273 in Parker & Gibson 1990.
head as an umbrella. Galdikas 1995.
her cross-fostered son. H. Lyn Miles, “The Argument for Ape Personhood,” presentation at Chimpanzoo 2002 conference.
the Temerlin family. Temerlin 1975.
project was in peril. Jane Goodall, speech at Chimpanzoo 2002 conference.
a competent termite dipper. Cited in Michael Tomasello, “Cultural Transmission in the Tool Use and Communicatory Signaling of Chimpanzees?” pp. 274–311 in Parker & Gibson 1990.
Becoming a Tiger: The Education of an Animal Child Page 44