both animals and man.” Avital & Jablonka 2000.
in the Maine woods. Heinrich 1999.
raised a family of chicks. Avital & Jablonka 2000.
father stays with them. Jan A. J. Nel, “Social Learning in Canids: An Ecological Perspective,” pp. 259–278 in Box & Gibson 1999.
earthworms are a big food item. Macdonald 1987.
elephant seal pups. Guinet 1991; Guinet & Bouvier 1995.
the coast of Patagonia. Lopez & Lopez 1985.
giving them fish. Ashmole & Tovar S. 1968.
of osprey school. Meinertzhagen 1954.
more skilled parrot Alex. Irene Maxine Pepperberg, “Social Influences on the Acquisition of Human-Based Codes in Parrots and Nonhuman Primates,” pp. 157–177, in Snowdon & Hausberger 1997.
Often she’ll walk away.” Patterson & Linden 1981.
and contraband shellfish. Examples of most of these are given in Weisbord & Kachanoff 2000 304 stored drug samples in. Derr 2002.
herd trout into a net. O’Neill 2001.
sharks on command. Irvine et al. 1973.
catch it and kill it.” McKeever 1994.
using conditioning techniques. Reiss 1991; Linden 2002.
tricks he did on request. Kipps 1953.
she handled him perfectly. Shumaker 1993.
Mouila, became pregnant. Mager 1981.
in the Kasekala troop. Goodall 1986.
CHAPTER TEN: WHAT LEARNING TELLS US ABOUT INTELLIGENCE
cracks and dead wood. Hunt 1996.
right tool for the job. Weir et al. 2002; Schmid 2002.
human average is 100). Patterson & Linden 1981.
where the toy had fallen. Penny Patterson, panel discussion, Chimpanzoo 2002 conference.
on intelligence tests, James L. Gould, “Can Honey Bees Create Cognitive Maps?” pp. 41–45 in Bekoff et al. 2002.
were equally accurate. Hollard & Delius 1982.
that has gotten stuck. Locke 1954.
they are safe from foxes. Lorenz 1978.
getting a fish reward. Pryor 1975.
we see as ‘intelligent.’)” Byrne 1995.
as well as species-specific. Sue Taylor Parker and Patricia Poti, “The Role of Innate Motor Patterns in Ontogenetic and Experiential Development of Intelligent Use of Sticks in Cebus Monkeys,” pp. 219–243 in Parker & Gibson 1990.
in order to survive.” Byrne 1995.
flecks of suet to eat. Heinrich 1999.
seen string in their lives. Heinrich 1995.
and the plain titmouse. Millikan & Bowman 1967.
floor of his tall cage. Thomas 2000.
with a conical roof. Pryor 1975.
‘How are they smart?’” Smolker 2001.
keep things tidy.” Yoerg 2001.
never find them again. Russell P. Balda and Alan C. Kamil, “Spatial and Social Cognition in Corvids: An Evolutionary Approach,” pp. 128–134 in Bekoff et al. 2002.
Sara Shettleworth writes. Sara J. Shettleworth, “Spatial Behavior, Food Storing, and the Modular Mind,” pp. 123–128 in Bekoff et al. 2002.
much else about snakes. Cheney & Seyfarth 1985.
a “win-stay” strategy. Alan C. Kamil, “Adaptation and Cognition: Knowing What Comes Naturally,” pp. 533–544 in Roitblat et al. 1984.
a spider-eating spider. Jackson & Pollard 2001.
a larger tray of water. Jackson et al. 2001.
minority group among spiders.” Avital & Jablonka 2000.
predicting their behavior.” Hauser 2000.
African grey parrots. Pepperberg 1999.
in favor of another. Cited in Hauser 2000.
the sensorimotor period. Redshaw 1978.
counting, and subitization. Robert Shumaker, “Numerical Competence in Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus),” presentation at Chimpanzoo 2002 conference.
two apes, Sarah and Sheba. Sarah T. Boysen, “‘More Is Less’: The Elicitation of Rule-Governed Resource Distribution in Chimpanzees,” pp. 177–189 in Russon et al. 1996.
at the National Zoo. Robert Shumaker, “Numerical Competence in Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus),” presentation at Chimpanzoo 2002 conference.
animal behavior research). P. J. Asquith, “Anthropomorphism and the Japanese and Western Traditions in Primatology,” pp. 61–71 in Else & Lee 1986.
variation in octopuses. Sinn et al. 2001.
the raccoon’s personality. Davis 1984.
to open water. Reebs 2001; Aronson 1971.
later when they migrated. Hauser 2000.
analyzing their reactions. Glickman & Sroges 1966.
with one difference. Wemelsfelder et al. 2000.
collars with transponders. Donald M. Broom, “Social Transfer of Information in Domestic Animals,” pp. 158–168 in Box & Gibson 1999.
where nothing ever happened. Bradburn Young, personal communication.
like that of other animals. Markowitz et al. 1975.
riverbed in Stink Wadi. Sigg 1980.
they do with their striatum. Pepperberg 1999.
cortical neurons differently. Smolker 2001.
and that takes brains. K. R. Gibson, “Cognition, Brain Size and the Extraction of Embedded Food Resources,” pp. 93–103 in Else & Lee 1986.
living in the same area. Katharine Milton, “Foraging Behaviour and the Evolution of Primate Intelligence,” pp. 285–305 in Byrne & Whiten 1988.
problems were social problems. Cited in Alain Schmitt and Karl Grammer, “Social Intelligence and Success: Don’t Be Too Clever in Order to Be Smart,” pp. 86–111 in Whiten & Byrne 1997.
bonding power of grooming. Dunbar 1996.
and uttering alarm calls. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and Kelly McDonald, “Deception and Social Manipulation in Symbol-Using Apes,” pp. 224–237 in Byrne & Whiten 1988.
dominant to older males. Barbara Smuts, “Gestural Communication in Olive Baboons and Domestic Dogs,” pp. 301–306 in Bekoff et al. 2002.
opaque upside-down test tube. Giraldeau & Lefebvre 1987.
small children played together. Cited in Christopher Boehm, “Pacifying Interventions at Arnhem Zoo and Gombe,” pp. 211–226 in Wrangham et al. 1994.
writes Alison Jolly. Alison Jolly, “Lemur Social Behaviour and Primate Intelligence” pp. 27–33 in Byrne & Whiten 1988.
humans to solve her problems. Juan Carlos Gómez, “The Emergence of Intentional Communication as a Problem-Solving Strategy in the Gorilla,” pp. 333–355 in Parker & Gibson 1990.
three or more individuals.” Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, Mary Ann Romski, William D. Hopkins, and Rose A. Sevcik, “Symbol Acquisition and Use by Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Homo sapiens,” pp. 266–295 in Heltne & Marquardt 1989.
ignore that vervet’s wrr. Robert M. Seyfarth & Dorothy L. Cheney, “Do Monkeys Understand Their Relations?” pp. 69–84 in Ristau 1991.
their goslings learn this. Lorenz 1978.
inherit their mothers’ rank. Bernard Chapais and Carole Gauthier, “Early Agonistic Experience and the Onset of Matrilineal Rank Acquisition in Japanese Macaques,” pp. 245–258 in Pereira et al. 1993.
lemurs do not inherit rank. Michael E. Pereira, “Agonistic Interaction, Dominance Relation, and Ontogenetic Trajectories in Ringtailed Lemurs,” pp. 285–305 in Pereira et al. 1993.
macaques in a monkey colony. Delgado 1963.
sticking out their tongues. Gopnik et al. 1999.
and 15 weeks old. Myowa 1996.
teenaged bottlenose dolphin. Pryor 1975.
is the mirror test. Gordon G. Gallup Jr., James R. Anderson, and Daniel J. Shillito, “The Mirror Test,” pp. 325–333, in Bekoff et al. 2002.
his keepers rigged up. Linden 2002.
a threat or a peck. Leslie 1985.
your reflection in the mirror?” Gordon G. Gallup Jr., James R. Anderson, and Daniel J. Shillito, “The Mirror Test,” pp. 325–333, in Bekoff et al. 2002.
investigations were flawed. Maria Boccia, “Mirror Behavior in Macaques,” pp. 350–360 in Parker et al. 1994.
was give
n the mark test. Calhoun & Thompson 1988.
to put on makeup. Savage-Rumbaugh et al. 1998.
pluck out her chin hairs. Savage-Rumbaugh & Lewin 1994.
a hankering after chic H. Lyn White Miles, “ME CHANTEK: The Development of Self-Awareness in a Signing Orangutan,” pp. 254–272 in Parker et al. 1994.
knows all about mirrors. Penny Patterson, Q & A session at Chimpanzoo 2002 conference.
and got varying results. Ujhelyi et al. 2000.
bottlenose dolphins have it. Reiss & Marino 2001.
only see plain cardboard. Gibson & Walk 1956.
to an enriched enclosure. Nadja Wielebnowski, “Contributions of Behavioral Studies to Captive Management and Breeding of Rare and Endangered Mammals,” pp. 130–162 in Caro 1998.
often the best adjusted. Jo Fritz, “Resocialization of Asocial Chimpanzees,” pp. 351–359 in Benirschke 1986.
time with a female, Sheba. Sarah T. Boysen, “Individual Differences in the Cognitive Abilities of Chimpanzees,” pp. 335–350 in Wrangham et al. 1994.
“enrichment” on their animals. Prince-Hughes 2001.
chimpanzees took center stage.” Russon 2000.
make up our own minds. Peter Marler, “Social Cognition: Are Primates Smarter than Birds?” in Nolan & Ketterson 1996.
for example, macaque society. Thelma Rowell, “The Myth of Peculiar Primates,” pp. 6–16 in Box & Gibson 1999.
invertebrate in the world.” Angier 1998.
for the ungulates. John A. Byers, “The Ungulate Mind,” pp. 35–39 in Bekoff et al. 2002.
their mental powers. Gould & Gould 1999.
of primate intelligence.” Bshary et al. 2002.
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Becoming a Tiger: The Education of an Animal Child Page 46