nonvocal communication, tail-drinking and, 26
oblique learning and, 15
social intelligence and, 331
backward conditioning, 10–11
bait-fishing, 215–16
Balda, Russell, 318
Baptista, Luis, 98, 100, 104
Barash, David, 107
Barry, Dave, 197n
bats
communication and, 92, 105–6
imprinting and, 63
learning to fly, 295–96
learning predation skills, 159
midwifery and, 286–87
bears
adoption of cubs by, 283
humans and, 199, 260
learning to climb, 37
learning predation skills, 162–63
learning what to eat, 148
moose learns to fear, 197–98
playing and, 47–48
teach young to hunt, 296
Beau Geste hypothesis, 110
beavers, 201
Bekoff, Marc, 47, 52–53, 54
Berger, Joel, 197, 198
Berry, Robert, 78–79 “best-of-N” strategy, 275, 276
Biben, Maxeen, 54
birds. See also specific types
dialects and, 100
fear of bird flying overhead, 185–86
female singing in, 99
imitation and, 102–3, 108
imprinting and, 60
intelligence of, 342–43
language and, vs. apes, 135
learn to fly, 41–44
learn which hawks are scariest, 190–91
learn wrong songs, 100
mobbing by, 189–90
nest-building by, 240–43
nest parasitism and, 80–81
new neurons and songs, 100
parenting by, and age, 290–91
recognize own young, 81–82
rescue centers for, 41
song learning, 92, 95–99
territorial mimicry in, 110
vocal communication and, 92
vocal imitation and, 18
birth, 285–87
Black, Jeffrey, 275
blackbird, 117, 189–90, 216
Blaisdell, Frank, 45
Blumstein, Daniel, 194
Boccia, Maria, 336–37
Boesch, Christophe, 120–21, 136, 224, 247n, 272, 298–99, 350
Boesch, Hedwige, 120
Boinski, researcher, 162
Bond, Alan, 49–50, 53, 154
bonobo
artificial symbols and, 132–34
communications and, 122
gestures and, 138–39
learning through being told, 29–30
lets others borrow baby, 287
mirror test and, 336, 337–38
nest-building by, 239–40
playing with dolls, 56
pointing and, 138
social intelligence and, 330–32
stone tools made by, 227–28
tool use by, 219–20
weaning young, 289
Borgia, Gerald, 251
Born Free (Adamson and Adamson), 199
Boughman, Janette Wenrick, 105–6
Bouvier, Jérome, 301
bowerbird, 250–52, 343
Box, Hilary, 15
Boysen, Sarah, 322–23, 323
brain size, 328–29
Breland, Keller, 9–10
Breland, Marian, 9–10
Brindamour, Binti, 130
Brown, Eleanor, 102
Bshary, Redouan, 344, 345
budgies. See parakeets buffalo, 193, 262–64
buntings, indigo, 325
Burger, Joanna, 12
Burghardt, Gordon, 57–58
Burton, Maurice, 14, 117, 296–97
bush-shrike, 107
bustards, 195–96
butterfly fishes, 192
Byers, John, 47, 343–44
Byrne, Jennifer, 178
Byrne, Richard, 17, 18, 178, 218, 303n, 314, 315, 329, 330
Caldwell, D. K., 117
Caldwell, M. C., 117
Cambefort, J. P., 212
Campbell, A.G., 109
Canadian Journal of Zoology, 111, 112
canaries, 96, 100
Cant, John, 39, 40
cardinals, 99
Caro, T. M., 293
Carter, Janis, 38–39, 145, 148, 158
catbird, 189
categorization, 317
catfish, 6, 198–99
cats, 17, 282
climbing down trees, 40
eating grass, 152
imitation and, 18–19
mirror and, 336
predation skills, 165–68
prey selection and, 169–70
social play and, 52
vocal communication and, 115–16
Chantek (orangutan), 23, 52, 57, 129–30, 137–38, 221–22, 271, 338
Chapais, Bernard, 333
Chapman, Graeme, 66–69
Chappuis, Claude, 106
Charcot, Jean, 59
cheetah, 76, 166–68, 192–93, 293
Cheney, Dorothy, 116, 318, 332
chick
fear of predators in, 185
learning to forage, 2
learning about water, 32
mother’s voice and, 93
pecking and aim in, 13–14
running with large food, 14
chickadees. See tits
chicken
trained to dance, 9, 10, 11
social intelligence of, 343
chimpanzees
aggression level of, 257–58
American Sign Language and, 127–29, 131–32
artificial symbols and, 132–35
clinging by, 35–36
coalitions of female, 257–58
communication and, 91
comparing cultures of, 266–68
conditions favoring culture in, 248–49
crawling, 37
dialects and, 101
disciplining of young by, 297
drumming and, 120–121
enculturation and, 271–72
enriched environment and intelligence in, 341–42
fear of snakes in, 187–88
gestures and, 138–39
imitation and, 23
innovations by, 212
language and, in wild, 136
learning as adult, 244
learning to climb, 38–39
learning to walk, 36
learning what to eat, 148
learning where to find food, 158
manipulation of others by, 331–32
mate selection and age and, 291–92
medicinal plants and, 152, 153
mirrors and, 336, 337
nest-building by, 239–40
numerical skills of, 322–23
play with dolls, 56
personality and, 324
poor mothering skills of, in wild, 309–10
rehabilitation of, 145, 201, 267–68
safety of young and, 289–90
sex lives of, 279–80
shoes used by, 226
smiling and play-faces in, 35
speech and, 123–24
tools and, 222–27
weaning young, 288–89
Choudhury, Sharmila, 275
chough, 55, 161
choz-choz, 47
cichlids, 234
Clarence (house sparrow), 15, 102–3, 243–44, 308
cleaner fish, 345
Clever as a Fox (Yoerg), 318
closed program, 3–5
coaching, 293, 294
cobra, 188–89
cockatiels, 277
cockatoo, 66–70, 232–33
Cody (orangutan), 33, 36–37, 60, 124–25
cognition theory, 270, 344
cognitive map, 324–25, 329
“cognitive structures,” 249
Collet, Anne, 200
Collias, Elsie, 241, 243
Collias,
Nicholas, 241, 243
communication, 91–140
apes and speech, 123–25
artificial symbol systems and, 132–35
gestures, 138–39
nonvocal, 120–22
parrots and speech, 126–27
pointing, 137–38
sign language and, 127–32
translation and, 140
vocal, 91–119
competitors, 198–99
concept learning, 11–12, 317
conditioning, 6–7, 347
imitating vs., 18–19
operant, 8–10
Pavlovian, 6–8
condors, California, 31, 73–74, 145–46, 158, 268–69, 280–81
conservative learning, 14
cooperative hunting, 245–46, 342–45
copycatting, 18–19
Corbett, Jim, 210
Corbett, Laurie, 196
Corbo, Margarete Sigl, 41, 107
cormorant, double-crested, 342
correlation-learning device, 6
Coss, Richard, 186
cowbird, 80, 81, 83–84
Coyote, Martha, 114
coyotes, 54
crake, 276–77
crane
sandhill, 73, 147
whooping, 42, 73, 264–65, 267, 290
crawling, 36–37
critical or sensitive periods, 61, 95–97, 199
crocodile, 326
cross-fostering, 66–69, 79–80, 85–88
crows, 101–2, 110, 235–37, 311–12
Cuckoos, Cowbirds and Other Cheats (Davies), 84–85
cuckoos, 80–81, 84–85
culture
baboons and male-female relations and, 261–62
bowerbird and, 250–52
buffalo voting posture and, 262–64
chimpanzee and, 257–58, 266–68
conditions favoring, 248–49
condors and, 268–69
debate over animals and, 246–47
defined, 247
elders pass on, to group, 247–48
enculturation and, 271–72
fads and, 254–55
landscape information and, 262
learning and, 349
learning as essence of, 246–47
learning new social behavior and, 255–56
lions and, 260–61
macaque reconciliation and, 256–57
macaque stone handling and, 252–54
male macaques caring for young and, 258–59
orangutans and rehabilitation and, 269–71
reindeer and caribou migration and, 265–66
social gaffs and, 259–60
special calls and, 249–50
whooping crane migration and, 264–65
in wild, 272
Curio, Eberhard, 189
curiosity, 317, 325–27
curlews, 143
damselfish, 94, 192, 198
Davies, N. B., 84, 160
deception, 335
deer, 34–35, 136
degu, 47
dialects, 100–102
Diamond, Adele, 321
Diamond, Jared, 248, 251–52
Diamond, Judy, 49–50, 53, 154
dingoes, 54, 156–57, 196
dippers, 159–60
disciplining of young, 289, 296–97
Distance Calls, 96
distraction displays, 203–5
dogs, 1–2
attacking snake, 188–89
barking, as superstition, 314
distraction displays and, 204–5
eating grass, 152
emulation and, 27
herding by, 304, 305
imitation and, 19
imprinting and community and sheepdogs, 64–65
mirror and, 336
narcotics sniffing training, 25
pointing and, 137
problem solving and, 317
social play and, 52
training of, by humans, 304–5
understanding of humans by, 139–40
dolls, 56–57
dolphins
brains of, 328
bubbles, playing with, 50–51
conditioning and, 29
cooperation of, with fishermen, 245–46
cross-foster pilot whale, 80
deception and, 335
disciplining of young by, 297
fads of, 254
humans and, 201–2
imitation and, 20–21
intelligence of, 343
learns to train trainer, 307
“lucky corners” and, 314
learn predation skills, 163
learn to breathe at surface, 45
midwifery and, 286
mirror test and, 340
mobbing of predator by, 192
plays keep-away, 55
pointing and, 139
signature whistles of, 117–19
taught to invent tricks, 29
tools used by, 51, 233–34
trained to herd sharks, 305–6
vocal communication and, 92, 104–5
domains, 318–20
double-imprinting, 70
Douglas-Hamilton, Dudu, 85, 86
Douglas-Hamilton, Saba, 85, 86
drumming, 120, 232–33
Dublin, Holly, 153
ducks, 48, 62, 204, 282–83
duets, 113–14
Dunbar, Robin, 330
Dunn, Euan, 159
Durden, Ed, 44, 87–89
Durden, Kent, 44, 87–89
eagles, 1, 342
adoption by, 283–84
Becoming a Tiger: The Education of an Animal Child Page 51